Preservation Of Monuments Research Articles

When the Cemetery Becomes Political: Dealing with the Religious Heritage in Multi-Ethnic Regions

When the Cemetery Becomes Political: Dealing with the Religious Heritage in Multi-Ethnic Regions

Monumental Sites of Memory in Wartime: Practices of Media Representation

The war has spurred a wide-ranging and intense rethinking of the symbolic meaning of memorial heritage and collective memory. An important role in this process belongs to the mass media, which define focuses of attention by selecting events and actors and take part in constructing the meaning of events related to the reinterpretation of memorial heritage. The article considers the media representation of practices of interaction with monumental sites of memory since the start of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the author’s view, analysis of the informational resonance surrounding the practices of preservation and destruction of monuments will help us, on the one hand, to pin down the characteristic features of the new version of collective memory being formed during the war, and, on the other, to identify the means and substance of the symbolic rethinking of memorial heritage. The study’s object of analysis is online media coverage of events related to the preservation and destruction of monumental sculpture in the largest cities of Ukraine, with a particular focus on the city of Kharkiv, whose frontline situation gives special symbolic significance to any practices of interaction with urban monumental sculpture. Analysis of news reports involves outlining their thematic spectrum and architectonics and considering rhetorical techniques and metaphors used by the authors of publications and authors of direct speech. The article also gives special attention to visual imagery in photographs illustrating online publications. In her conclusions, the author argues that it is as a result of the media coverage of practices of interaction with monuments (both preservation and damage) that the semantic meaning of monuments is recoded and memorial heritage is associated specifically with national identity. At the same time, these practices themselves acquire features of citizens’ heroic struggle for the freedom of their country.

Bauforschung: Woher – Wohin

Abstract The increasing international acceptance of the term ›building research‹ dates back to 1924. The basic approach of understanding historical buildings through building surveys and precise observations is older. To this day, the core of the method has remained working directly on the object in question: the building itself is the main source, regardless of the period and epoch. The graphic representation of the inventory and the scientific results on building history, building techniques and reconstruction play a key role. This small subject has proven itself in many fields, from university research to the preservation of historical monuments, but is currently facing great challenges. The rapid development of new technologies and innovative partner subjects demands a review of methods, including questions of future publication types and languages. New fields of activity are opening up: architecture after 1945 and the increasing destruction caused by war. The educational situation at the universities is becoming more and more uncertain.

Die ganze Breite architekturgeschichtlicher Forschung

Abstract In 1976, Wulf Schirmer, professor of architectural history at the University of Karlsruhe (TH), followed Heinrich Klotz as editor of the architectura and headed the editorial team until 2002. During this time, the journal developed into an open forum for the most diverse forms of research in architectural history – chronologically from the ruins of the 4th millennium BC to the architecture of the late 20th century, topographically from Europe, the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Asia and Russia to North and South America, and methodologically from architectural research to art history, architectural theory and the preservation of historical monuments.

The historic greenhouses of the Greifswald Botanic Garden (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany) – rescued in the nick of time

The historic greenhouses of the University of Greifswald, built between 1884 and 1886 and covering an area of almost 300 m², are characterised by their riveted frame construction typical of the era. After almost 130 years of uninterrupted use, they were briefly on the brink of collapse in 2014 because damage caused by corrosion had reached a critical level. The State Monument Preservation Office campaigned strongly for the greenhouses, so that the university, with the support of the State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and other sponsors, was ultimately able to successfully carry out the restoration. The costs are expected to amount to around €4.3 million. The construction work undertaken on the tropical, palm and cycad houses guarantees that valuable plant collections will be preserved and that more extensive growth phenomena and ecological relationships can be demonstrated in the future.

