Types Of Monuments Research Articles

Reflexiones sobre el trasfondo cultural del polimorfismo megalítico en la Lora burgalesa

Through the analysis of the different types of monuments, the grave goods behaviour and the features of the burial deposits, we aim to draw some conclusions related with the La Lora (Burgos) megalithic focus evolution, and the cultural background underlying the monument variability in this area.

Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet–Era Monuments and Post–Soviet National Identity in Moscow

This article explores the formation of post–Soviet Russian national identity through a study of political struggles over key Soviet–era monuments and memorials in Moscow during the “critical juncture” in Russian history from 1991 through 1999. We draw on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Pierre Nora to explain how competition among political elites for control over the sites guided their transformation from symbols of the Soviet Union into symbols of Russia. By co–opting, contesting, ignoring, or removing certain types of monuments through both physical transformations and “commemorative maintenance,” Russian political elites engaged in a symbolic dialogue with each other and with the public in an attempt to gain prestige, legitimacy, and influence. We make this argument through case studies of four monument sites in Moscow: Victory Park (Park Pobedy), the Lenin Mausoleum, the former Exhibition of the Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), and the Park of Arts (Park Isskustv). In the article, we first discuss the role of symbolic capital in the transformation of national identity. Following an examination of the political struggles over places of memory in Moscow, we analyze the interplay between elite and popular uses of the monuments, exploring the extent to which popular “reading” of the sites limits the ability of elites to manipulate their meaning. We conclude by looking at the Russian case in comparative perspective and exploring the reasons behind the dearth of civic monuments in post–Soviet Russia.

'A Dialogue I'll Tell You as True as mee Life ...': Vernacular Song and Industrial Archaeology in Northern England

This paper argues for a social context for the study of industrial society through the examination of the texture of working people's lives as revealed in sources traditionally ignored by the empirical study of monument types. It suggests that this should include vernacular song, and considers in detail three such songs from the north-east of England coalfield.

Inscriptions and Iconography in the Monuments of the Thracian Rider

The Thracian rider monuments are either funerary or dedicated to various deities. The inscriptions provide the only certain way to identify the deities or the monument's type. After examining the relationship between inscriptions and iconography, I suggest in the present study that the horseman is an iconographical convention for a god/hero, and that his iconography is borrowed from Greek art. Interpreting the horseman as a conventional image obviates the current view that he represents a multifunctional god conflated with nearly every Greek, Roman, Thracian, or Eastern divinity, and produces a better understanding of both the monument type and cult.

The Inherited Past of the Broch: On Antiquarian Discourse and Contemporary Archaeology

In reading archaeological texts, we expect to be engaged in a characteristically archaeological discourse, with a specific and recognisable structure and vocabulary. In evaluating the published work of 19th Century antiquarians, we will inevitably look for points of contact between their academic language and our own; success or failure in the identification of such points of contact may prompt us to recognise a nascent archaeology in some writings, while dismissing others as naïve or absurd. With this point in mind, this paper discusses the written and material legacies of three 19th Century antiquarians in the north of Scotland who worked on a particular monument type, the broch. The paper explores the degree to which each has been admitted as an influence on the development of the broch as a type. It then proceeds to compare this established typology with the author's experiences, in the field, of the sites it describes. In doing so, the paper addresses wider issues concerning the role of earlier forms of archaeological discourse in the development of present day archaeological classifications of, and of the problems of reconciling such classifications with our experiences of material culture.

