Status Of Monuments Research Articles

PARTICULARS OF PURCHASING MEMORIES CULTURAL HERITAGE

Introduction. An extremely important role in the formation of Ukraine as an independent European state is played by raising the level of cultural self-awareness of its citizens, and a separate link in this process is occupied by the proper legislative regulation of the exercise of ownership of cultural heritage sites. The analysis of legal acts regulating the legal status and circulation of monuments of cultural heritage shows a certain fragmentation, inconsistency and the presence of conflicts. To date, the problem of legal regulation of certain aspects of the termination of the right to ownership of cultural heritage sites is quite relevant also in the doctrinal aspect. The insufficient number of individual special studies of cultural heritage monuments as objects of property rights in civil science indicates a correlative relationship with the corresponding legislative uncertainty and at the same time emphasizes the urgent practical significance of such theoretical studies. The purpose of the research is to find out the peculiarities of the purchase of monuments of cultural heritage. Summary of the main results of the study. Since the legislator uses the term «owner» in the relevant article of the Central Committee, and the Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Cultural Heritage» also does not contain a direct reference to the right of private ownership, but, on the contrary, indicates that monuments can be in state, communal and private property, it was concluded that forced redemption is possible not only of monuments that are under private ownership. Attention is focused on the fact that a lawsuit can be filed only against the owner of a cultural heritage site, not its owner or user, and the need to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between the actions or inaction of the owner of a cultural heritage site and its damage is indicated or destruction. In turn, the body for the protection of cultural heritage must argue and justify the existence of an urgent need for which a claim for the redemption of a cultural heritage monument is filed without warning its owner. Conclusion. Today, there is some uncertainty in the legal regulation of relations, the object of which are cultural heritage monuments. The analysis of the main aspects of the specified grounds for the termination of the right of ownership allows us to assert the presence of «interpenetration» of the norms of private and public law, since the dispositive method of legal regulation inherent in civil law concerns only certain aspects of the circulation of monuments of cultural heritage, for example, the grounds for acquiring the right to own them. Instead, the imperatives of public law to a greater extent apply to legal relations, the object of which are monuments of cultural heritage, in particular, when it comes to their redemption - the very coercive nature of such redemption, determination of the redemption price by a court decision if the parties do not reach an agreement, etc.

Role of State Authorities in Preserving Industrial Heritage of Chelyabinsk Region (1960s-1980s)

This article aims to identify the role and contribution of state authorities in the Chelyabinsk region during the 1960s-1980s in preserving industrial heritage sites. The relevance of this study is driven by the urgent need to draw attention of governmental structures to the issue of destruction of remaining monuments of industrial past. The primary sources utilized are archival materials concentrated in the Unified State Archive of the Chelyabinsk region, with many documents being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the absence of prior research on this topic. The tasks of state bodies in the field of monument protection according to existing regulatory acts of the specified period are identified. The research demonstrates that the most significant contribution was made towards identification, registration, and study of industrial heritage sites, with 43 objects receiving monument status by 1989. However, activities related to repair, restoration, and museumification of registered monuments proved less productive, as only one industrial heritage site had been museumified by 1989. This was attributed to insufficient oversight by state authorities regarding the preservation and utilization procedures of registered monuments.

Issues of preservation and restoration of historical monuments in the occupied territories

ABSTRACT War always results in civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure, architectural monuments and historic buildings. Systematic analysis of the current situation of historic sites in the occupied territories reveals fundamental problems and unresolved issues in preserving the heritage of areas that are not under the control of the Kyiv government. There are shortcomings in the regulatory framework of legal status, protection and preservation, as well as violations in the occupied territories. The activities ofvarious countries in determining the status of historical monuments are reviewed. Positive and negative aspects of the policy of protection and restoration of cultural heritage objects are outlined, and practical recommendations are made for improving the protection of historical monuments in the occupied territories.