The Western Zhou Yaoheyuan site in Pengyang County, Ningxia

Abstract The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Pengyang County Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments conducted archaeological investigations, probing surveys, and excavations of the Yaoheyuan site from 2017 to 2020. They identified various features, including city walls, moats, a high-ranking burial, a cemetery of small-sized tombs, palatial foundations, a bronze foundry zone, as well as roads and a network of water channels. Retrieved artifacts include objects made of pottery, jade and stone, bone and antler, ivory, mussel, proto-porcelain, and inscribed oracle bone. The Yaoheyuan site, dating from the early through the late Western Zhou, is the capital city of the Huo state of the Western Zhou. This excavation provides invaluable new data for understanding Western Zhou political structure and the relationship between the Zhou royal house and the western frontier. It also sheds new light on the chronological framework and the trajectory of social complexity in the eastern Gansu region.

The museum work and monument protection: 1922 editions

The article analyzes the 1922 editions, which consider the museum and monument protection case stored in the State Archives of Printing of the Book Chamber of Ukraine. Thirteen publications were found: official (4), scientific (1), popular science (1), educational and educational-methodical (6), reference (1). Among the official documents are the People's Commissariat of Education of the Ukrainian SSR, as well as speeches and recommendations of the then Minister of Education G. Hryn'ko. Publications on the thematic focus are also distributed in addition to the official ones into one edition on architectural monument studies (F. Shmit), three natural monumentology (V. Krokos, V. Kistya­kivsky, V. Skorokhod), two natural museum work (Y. Wagner, G. Potapenko), two archaeological museum work (R. Wipper, P. Alаmpiev), one art museum (P. Gurvitz). The publications studed on the museology and monumentology of 1922 make it possible not only to trace the complex processes of preservation and research of monuments, but also testify to the characteristic trends in the development of the educational process in the state of that time.

Fundamentals of legal regulation of archaeological research in independent Ukraine

The article reinterprets the process of legal support for archaeological research in independent Ukraine. The formation of the legislative framework for the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments was monitored. The «Regulations on the State Register of National Cultural Property» was considered. Attention is focused on the laws «On the protection of cultural and historical heritage» and «On the protection of archaeological heritage», which were adopted with the aim of improving the legal regulation of the protection and preservation of material remains of the past, and the effectiveness of their use in practice is analyzed. The relationship between the current legislation of Ukraine and the development of archaeological research is indicated. The powers of central executive bodies and other cultural heritage protection bodies, without which the implementation of archaeological research at the legislative level is impossible, are considered. Attention is paid to permits for conducting archaeological explorations, excavations and other earthworks. The importance of the preparation of scientific reports by archaeologists in archaeological activities was noted, and it was indicated that thanks to the detailed regulation of the process of conducting archaeological research and submitting scientific reports, the state of archaeological sources improved. Attention is focused on revealing the activities of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Department «Field Committee», which monitors the quality of professional excavations on the territory of Ukraine. The rights and responsibilities of archaeological heritage researchers are highlighted, the legal status of the archaeological expedition is considered. The main provisions of the Code of Ethics of a Professional Archaeologist, which was created to determine the basic moral and ethical norms of professional archaeologists' activities and their attitude to archaeological heritage, are reflected. Attention was paid to the activities of research centers: «Rescue Archeology Service» (1994), «Protection Archeology Service of Ukraine» (2001), «Centre of Archeology of Kyiv of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine» (2006), which allows identifying and saving valuable monuments tombs of different archaeological periods. It is noted that a significant problem in the field of archaeological heritage protection is the coordination of the activities of developers and subjects of economic activity with the bodies of cultural heritage protection. The importance of cooperation of state bodies for the protection of historical and cultural heritage with archaeological institutions was considered, it was noted that this cooperation will allow to develop an effective system of protection of archaeological heritage, to carry out professional certification of monuments of the past, to improve legislative and regulatory acts, which as a result could improve the state of preservation of monuments of archeology and reduce their theft. It is indicated that in 2021, the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine issued «Proposals on improving the legal protection of archaeological heritage...» to speed up the process of Ukraine joining the Council of Europe Convention, which will allow to more effectively fight against illegal construction works, «treasure hunters» and minimize destruction of archaeological monuments. Key words: monument protection legislation, archaeological heritage protection, archaeological research, scientific report, archaeological monuments.