A New Megalithic Dolmen from the Balearic Island of Mallorca: Its Radiocarbon Dating amd Artefacts

This paper examines and discusses a ‘dolmenic‘ structure recently discovered on the Spanish Balearic Island of Mallorca. This form of megalithic tomb architecture is the least studied of the many different types of local prehistoric monuments. Only seven dolmens are known in the Balearics (Mallorca and Menorca) and the Pityoussa Group (Ibiza and Formenterra) and only two of these have radiocarbon dating, circa 1750 cal BC to 1550 cal BC. The new structure, the Dolmen of Son Oleza, according to recent findings is the oldest example so far dated. A recent series of nine radiocarbon dates and two earlier analyses cover a period of circa 2200 cal BC to circa 1800 cal BC. The Olezian Dolmen is also the first to have yielded abundant Bell Beaker pottery and associated artefacts. It also reveals geological and architectural characteristics that are unlike other local dolmens, characteristics that by dating and artefact evidence identify it as a possible Balearic prototype. Furthermore, the Olezian Dolmen’s location close to the Chalcolithic Old Settlement of Son Oleza, where identical dates and artefacts have been found, strongly suggests this settlement’s contemporaneity and direct association with the Dolmen. This aspect, along with the other emerging evidence, is completely new to the question of Balearic dolmens, giving us fresh insight as to their chronology, function and socio‐religious importance and significance.

Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET—Part 1: Measurement of phase characteristics

Severe, 10-cm level, elevation angle cutoff dependence of the height solution is detected in the analysis of sample baselines from GSI/GEONET (Geographical Survey Institute/GPS Earth Observation NETwork). It is inferred that station and monument specific differences in the radome and/or multipath environment are responsible for this effect, because it can be observed over short sample baselines for identical antennas mounted atop different monument types. Our test results show that both the radome and multipath from the metal plate at the top of the pillar affect the baseline solutions. A calibration experiment was carried out by observing short (<10 m) known baselines to obtain phase correction maps for the typical GEONET monuments. The antenna/monument phase centers of GEONET monument replicas with the same attachment and radomes but shortened in height, were determined relative to a tripod-mounted TRM29659.00 antenna. Phase maps were obtained with the BERNESE software for 6 typical combinations of 3 antenna types, 3 monument types, and 3 radome types commonly used in GEONET. We find monument/antenna specific phase differences up to 1 cm. These phase differences can result in more than 10-cm station height biases when tropospheric delay parameters are estimated, which is consistent with the height errors observed for GEONET.

Burǧ ʽArab – A Crusader Tower in the County of Tripoli: A Preliminary Report After the First Survey

The northern part of the former County of Tripoli, which corresponds today to the southern littoral area of the Syrian Arab Republic, is exceptionally rich in Crusader monuments. The majority of the Crusader remains are lesser-scale structures which testify to the relatively dense rural settlement pattern of Crusader times in this fertile part of the Levant. The most significant feature of this type of Crusader monument is the presence of a small tower or donjon. One of the best-preserved and most sophisticated towers is the one standing in the village of Burǧ al-ʿArab. This study summarizes the results of the first survey of this tower conducted as part of a larger fieldwork during the summer of 2000.

An Iron Age ditched enclosure system at Limes Farm, Landbeach, Cambridgeshire

Although significant to societies at a local, regionaland national level for up to 6000 years, the prehistoriclandscape of Avebury, Wiltshire, was formallyattributed the accolade of being 'globally important'in November 1986. At this time the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation(UNESCO) inscribed Avebury onto the growing listof World Heritage Sites (http://www.unesco.orglwhc), and along with England's most notorious prehistoricmonument, 'Stonehenge, Avebury, and associatedsites' ((373) was created.The joint nomination ofboth Avebury and Stonehengeby the UK government was rational. At a timewhen no UK sites were on the list, seven UK applicationswere being presented to UNESCO and it wasconsidered that there would be a better chance ofboth landscapes being accepted if they were consideredas one site. Indeed, in comparison with thevariety of cultural and temporal variation in nominations,Stonehenge and Avebury are similar. It istrue that upon closer inspection there are both comparableand contrasting patterns of monument type,construction, use and disuse, but when comparingthese differences to those between here and DnrhamCastle or Ironbridge Gorge, for example, Stonehengeand Avebury certainly have an affinity