Konwencja UNESCO o ochronie podwodnego dziedzictwa kulturowego z 2001 roku a prawo polskie. Postulaty de lege ferenda w zakresie regulacji wydobywania zabytków z morza

The aim of this article is to formulate de lege ferenda conclusions that result from Poland’s ratification of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. After a brief analysis of the principles of this Convention and comparing them with the relevant provisions of Polish Law, the author proposes five fundamental changes that should be made to this Law for greater effectiveness. These concern, in particular, the regulation of archaeological research, including the procedures intended for foreign entities and the participation of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. Moreover, the article addresses the exclusion of the application at sea of the provisions on the search for „hidden or abandoned movable monuments” and the search for „shipwrecks and their remains”. Finally, it recommends moving the procedure for „searching shipwrecks” to the statutory level and unambiguously defining the legal status of monuments extracted from the sea, which according to the Convention „cannot be traded”.

Soil and spatial analyses in the assessment of the focal point of the extinct medieval royal burgh of Roxburgh

The ‘lost’ royal burgh of Roxburgh in the Scottish borders is arguably one of the most important archaeological settlement sites in Scotland of the medieval period. Although short-lived, being occupied as an urban centre for just around 300 years, in its heyday, it was a royal residence, jurisdictional and administrative seat, and regional focus of economic activity and international trade. Presently however, very little surviving above-ground trace remains of this once dynamic settlement. With a Scheduled Monument status (No. 4284), activity on-site is now restricted to prevent damage to the below-ground archaeology. This study explores the locale(s) of Roxburgh’s main thoroughfare in the Friars’ Haugh area during its occupation through the spatial analysis of soil data coupled with historical records and findings from past research studies. The aim of the study is two-fold; (1) to determine the viability in the investigation of archaeological landscapes of standard, relatively non-invasive low-cost analytical techniques applied in the study, as permissible on sites with Scheduled Monument status, (2) in synergy with previous geophysical, and geoarchaeological studies carried out on the site, provide new evidence and/or corroborate the existing knowledge base in advancing the discourse on the history and development of Roxburgh. The study area encompasses the putative location of the main street as identified in a previous study by GSB Prospection and Wessex Archaeology. Suites of soil markers (phosphorus concentration, magnetic susceptibility, organic carbon content, and soil pH), were used to demarcate zones of high to low activity through quantitative changes in the concentration and/or value of these markers. Potable optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) analysis was used to investigate depositional history that revealed a progressive accumulation of materials of proximal origins, however, evidence of mixing of sediments is discernible. The spatial distribution of soil markers across the site shows two zones of substantial enhancement, revealing potentially a second thoroughfare on the west of the site (site B), in addition to the main thoroughfare on site A which overlaps with the site identified in previous studies.

The experience of preserving ancient trees in Vienna, Austria

Ancient trees hold considerable aesthetic and ecological value within urban environments. The examination of ancient trees and their overall health and condition is an integral part of a comprehensive assessment aimed at preserving these trees and conserving the natural environment within urban spaces. The purpose of the study was to examine the experience of preserving valuable trees growing in urban space. General scientific theoretical methods – analysis and synthesis – were used to work with lists of tree inventory. Heritage trees grow in all districts in Vienna. It was established that ancient trees were given the status of natural monuments since 1936, the dynamics of bequests were traced, and the decades of Vienna’s most active nature conservation activities were determined. The most famous heritage trees in the city were described. The species diversity of monumental trees was analysed, and their taxonomic affiliation was summarised. The heritage trees in Vienna are represented by 49 genera, most of which belong to the phylum of Magnoliophyta. The most common species among protected trees are Platanus orientalis L., Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Aesculus hippocastanum L., Quercus robur L., Taxus baccata L., Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Most of heritage trees (60%) are solitary trees. It was evaluated that the general sanitary condition of protected trees is excellent; almost all trees have high vitality and play a leading role in shaping urban landscapes. Every heritage tree possesses a commendable and elevated aesthetic rating. Analysis of the existing inventory of ancient trees in Vienna, their sanitary condition and aesthetic condition will contribute to the environmental awareness of communities and the improvement of management measures for such trees. The obtained results can be used to share the experience of researchers from different countries regarding preserving ancient trees and forming European databases of heritage trees