For the chemistry of cultural heritage (Part I - for fresco conservation/restoration)

The cultural heritage of Georgia, as an immortal chronicle of the development of the spiritual and material culture of our country, is a prerequisite for the formation of the self-consciousness of the Georgian nation and the continuity of the independent national culture and is an integral part of the cognitive-artistic treasure of humanity. This article is an attempt to provide methodological support for the cultural heritage conservation plan. As it is known, the cultural heritage conservation plan includes scientific, methodological, and practical regulations, defines the basic regulations and the list of acceptable works, as well as the procedures for the preservation and use of material cultural heritage monuments. The article discusses the functional characteristics of chemical substances used for the protection of cultural heritage and the chemical aspects of managing risk factors affecting the durability of the painted layer of the fresco.

Denkmalpflege zwischen System und Gesellschaft. Vielfalt denkmalpflegerischer Prozesse in der DDR (1952–1975)

East German architectural preservation does not have a good reputation. Too often, the history of heritage management in the GDR is recalled as a story of lost treasures and razed monuments, all sacrificed to the Socialist Unity Party (SED)’s alienating and ugly schemes for urban renewal. Less well understood are the individuals and institutions who worked to preserve the GDR’s wide architectural inheritance, often in the face of regime indifference, and sometimes with impressive results to show for it. But to understand how these individuals and institutions acted, what drove them, and what restricted them in their work, we require a big-picture approach that draws together all of the political, the technical and the cultural dimensions of East German preservation. This is the purpose underlying Franziska Klemstein’s detailed new work, Denkmalpflege zwischen System und Gesellschaft. Originating in a doctoral dissertation at the Technische Universität Berlin, Denkmalpflege zwischen System und Gesellschaft interrogates the political ideals, institutional tensions and key personalities that shaped preservation practices in East Germany between 1952, when the GDR adopted a new preservation ‘decree’, and 1975, the ‘European Year of Architectural Heritage’, in which the GDR finally adopted a formal law to govern all preservation activities. Klemstein frames her study around five working hypotheses: first, that East German preservation practices were complex and multifaceted; second, that personal networks were an essential factor in preservation successes in the GDR; third, that the many problems encountered when harmonizing preservation activities with the demands of dialectical materialism impelled a ‘search for international exchange and comparative values’ (Vergleichswerten); fourth, that monument preservation was seen as a ‘task for all of society’ (gesamtgesellschaftliche Aufgabe) in the GDR; and finally, that its affinity with Heimatschutz led to preservation being instrumentalized for ideological purposes.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN THE ITUM-KALINSKY DISTRICT OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN 2021

The article presents the results of archaeological surveys conducted in 2021 on the territory of lands allocated for economic development under the project “Construction of a Tower Small Hydroelectric Power Station on the Argun River in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic”. The purpose of the work was to localize on the ground and clarify the location of cultural heritage objects relative to the above-mentioned land plot, to ensure the preservation of archaeological monuments known from archival data located in the area of construction work, to identify new archaeological monuments in order to register them for state registration, protection and introduction into scientific circulation. During the work, the previously known objects of cultural heritage “Ushkaloy watchtowers-twins”, “Ushkaloy burial ground” were examined and two new objects of cultural heritage were identified: the complex of archaeological monuments “Bashin-Kali”, including the remains of the fortification of the Caucasian war period “Bashin-Kali” of the 19th century (built in 1858), two destroyed burial grounds of the early Iron Age – the Middle Ages and the settlement of the Bronze Age, as well as the burial ground “Guchum-Kali”. The works included the study of agricultural terraces of the economic territory of Guchum-Kali village. On the territory, in some places, several foundations of residential and outbuildings have been recorded, according to local residents, dating back to the period of the 30-40s of the XX century. The laying of pits on the terraces revealed the presence of materials dating back to the 19th-20th centuries. The high saturation of the exploration site with monuments opens up prospects for further study of the territory not only of the Itum-Kalinsky district, but also the study of archaeological monuments of the mountainous regions of Chechnya as a whole.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRADITIONAL KOREAN LIME PLASTER AFTER AN ADDITION OF PERILLA OIL