New tools at Avebury

Although significant to societies at a local, regionaland national level for up to 6000 years, the prehistoriclandscape of Avebury, Wiltshire, was formallyattributed the accolade of being 'globally important'in November 1986. At this time the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation(UNESCO) inscribed Avebury onto the growing listof World Heritage Sites (http://www.unesco.orglwhc), and along with England's most notorious prehistoricmonument, 'Stonehenge, Avebury, and associatedsites' ((373) was created.The joint nomination ofboth Avebury and Stonehengeby the UK government was rational. At a timewhen no UK sites were on the list, seven UK applicationswere being presented to UNESCO and it wasconsidered that there would be a better chance ofboth landscapes being accepted if they were consideredas one site. Indeed, in comparison with thevariety of cultural and temporal variation in nominations,Stonehenge and Avebury are similar. It istrue that upon closer inspection there are both comparableand contrasting patterns of monument type,construction, use and disuse, but when comparingthese differences to those between here and DnrhamCastle or Ironbridge Gorge, for example, Stonehengeand Avebury certainly have an affinity

The Art, History, and Geoscience of Hindostan Whetstone Gravestones in Indiana

Cemeteries can be intriguing places to people, in part because of a fascination with death but also because of the quiet solitude and artistic beauty found there. Many grave monuments are really works of art and can be appreciated on that basis alone. Cemeteries can also serve as teaching laboratories for geologists. Monument types, carving styles, ornamentation, and durability are all related, to some extent, to the type of rock used. The older the monument dates the more variability one can see in the character of the stones. Pioneer cemeteries in southern Indiana, some of which date back to the early 1800s, can be used to teach concepts in mineralogy, depositional environments, and paleoastronomy. This can be very useful to someone teaching some of the basic concepts of geology.

A propos du Rhône comme limite de la cité de Vienne au Haut-Empire (en amont de Lyon)

In the Bellum Gallicum, Caesar writes that the Allobroges possessed villages and properties on the right bank of the Rhone. Much ink has been spilt about this assertion, because scholars do not agree about the places in which these estates were located. By relying on Caesar's text, onomastic and the type of funerary monuments, the author concludes that in the end of the Republic, the Allobroges possessed only bridgeheads on the right bank, and that under the Principate the Rhone was the boundary between the territory of Vienna and those of the cities located on the right bank (Sequani, Ambarri) .

The archaeological importance of Llangorse Lake: an environmental perspective

1. The Llangorse crannog is an unique example of an Irish monument type constructed in Wales. The combination of artefact dating, dendrochronology and historical sources suggests it was constructed in the late 9th century by the king of Brycheiniog and destroyed in AD 916 by a Mercian army. 2. Wave erosion, seasonal water level fluctuations, root growth, and tourist activity all pose a serious threat to the site where anaerobic conditions have preserved timbers, artefacts (including unique cloth finds and bone), and environmental indicators which are currently unique in Wales and of international historical importance. 3. Only a small part of the site has been archaeologically investigated and management strategies to preserve the site without conflicting with other environmental interests are still under consideration. 4. The archaeological investigation of Llangorse crannog has provided an opportunity to study the early medieval environment of the lake, including rates of erosion and colonization by vegetation of the island. 5. The vulnerability of the crannog is discussed, and strategies for conservation reviewed. Copyright © 1999 National Museums and Galleries of Wales

The archaeological importance of Llangorse Lake: an environmental perspective

1. The Llangorse crannóg is an unique example of an Irish monument type constructed in Wales. The combination of artefact dating, dendrochronology and historical sources suggests it was constructed in the late 9th century by the king of Brycheiniog and destroyed in AD 916 by a Mercian army. 2. Wave erosion, seasonal water level fluctuations, root growth, and tourist activity all pose a serious threat to the site where anaerobic conditions have preserved timbers, artefacts (including unique cloth finds and bone), and environmental indicators which are currently unique in Wales and of international historical importance. 3. Only a small part of the site has been archaeologically investigated and management strategies to preserve the site without conflicting with other environmental interests are still under consideration. 4. The archaeological investigation of Llangorse crannóg has provided an opportunity to study the early medieval environment of the lake, including rates of erosion and colonization by vegetation of the island. 5. The vulnerability of the crannóg is discussed, and strategies for conservation reviewed. Copyright © 1999 National Museums and Galleries of Wales

Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World.