Nonlinear Finite-Element Analysis for Structural Investigation and Preservation of Reinforced Hybrid Thin Tile–Concrete Domes of the Historic School of Ballet Classrooms in Havana, Cuba

The striking tiled domes of the Ballet School of the Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA) in Havana are internationally acclaimed Cuban architectural icons. However, due to their deceptive tiled appearance and their only recently rediscovered hybrid tile–concrete constructive system, the domes have eluded the structural study and characterization which increasingly is demanded not only because of their unique morphology and monumental status, but also because of their visible damage. This work defined a suitable numerical analysis method for diagnosing these hybrid structures by applying both linear elastic and nonlinear, using the concrete damaged plasticity constitutive model, numerical analyses. A site investigation campaign provided materials and geometric data that informed the model creation and damage documentation that validated the analyses results. A new synthesis of architectural and technical sources covering the development and spread of the hybrid structural system allowed the ISA domes to be placed, for the first time, in their proper structural context and, consequently, for their conception and design to be understood more fully. The analyses, construction records, and site tests indicated a rebar placement error as the primary structural damage cause, and the contextual analysis informed a discussion of its possible sources, both technical and managerial. Because the investigation indicated significant risk of irreversible damage or failure without timely intervention, preliminary intervention explorations were conducted and, based on the holistic understanding of the structures, the technically, architecturally, and culturally optimal solution was identified. The study concluded that the homogeneous solids model, coupled with the concrete damaged plasticity mechanical model, yields realistic and insightful results illuminating the structural behavior, efficiency, condition or status, and collapse mode of the domes, providing necessary insight for the preservation planning for the Ballet School domes, which also will inform the study and understanding of other structures of similar composition and significance.

Degradation assessment of archaeological oak (Quercus spp.) buried under oxygen-limited condition

Abstract The biological deterioration of archaeological wood under oxygen-limited conditions varies due to the limited activities of microorganisms. It is essential to expand the knowledge of the degradation types and the status of archaeological monuments for selecting the proper consolidates. The physical, chemical, and anatomical properties of approximately 600–650 year old archaeological oak collected from an archaeological site in Iasi-Romania were analysed to assess the quality and to identify the degradation types. The results were compared with similar tests on recently-cut oak. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of more lignin-related peaks in the archaeological oak, which likely reflected the degradation of the wood carbohydrates as evidenced by the decreased oxygen-to-carbon ratio C ox/C non-ox. The differences in cellulose crystallinity were not significant suggesting that any cellulose degradation occurred in the amorphous regions. This was also reflected in the dynamic water vapor sorption analysis where the differences in sorption isotherms and hysteresis of archaeological and recently-cut oaks were marginal. Microscopic analysis of the oak cells illustrated bacterial degradation patterns, while the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the presence of erosion bacteria in the archaeological oak collected from the site with low oxygen conditions.

Charnel-associated burial and monuments in late medieval England: Henry Barton’s effigy and its afterlife at Old St Paul’s Cathedral

In late medieval England, high-status individuals sometimes requested burial and/or memorialisation in association with charnel chapels, which primarily housed the exhumed and redeposited remains of the anonymous collective dead. The monument of Henry Barton (d.1435) in the charnel chapel at Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London, was one such memorial which held distinctive secular as well as religious resonance in context. In order to fully situate its significance, 40 examples of English cathedral, monastic, and parish charnel-associated burials and/or monuments will be identified and explored here for the first time. Their interrogation will furnish a broad understanding of this phenomenon’s meaning and motivation within the context of intercessory belief and mortuary practice in late medieval Catholic England. Further consideration of Barton’s monument will trace its revaluation following the 1547 dissolution of the chantries, which catalysed the widespread destruction of associated structures and material culture. While Barton’s effigy was subsequently destroyed in 1549, an ‘old worn stone’ bearing his name remained visible at the chapel site until c1666. Critical consideration of its form and survival will provide insight into the status of pre-Reformation monuments in the post-Reformation cathedral landscape, as well as the fate of the charnel chapel structure and site itself.