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ancient Kor
 Ancient Korean records indicate that a variety of organic materials (straw, hanji, sticky rice, oil, etc.) used to be added to lime for different purposes, including the preservation and repair of monuments. In this study, aerial lime plaster with perilla oil was produced. Before the sample preparation, a flow test was performed: lime was kneaded at various ratios of mixing water and perilla oil to better understand the physical transformation of the material. After perilla oil was added, the fluidity of the lime putty was decreased, allowing adjustments in the workability. Using the Uigwe as the reference, lime samples with perilla oil were prepared. As even a small amount of perilla oil can cause color changes in the lime material, it is important to control the amount of perilla oil added to the lime putty. Furthermore, the material became resistant to moisture. As freezing and thawing due to the moisture content are the main causes of damage to lime materials, it was believed that the addition of perilla oil can improve their performance. Neutralization tests, µ-CT imaging and an XRD analysis were performed to investigate the carbonation of the lime materials. The test results revealed that when perilla oil was added to the material, the carbonation was delayed; furthermore, the strength of the material decreased initially but increased gradually as the curing progressed. This study suggests that perilla oil can be added to lime to improve its freeze-thaw resistance, which will be helpful in the maintenance of monuments.
 an records indicate that a variety of organic materials (straw, hanji, sticky rice, oil, etc.) have been added to lime for different purposes, including the preservation and repair of monuments. In this study, an aerial lime plaster sample with perilla oil was produced. Before sample preparation, a flow test was performed, lime was kneaded under various ratios of mixing water and perilla oil to better understand the physical transformation of the material. After perilla oil was added, fluidity of the lime putty was decreased, which allowed for adjustments in the workability. Using the Uigwe as a reference, lime samples with perilla oil were prepared. As even a small amount of perilla oil can cause color changes in the lime material, thus it is important to control the amount of perilla oil added to the lime putty. Furthermore, the material became resistant to moisture. As freezing and thawing due to moisture content are the main causes of damage to lime materials, it was believed that the addition of perilla oil can improve their performance. Neutralization tests, μ-CT imaging, and XRD analysis were performed to investigate the carbonation of the lime materials. The test results revealed that when perilla oil was added to the material, the carbonation was delayed; furthermore, the strength of the material decreased initially but increased gradually as curing progressed. This study suggests that perilla oil can be added to lime to improve the freeze-thaw resistance of the lime, which will be helpful in the maintenance of monuments.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Value as a Legal Tool for the Preservation of Monuments in Flanders and Wallonia: Between Conservation and Adaptation

ABSTRACT The recognition of our built environment as a cultural asset worthy of protection has stimulated corresponding legislation. In the listing process, heritage value has evolved from being a tool to determine the significance of buildings to becoming a selection criterion in legislation. However, value is open to interpretation, which leads to challenges of transparency, effectiveness, and the practical implementation of the protection process. We aim to better understand the scope and use of heritage value, in the context of the international debate and by tracing the historical development of the heritage conservation laws in Flanders and in Wallonia. The databases of the two agencies for immovable cultural heritage offered information on and access to protection rulings that reflect the practical implementation of heritage value criteria. Interviews with representatives involved in the listing process provided insights into the role of value as a legal tool. We then assessed the challenges and opportunities arising from applying value criteria. The ambiguity of value offers the possibility of discussing the adaptive reuse strategy in light of the current legal situation. We conclude that legislation must reflect the adaptive reuse strategy applied in practice to remain relevant and reflect the needs and views of society.

