Months Of Lactation Research Articles

The Effect of Dietary Organic Copper and Zinc Trace Minerals on some Yield and Mineral Levels and Histological Structure of Testes

This study aims to investigate the effects of providing Cu and Zn minerals with an organic structure reduced by 25% compared to the recommended (NRC) inorganic value on parameters such as the age at which lambs achieve 50% sperm motility yield, some developmental parameters, testis histology, as well as serum, wool, and fecal mineral levels in lambs. The study involved 12 male lambs in the T1 group (organic minerals) and 11 in the T2 group (inorganic minerals) of the Kıvırcık breed. Lambs received minerals from mothers during the last month of fetal period and suckling, continuing individual feeding post-weaning. During individual feeding, T1 received 5.25 mg/kg DM copper-chelate and 15.0 mg/kg DM zinc-chelate, while T2 received 7 mg/kg DM copper-sulfate and 20 mg/kg DM zinc-sulfate. The mothers received identical mineral amounts in the last month of pregnancy and lactation. The ewes birthed offspring solely for the supply of experimental groups. Lambs, averaging about 18.5 kg, underwent bi-weekly electroejaculation, concluding the trial for those with 50% semen motility. Statistical analyses were carried out using the GLM method. No differences were observed between groups in the average age at which lambs achieve 50% sperm motility, live weight, scrotum, and testicular measurements at this age (P > 0.05). Histological analyses revealed no difference in tubule area between T1 and T2 groups (P > 0.05), but tubular epithelium height was greater in T1 (P < 0.01). End-of-trial serum copper, as well as weaning day and end-of-trial serum and fleece zinc mean values, did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). However, T1 had higher mean values for serum Cu on the weaning day (P < 0.01), fleece copper on the weaning day (P < 0.05) and at the end of the trial (P < 0.001). Additionally, the T1 group exhibited lower mean levels of fecal copper (P < 0.05) and fecal zinc (P < 0.001). In conclusion, despite organic copper and zinc levels being 25% lower in the examined parameters, comparable or improved results were achieved with inorganic copper and zinc.

Features of lactation and quality of milk of different breeds of goats

Milk productivity during the lactation period (305 days) and evaluation of milk according to different quality indicators in periods of the year were studied. The experiments were carried out on 3 groups of goats of Zaanen, Alpine, and Anglo-Nubian breeds at 3–4 years old. Milk productivity was evaluated from the 1st to the 11th month of lactation, and milk quality indicators (fat, protein, SOMO, density) were analyzed using the Lactan 1-4 milk analyzer. It was established that the most incredible intensity of lactation in goats occurs during the 4–5th month after farrowing; the exceptional dynamics of the lactation curve is that it increases from the 1st to the 4th month and decreases from the 5th to the 10th. An interbreeding difference in milk yield was established (Р &lt; 0.001, Р &lt; 0.05) in the 4th, 5th, and 7th months of lactation, where the Anglo-Nubian, Alpine, and Zaanen breeds were arranged in the order of decreasing milk yield. The total lactation rate was maximum in Zaanen animals, and in Anglo-Nubian and Alpine goats, it was lower by 16.4 % (Р &lt; 0.001) and 5 % (Р &lt; 0.001), respectively. It was found that the average daily fertility of goats was in Zaanen animals, and the minimum and maximum in Anglo-Nubian and Alpine breeds about the season of the year, correspondingly spring – 15.9 %, 6.5 %; summer – 16.04 %, 3.74 %; autumn – 23.2 %, 8 %. The study of the physicochemical parameters of goat milk of various species revealed that, according to qualitative parameters, in the spring, summer, and autumn periods, there is an interspecies difference in the content of protein and fat, with the highest content in Anglo-Nubian animals, respectively by 5% (Р &lt; 0.001), 38.6 % (P &lt; 0.01), 36.1 % (P &lt; 0.01). According to indicators of consistency and smell of milk, the three breeds of goats did not have a probable difference. The following discrepancies were established regarding taste qualities: a sweet taste in Anglo-Nubian animals, a rich one in Alpine animals, and no extraneous aftertaste in Zaanen animals. A light cream color is noted in the Anglo-Nubian circles, and a color variation from white to light cream is present in the Alpine and Zaanen peoples.

Relationship among thermal environment, stage of lactation, body characteristics, yield and milk constituents of dairy Gyr cows managed on pasture.

Our aims were to evaluate changes in body characteristics, milk yield and milk constituents as well as to determine the relationship between the thermal environment and production characteristics during the first lactation of dairy Gyr cows managed on pasture. Between 2013 and 2015, forty-five primiparous dairy Gyr cows were evaluated from prepartum to 10 months of lactation in Southeast of Brazil. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), milk yield (305 d), and milk constituents were collected monthly and progesterone was collected weekly. Additionally, we determined the temperature humidity index (THI) based on microclimate data. Overall, the cows lost body weight until six months of lactation and there was a progressive decrease in BCS, SFT, milk yield and milk lactose as the months in lactation progressed. In contrast, there was an increase in milk fat, milk protein and milk solids. The thermal environment did not pose a consistent heat challenge, nevertheless, we found a positive correlation between the average THI two days before milk collection with milk yield, fat and lactose contents, but in contrast a negative correlation was found with total solids and protein. In conclusion, the THI and months of lactation affected the yield and constituents of milk. However, more studies are necessary to understand the impacts of body characteristics and thermal environment on yield and milk constituents throughout the productive life of Gyr dairy cows.