Enhancing the tourist experiences and attractiveness of World Heritage Sites: a stakeholders' perspective

PurposeThe study aims, based on the symbiotic relationship between tourism agencies and various stakeholders, to investigate what “policy-level” partners would advise their “practice-level” counterparts on, first, how the World Heritage Site (WHS) status of monuments can be made attractive for travellers, and second, what steps can be taken by stakeholders to enhance the WHS tourist experience.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach involving e-mail interviews was adopted. Content analyses of open-ended exploratory questions put to “policy-level” respondents yielded 10 major themes that can enhance the brand appeal of the WHS.FindingsThe findings offer in-depth solutions for better trip experiences of Heritage Tourists. Insights from the responses under ten thematic areas have direct relevance for application by tourism and hospitality facilitators.Practical implicationsAlthough this study was conducted in India, its findings hold implications for practice throughout the world. They could similarly be incorporated as elements of policy directed at incentivising communication of the value of preserving heritage for future generations.Originality/valueWhile previous research focused on stakeholders for planning and policy making, this study explores the stakeholder's perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of how using the WHS brand can generate more holistic tourism development.

KYIV MODERNISM

This article attempts to demonstrate the changes that occur over a certain period in assessing the cultural heritage of different eras—from the scientific interest of individuals to wide public recognition. Today, the status of architectural monuments starts to be given to objects of the 1960s and 1980s, but these processes are accompanied by scientific and organizational problems. As an example, the author took the case of Kyiv, which includes many modern buildings of the 1920s-1930s and 1960s-1980s. The research is relevant, primarily considering the interest that modern architecture arouses in society today. At the same time, experts face a misunderstanding of the value of this architectural style, the objects of which are often endangered. Therefore, the relevance is strengthened by the negative trends of current construction processes in Kyiv, mass demolition or reconstruction of architectural heritage objects. The topic of cultural heritage protection is interdisciplinary—it combines the history of society and city life in general, the history of architecture, and actual architectural and artistic analysis. The article is mainly based on the practical experience of working with architectural monuments in Kyiv: their scientific research and preparation of legal documentation. The author does not analyze the value of Modernism as a recognized worldwide movement but depicts the peculiarities of its perception in society. This is facilitated by personal communication with a certain number of people, analysis of social networks and existing bureaucratic practices in the field of monument protection. Based on the analysis of Kyiv’s architectural heritage and existing public cases, the author concludes that only the joint work of architectural historians, experts in the field of monument protection and a wide range of interested city residents will allow to discover, research and preserve the maximum number of valuable modern buildings and sites, legally protect them by including them in the Register of immovable objects of cultural heritage.

The Maintenance of Monuments as the Main Trigger to Negative Feelings in Tourists

Tourists’ perceptions of monuments influence their feelings about the country and the possibility of returning or recommending their visit to other tourists. TripAdvisor is one of the most popular websites for sharing travelling experiences and plays an important role when choosing a travel destination. But what are the factors that can provoke negative feelings in tourists? The maintenance of monuments is essential for their conservation; however, active maintenance can trigger negative feelings in tourists, compromising their connection with the cultural heritage of the country. This study reveals how some maintenance actions can influence tourists’ expectations regarding two relevant architectural monuments in the Iberian Peninsula by applying VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary for sEntiment Reasoning) to 13,000 TripAdvisor reviews written in the last decade and in three languages. Other variables, such as weather conditions and changes in climate, tourists’ country of origin and their style of travel, are evaluated to eliminate the possible mediating effects of these variables. This study reveals that the maintenance status of monuments seems to be the variable with the greatest impact on tourists’ perceptions and on their evaluations on TripAdvisor, propagating negative feelings towards the monument, from which it takes some time to recover.