Studying the raw cultural architecture of the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn region

The article presents the results of field research. According to the project schedule, in the field season of 2020, an exploratory survey of the banks of the river was carried out. Nura from the confluence with the lake. Korgalzhyn before the confluence with the lake. Tengiz. The main purpose of the field study was to survey the previously known mud mausoleums and search for new objects of this type. In the work, methods of remote survey of archaeological objects were applied, including mapping with the indication of the coordinates of the monument in the global positioning system, description, photographing. The field work was directly preceded by a long stage of cabinet-analytical work related to the study of information about the well-known religious objects of the new era in the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn region. At this stage of the work, the method of natural zoning was used – one of the most frequently used methods in archaeological practice. The chapter contains data on the location of the objects under study with the indication of GPS coordinates. The landscape is described, the sizes and descriptions of the mausoleums are given. In total, 8 mausoleums were surveyed during the field season. The result of this work was three-dimensional models and visualization of the studied mausoleums. Preservation of monuments of mud architecture of the steppe in digital format is an urgent need, as this is a disappearing type of late medieval memorial architecture dating back to ancient times. Digital 3D models of collapsing mud mausoleums will always be invaluable to science as historical sources, part of the cultural heritage of the Kazakh ethnos.

Retrofit, Restoration and Preservation of Byzantine Monuments: Assessment of Natural Degradation and Evaluation of Intervention Options

Monuments reflect the depth and grandeur of a great civilization developed in a certain region, during a specific period of history. They possess aesthetic, historical and functional values. Undoubtedly, they are seen as part of mankind’s cultural heritage. In particular, the ecclesiastical byzantine monuments in countries where the byzantine civilization flourished, between the 4th and the 15th centuries, such as in Greece and Cyprus, are of great importance, because they are considered as edifices that offer, through their aesthetic and archeological study, a mental upgrade and valuable knowledge of roman and byzantine building techniques. Thus, the need for periodic maintenance and restoration of such monuments is imperative. The objective of the present work is to give a general description of the basic steps of the dominant retrofit methodology which is nowadays used in Greece and Cyprus and leads to the preservation of byzantine monuments. This method is the same as in any other type of monument and goes through four stages: (i) in-situ visual investigation of the degree of wear and on-site experiments, (ii) laboratory testing of the original materials of the monument under study, (iii) installation of a wireless sensor network on a monument under study, aiming at the most efficient monitoring of local displacements, differential foundation settlements, temperature changes, local humidity concentration, salt formation, etc. and (iv) evaluation of several retrofit options and the implementation of the optimal solution, by applying a formulated grading methodology. An immediate finding of the present work is that these steps enable the creation of a suitable analytical model which can be used in runnig a software package, for the design of a complete retrofit/restoration procedure and the preparation of accurate architectural and structural drawings, which will finally be used for the implementation of the maintenance/preservation design. Undeniably, what is important is to select the optimal retrofit procedure for this type of historical buildings, something which is explained in detail in this article. The latter statement expresses the scope of the present work. Another major finding of this review research is that the above retrofit procedure has already been applied to many byzantine monuments, during the past twenty years in Greece and in Cyprus and seems to have already become the dominant method over existing practices, because it uses modern technologies and is more efficient and effective, since it is based on optimization procedures.