About one thousand years ago, Native Americans built hundreds of earthen platform mounds, plazas, residential areas, and other types of monuments in the vicinity of present-day St. Louis. This sprawling complex, known to archaeologists as Cahokia, was the dominant cultural, ceremonial, and trade centre north of Mexico for centuries. This stimulating collection of essays casts new light on the remarkable accomplishments of Cahokia. Timothy R. Pauketat, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, is the author of The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian politics in Native North America. Thomas E. Emerson is director of the Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program and an adjunct professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is coeditor of Late Woodland societies: tradition and transformation across the Midcontinent

A fear of the past: The place of the prehistoric burial mound in the ideology of middle and later Anglo‐Saxon England

Archaeological investigation is revealing a consistent tradition of Anglo‐Saxon secondary activity, occurring at Bronze Age burial mounds and Neolithic long barrows. Through a discussion of archaeological, historical, literary and linguistic sources relating to barrows and other types of prehistoric monument, this paper seeks to illustrate the distinctive place of the barrow in Anglo‐Saxon society and ideology. It is intended to demonstrate that the written material of the period contains vital evidence of the Anglo‐Saxon peoples’ perception of their surrounding landscape.

Archaeology, conservation and the late twentieth-century village landscape: With particular reference to Westmorland and North Lancashire in northwest England

This paper argues that the present landscape and village is of archaeological significance and is needed both to understand and to preserve a representative sample of the past. It explores the relationship between archaeological data and monument types, and landscape character. Landscape assessment, including attribute analysis, is advocated as an essential archaeological method separate from the process of value judgement and selectivity. It concludes that function and process are as important as period in determining conservation strategies, and the potential role of sustainable development is discussed. The importance of village plan forms, vernacular architecture, field and landholding patterns is stressed, together with the need to recognize the historical importance of industrial villages.

Sépultures collectives du Néolithique en Champagne : recherche d'une identité régionale

ABSTRACT The Champagne region is famous for its hypogea, attributed to the Seine-Oise-Marne culture, which were brought to light in the Ile-de- France cuesta by the end of the last century. It is much less so for its megalithic heritage, which is nonetheless not negligible. Safeguarding these monuments today depends on their development. This calls for a good link between the two types of funerary monuments using interconnecting tourist circuits. The distinct regional character of the megalithic heritage can thus be defined, on condition that it is based on a scientific approach prior to any attempted development.

Tulloch Wood, Forres, Moray: the survey and dating of a fragment of prehistoric landscape

A 27ha area of prehistoric settlement and field systems was surveyed at Tulloch Wood in 1990. Sample excavation was carried out in 1991 and fifteen radiocarbon dates were obtained from beneath a range of monument types. Negative features overlain by later banks and cairns were found to be Mesolithic in date, but may not have been man--made. The earliest dated surface feature is a clearance cairn which is no older than c 2000 bc A coaxial bank system, established at about 1350--1100 bc, may be contemporary with at least one of the hut circles. Three other hut circles, and modifications to the bank system, appear to be Iron Age in date, c 450 bc to ad 250.

Early Irish pilgrim archaeology in the Dingle Peninsula

Abstract Early Irish pilgrimage sites are documented through pilgrims’ deaths there as early as the seventh century AD. Though not included among them, the Dingle Peninsula provides a microcosm of most stone monument types which may be associated with early Irish pilgrimage: Saint's Road, tomb‐shrine, Ogham stones, slabs bearing a cross of arcs, bullaun stones, Romanesque church, sun‐dial, beehive huts and boat‐shaped oratories. On the peninsula, pilgrimage in honour of St Brendan was undertaken to Mount Brandon, a view of which must have been important in the choice of monument location. The main approach to the holy mountain was from the Atlantic Ocean end of the peninsula, showing that pilgrims must have come by sea. Maritime pilgrimage to islands along the west coast of Ireland and beyond must be postulated, and St Brendan's voyage, described as a peregrinado in the Navigatio Brendani, should be seen as a literary reflection of it.