ИСТОРИКО-КУЛЬТУРНОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ И ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ОХРАНЫ ДРЕВНИХ ДОРО

In Russia, little attention is paid to such unique historical and cultural sites as ancient roads. Many roads that existed in the past have not been studied by scientists; information about them is contained in ancient manuscripts, legends and traditions. There is no cadastre of ancient roads in Russia, the legal and regulatory system for the protection of ancient roads and the methodology for separating them into the category of historical and cultural monuments and protected areas have not been properly developed. Most of the oldest roads in Russia still do not have the status of protected areas or historical and cultural monuments, which are an irreplaceable heritage of mankind. The article draws attention not only to the need to give the status of monuments and protected areas to the ancient roads of Russia, but also proposes criteria for a qualitative assessment of the historical and cultural lands on which the ancient roads are located. Five main criteria are described: 1) chronological, including three types of historical and cultural road objects - underground, ground and landscape; 2) saturation of the territory with road monuments of historical and cultural significance; 3) the significance of the historical and cultural road object for understanding domestic and world cultural and historical processes; 4) preservation of the historical and cultural road object; 5) the use of a historical and cultural road object in educational, cultural, educational and religious activities. The methodology uses a chronological approach to the qualitative assessment of historical and cultural land plots, which allows it to be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the historical and ethno-cultural processes of each specific area. The basis of the methodological approach to the assessment of historical and cultural lands in this article is the principle of assessing lands according to the historical and cultural significance of objects located on these land plots, which make these lands historical and cultural. Based on this principle, the selection and justification of criteria were carried out, according to which a qualitative assessment of historical and cultural lands is made. Thus, the development of a method for assessing historical and cultural lands is a method of comparative assessment of historical and cultural objects.

Using Electric Lighting to Support Daylighting in Architectural Building Designs

In this study, a historical building, which architecture cannot be interfered with to preserve its originality, has been analysed in terms of architectural illumination. For this purpose, physical measurements were made in 6 different areas in the historical building. For areas that do not meet the required illuminance level according to EN12464–1, calculations were made in the simulation environment and the parameters of the best illumination were found. It has been revealed that some of the numbered areas require electricl lighting during the day. This study has set an example in terms of analysing the architectural illumination of buildings that have the status of historical monuments.

Special features of the wall paintings in the churches of Uglich during the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries

Churches and cathedrals built in Uglich (the Yaroslavl Region of todays Russia) during the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries received the status of architectural monuments rather late, so their wall paintings have largely been lost. The study provides a brief overview of the history of the town churches. The author proves that the wall painters used to work in strict accordance with the old canons, yet in a Western academic manner. Future prospects of the study of the eighteenth-nineteenth-century wall paintings in the churches of Uglich are considered.

Development Aspects of Archaeological Sites in Latvia

Archaeological sites as part of cultural heritage satisfy a broad range of interests of different stakeholders. Along with satisfying cultural, social, scientific, etc., interests, their role is no less important in strategic socio-economic development.Unlocking asocio-economic potential of archaeological sites requires clear vision of how to conserve and protect each particular site, how and by what means to maintain and manage the object as well as what to do with it next. It is widely acknowledged that archaeological sites, in particular those having the status of archaeological monuments, play a socially important role, but their maintenance and development often require significant investment. While the laws make owners of archaeological sites, both private and public, solely responsible for conservation, restoration and maintenance of cultural monuments in their property, there should be appropriate mechanisms that mitigate the financial and legal burden and support owners along the way.Based on the review of legal regulation, scientific literature, information of the authorities and mass media, multiple expert interviews, consultations with professional archaeologists, and using an integrated socio-economic and legal approach to the researched issue, the article provides theoretical and practical insight into the actualities of archaeological heritage development potential in Latvia (making international comparisons) and possible solutions thereto.