Geographical systematization of UNESCO World Heritage Sites


 
 
 The article presents the results of inventory checking of objects of natural and cultural heritage of mankind. Preservation of cultural heritage has been noted as an important task during any period in history. The article specifies what objects can be considered cultural or natural heritage of mankind. We describe what advantages the status of world heritage site give to the site itself and to the country as a whole. The existence of the UNESCO World Heritage List allows one to identify a number of unresolved issues regarding the protection and preservation of cultural heritage in the countries. Despite the fact that the UNESCO World Heritage List is the object of scientific attention of many authors, the data presented in their publications are outdated and therefore unable to provide current coverage of the geographical structure of the World Heritage, as it is quite dynamic and changing every year. We analyzed researches on the chosen subject by domestic and foreign authors, finding that the main array of scientific publications for the query “UNESCO World Heritage” offers studies of the effects of UNESCO sites on tourist flows or the tourist brand of the region or country. At the same time, there is a range of scientific publications criticizing the very existence of the UNESCO World Heritage List, as well as the current criteria for nomination and inclusion of sites in the UNESCO World Heritage, uneven distribution of sites between developing and developed countries – geopolitical axis “North – South” and the lack of effective protection and conservation mechanisms in the UNESCO and even in the UN, even for places already included in the List of Sites. At the same time, there is a lack of geographical research on the distribution of the UNESCO World Heritage sites and complete absence of research on the territorial organization of intangible cultural heritage sites. A historiographical analysis of UNESCO World Heritage sites has been carried out, and the dynamics of changes in the number of sites has been analyzed. The article presents structural-territorial analysis of the distribution of objects : we determined absolute and relative indicators of the number of objects by macroregions and types, analyzed the typological ratio of objects within the regions, and identified the leading and outsider countries of each region. A cartographic model of the distribution of objects by the planet is presented. The expediency of regular monitoring of the current state of recreational and tourist resources of world importance and analysis of the tendency of deterioration or improvement of the related situation regarding non-compliance with the norms of protection and preservation of cultural and natural monuments is substantiated. We also analyzed the territorial distribution of the “Under threat” list, which includes 53 objects from 33 countries. The article contains our ideas about the prescriptive rather than the recommendatory nature of the remarks of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, which could radically effect the elimination of all processes that threaten UNESCO sites. Territorial analysis of the distribution of intangible cultural heritage of mankind has been carried out.
 
 

Development of the Al-Assad National Library’s Collections under the Circumstances of the Military Conflict in Syria

During the military conflict on going on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria), there was destroyed not only the economic, but also the educational and cultural infrastructure of the country. Thousands of libraries located in northern Syria have completely lost their collections. The number of Arab cultural centres (public libraries) decreased by 60% from 2011 to 2018. They were located in the conflict zones and were destroyed during military operations. Huge damage was caused to the market of publishing industry and the book culture of Syria as a whole.During the tough movement process from war to peace, the preservation of monuments, including writing, remains an important issue for the country and its future. The leading library in Syria is the Al-Assad National Library (NL), which receives legal deposit copy of domestic publications; it is engaged in international book exchange; makes procurements; receives books and manuscripts as donation. Preserving the documentary cultural heritage of the country, the library performs the memorial function, which is much more complicated in the conditions of military conflict and economic crisis.The purpose of the research is to study the impact of the war in Syria on the activities of the Al-Assad National Library, the dynamics of the development of its collections, as well as the formation of strategy for the reconstruction of the countryʼs library system. The author used the methods of comparative analysis in the work and conducted the review of the literature on this topic.In 1988, the Al-Assad National Library’s collections contained 131,931 items. In the 2000s, there was an increase in the number of publications received by the library via legal deposit copy system. Since 2011, the beginning of the terrorist war, which was accompanied by the economic blockade by Western countries, the replenishment of the stock has significantly decreased. From 2012 to 2015, the International Book Fair in Damascus was suspended. At the end of 2020, the total stock of the library amounted to 567,117 information resources in Arabic and foreign languages.Russiaʼs support in restoring peaceful life in Syria is highly appreciated by the Syrian people. The relevance of the study is related to the lack of information in Russian about the development of the national library collections during the war in Syria. Russian universities train Syrian specialists in both library and other branches of science. The Russian language has been introduced into educational programs in Syria, which will further lead to its adoption as a foreign language to replace English language in the Republic.At present, it is necessary to restore all areas of life in Syria, including cultural. The Al-Assad National Library plays a key role in the reform of the library system in the country, the formation of cultural policy through the creation of a stable system of book communication and the embedding of national book culture in the world information space. The Syrian society is forced to take into account political, economic, socio-cultural challenges. It is necessary to expand international cooperation, especially with countries that have maintained friendly relations with Syria.

Socialization of Immovable Roman Archaeological Sites in Bulgaria

The archaeological cultural heritage and its inclusion in projects for the creation of tourist attractions, tourist products and marketing of the destinations are among the leading priorities in the field of tourism in Bulgaria. In this sense, the aim of the current paper is a review and analysis of the socialization of the immovable archaeological sites from the Roman period in the country. The socialization is considered from several aspects - exposure, preservation, presentation, provided services and organized events, accessibility, technical and ancillary infrastructure, advertisement. In each of them, the applied basic techniques and methods are studied and illustrated with specific examples of sites with national importance from the Roman period. In conclusion, more important problems and challenges related to the socialization are presented. Their resolution is of importance for the preservation of the immovable archaeological monuments and the sustainable development of tourism, based on archaeological heritage.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOINFORMATION MODELS. REAL ESTATE RESTORATION PROJECTS

The article considers the current problem of creating three-dimensional architectural models to restore the original appearance of buildings or preservation of architectural monuments using the latest technologies and geographic information systems. The aim of the article is to study and analyze strategies for creating three-dimensional models with their subsequent import into the geoinformation space. The authors consider in detail the advantages and disadvantages of the main modeling strategies – manual creation of models in specialized programs, fully automatic generation of three-dimensional models and semi-automatic creation of models. The authors of this study solve the following tasks: the definition of software that can be used to solve problems of three-dimensional modeling and subsequent placement of the model in the geographic information system. Methods are proposed to solve this problem – using the capabilities of two different programs. Namely, Sketch Up Pro for creating three-dimensional models of buildings and ArcGIS Pro for presenting the model on the map. The process of creating a photorealistic model was divided into six stages. The final stage of modeling should be the stage of adding textures that best match the used building and finishing materials for facades. The article uses a method – geoinformation three-dimensional modeling of architectural structures. As a result of the study, the authors proposed to place the created three-dimensional model of the building on a geographic information map using ArcGIS Pro software. This allows you to import * .3ds files and simulates a flyby around the imported model. Such capabilities of the chosen geographic information system will help to reproduce the damaged architectural structures more accurately as a result of hostilities and preserve architectural monuments and historical heritage.

Численное исследование напряженно-деформированного состояния модифицированной деревянной балки

Preservation of wooden architecture monuments requires special attention since during their operation for 100 years and more wooden structures are exposed to environmental influences resulting in weakening their bearing capacity. The use of external reinforcement systems for buildings of historical value leads to a loss of architectural look. The proposed method of restoring the bearing capacity of the destructed wooden beams in the support zones is based on modification with a polymer composition. We have considered 3 types of pine beams: destructed, modified in the support zones; wooden, weakened by destruction; “healthy”. Numerical calculation of beams with a length of 6 m and a cross-section of 100×200 mm is performed in the Lira software package. The calculation model of the beams considered was created by adapting the initial data for the working environment of the software package used. The computational model is set as a three-dimensional body obtained by triangulation and “extrusion” of beam projection section. Shear stresses in the supporting zone, as well as vertical movements of the beams have been determined according to the developed method of calculation of wooden beams. The parameters of the modified beam and the reference “healthy” structure were compared. Shear stresses in the strengthened beam are 15–17 % higher than in the “healthy” beam. It was found that the strength of the destructed beam modified on supports increased by 16–18 % compared to the destructed beam. The boundary conditions for the modification of destructed wooden beams in the support zones to restore their bearing capacity have been determined on the basis of the obtained results. If the loss of bearing capacity is more than 35 %, then this method is not recommended due to the expediency of replacing such structures.