Zones of Occult Instability: The Birth of the Novel in Africa

Zones of Occult Instability: The Birth of the Novel in Africa

PRESERVED STATION COMPLEXES OF THE RAIL NETWORK OF THE VOLHYNIAN GOVERNORATE AS OBJECTS OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the problems connected with preserving the authenticity of the historical environment of Volhynia.
 Preserved railway stations, as well as buildings that are part of the railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, are valuable architectural objects. Many of preserved station complexes have the features of ensemble unity. For some reason, most of these unique buildings do not have official monument status. Therefore, the author proposes to include in the register of architectural monuments those passenger buildings, as well as buildings of station complexes, that are part of the architectural ensemble, that do not have status of monument and about that is written in this article.
 Some railway station complexes are in decline due to the closure and need immediate measures to preserve them.
 There are recommendations for the rehabilitation and protection of the preserved of railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate.
 The research methodology is based on general, interdisciplinary and disciplinary, that include architectural and town-planning research methods.
 This publication aims to substantiate the architectural value of the buildings of railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries and have been preserved to this day. The task is also to substantiate the proposal to include in the register of architectural monuments those passenger buildings that do not have status of monument and about that is written in this article.
 The article deals with the volume-spatial structure and stylistics of the of the buildings of railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries and have been preserved to this day. Considerable attention is paid to the architectural value of these passenger buildings. The author substantiates the proposal to include in the register of architectural monuments those passenger buildings, as well as buildings of station complexes, that are part of the architectural ensemble, that do not have status of monument and about that is written in this article.

THE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF UKRAINE AND THEY SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-COGNITIVE TOURISM

The article reviews publications devoted to geological and geomorphological monuments of Ukraine highlights specific features of their formation in different regions and reveals their importance for the development of nature-cognitive tourism as a basis for the formation of the tourism industry. The methodological unity of the concepts "geological monuments" and "geomorphological monuments", which characterize the original course of natural processes and their results and therefore have great scientific and cognitive value are considered. Emphasis is placed on the important participation of geomorphological processes in the formation of natural monuments, which show different geological monuments on the earth's surface and reflect not only the features of geological factors but also the diversity of relief processes, their dynamics, which determines the status of most monuments as "geological and geomorphological". Important for establishing the protection status of geological and geomorphological monuments are the developed criteria for assessing the aesthetics of the relief of Ukraine, its uniqueness, the presence of features "architecture-composition", combination with other elements of the landscape, stability or mobility, imagery – photogenicity, visual effect, emotional perception, attractiveness, etc. It is noted that the category of natural phenomena "geological and geomorphological monuments" is characterized by significant conservatism compared to other components of the natural environment. Such monuments are carriers of paleogeographic and ethnocultural content, which, in addition to scientific significance, gives them the status of interesting tourist attractions. This creates an opportunity for the development of nature-cognitive tourism, which can be both independent and successfully complements all other known types of tourism. Geological and geomorphological monuments influence the nature of recreational activities. The specificity and sequence of recreational functions of the relief of Ukraine according to the special properties of endogenous, exogenous, and anthropogenic genetic varieties of recreational geological and geomorphological monuments have been established. Key words: geotourism; nature-cognitive tourism; geological-geomorphological monuments; geoheritage of Ukraine.

What Was Protected by the State in Vilnius and Nowogródek Voivodeships Between 1928 and 1939? Evaluation and Listing of Cultural Monuments

This article focuses on the process of monument listing, done by conservators of Vilnius in interwar Poland and which provided the monuments state protection. Between 1931 and 1939, monument conservators made 202 decisions confirming monumental value to various objects of architecture, urbanistics, archeology and nature. In the text the listing and evaluation process is described by analyzing the register of monuments and the decisions it was based on. The documents from the archive of the Art Department of Vilnius voivodeship are used in the article. The analysis of the register of monuments is based on statistical methods. Interpretation and evaluation are based on analytical and comparative methods. The research leads to findings that monument listing was dominated by architecture. Objects of nature were announced monuments based on their cultural value. Officially the status of a monument was given on the grounds of its aesthetics, age or documental value. However, the inner motive was Polishness. Thus, the most frequent monuments were baroque Catholic churches. The patriotic context is also seen in nature protection. The process of monument listing was led by only one expert – a conservator of monuments. The monument status and state protection depended on their interests, expertise and power. The conservator cooperated only with a small group of Polish authority and intelligentsia, leaving the majority of society out of this heritage process. The decision confirming monumental value was a way to control and have an impact directly on the monument’s existence, indirectly – on the discourse of memory. The monument listing reveals values and identities of a Polish art historian working for the state. Consequently, these values and identities were projected for the whole society as universal. This type of discourse on heritage, conception and practice was common in Western countries in the 20th c.