Whey protein dynamics in goat mammary secretions during colostrum and early lactation periods.

The protein composition in goat milk undergoes changes throughout the different lactation periods, displaying distinct characteristics that are influenced by the dynamic nature of protein composition and concentration during the transition from colostrum secretion to mature milk. To evaluate the dynamics of whey proteins of Saanen goats during the colostral phase and the first month of lactation, 110 milk samples from 11 healthy mammary halves of seven Saanen goats were selected through a clinical evaluation. Whey was obtained by rennet coagulation of the mammary secretion. The biuret method determined total protein concentration, and their fractions were identified by 12% dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Maximum concentrations of all protein fractions were observed in the first 12 h of lactation, reducing throughout the study. Modification of the protein predominance was also observed. The transition from colostrum secretion to milk occurred 5 or 7 d postpartum.

Current state and ways to increase the dairy productivity of camels in the south-western region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract Increasing the dairy productivity of camels is an urgent task for many countries where these animals are of great importance as a source of dairy and meat. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and select heavy milk-producing camels for breeding by genotyping, studying the genealogical structure, and selecting related groups with high productivity. To achieve this goal, the number of camel herds in the south-western region of Kazakhstan was monitored during 2020–2022 to study their external characteristics, live weight dynamics, and milk productivity. As a result, it was found that in female camels for 12 months of lactation, the average daily milk yields of the Arvana breed were 7.4 kg, with milk yield for lactation of 2682.8 kg of milk, and in the Bactrian breed with average daily milk yields of 5.8 kg of milk, milk yield for lactation was 1186.3 kg. It was also revealed that the herds of Arvana camels have 15 breeders, and the herds of Bactrian camels have 14 breeders, which are characterised by a sufficient number of offspring for selection and breeding to improve the productive qualities of animals. In addition, it was found that in the herds of Arvana camels, the descendants of the breeders of “Tekele-lek”, “Kara-lek”, “Zhana-lek”, “Mayakum-lek”, “Yrys-lek” and “Shilikti-lek”, and in the herds of Bactrian camels, “Bal-bura”, “Kulsary-bura”, “Zhas-bura”, “Taushyk-II-bura”, “Sakon-bura”, “Konai-bura”, and “Kulandy-bura” noted high milk productivity. It was found that in the milk of camels of the Arvana breed, the content of nonfat milk solids was 8.3%, the density was 27.66 g/cm 3 , the acidity was 19 0 T, in the milk of the Bactrian breed, these indicators were, respectively: 8.23%, 27.81 g/cm, 3 and 19 0 T. The results obtained are of great practical importance, as they can be applied to create new methods and technologies for managing camel herds that will help increase their dairy productivity.

Reproductive ability and milk productivity of mares of different genealogical lines of Argaleisky type of Transbaikal breed

Productive herd horse breeding in Transbaikal region is one of the traditional branches of animal husbandry. The problem of preserving and improving local (aboriginal) horse breeds in our country is extremely important for their eff ective economic use and maintaining the diversity of the original gene pool of farm animals. Therefore, line breeding is an important aspect of horse breeding. The purpose of the research was to study the reproductive ability and milk productivity of mares of diff erent lines of Argaley type of Transbaikal breed. Research was carried out at the APC “Plemzavod imeni Kalinina” in the Aginsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The objects of the study were mares of Transbaikal breed of Argaley type of diff erent genealogical lines origin, the age of the mares was 8–9 years after 4–5 foalings. The conformation and constitutional features and live weight of mares depending on their genealogical lines origin have been presented in the article. The average fertility performance rate for mares of different lines was 93,7 %, with foaling being 98,8 %. The greatest live weight was in mares belonging to the line Argali. It exceeded the indicators of herdmates from the lines Premier, Chetkiy and Kagor by 20,0; 15,0, 10,0 kg, respectively. During 5 months of lactation, mares of the line Argali produced 1854,0 kg of milk with an average daily milk yield of 12,36 kg. Mares of the line Argali over 5 months of lactation were superior to herdmates of other lines in terms of milk yield by 459,0; 336,0 and 223,5 kg and average daily milk yield by 3,06, 2,24 and 1,49 kg, respectively. It has been established that the physicochemical composition and environmental safety of milk from mares of the different lines of Argaley type of Transbaikal breed indicate its fairly high nutritional value.

Breastmilk mineral composition among well-educated mothers from Central Poland – Associations with maternal dietary intake, dietary patterns and infant psychomotor development

BackgroundMaternal dietary habits could affect breastmilk mineral composition, which may influence infant development. Mineral dietary intake or supplementation slightly affects its breastmilk concentration. However, the intake of selected food groups or dietary patterns that reflect diet complexity could have a greater impact. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess breastmilk mineral composition at one, three, and six months of lactation among mothers living in urban area of Central Poland, as well as the evaluate maternal dietary determinants and associations with infant anthropometric and psychomotor development. MethodsThe study was conducted among 43 healthy and exclusively breastfeeding mothers. In the first, third, and sixth months of lactation, we collected breastmilk samples and assessed the concentration of Ca, P, Zn, Fe, Se, Ni, As, Pb, and Cd using the ICP-MS method. Maternal dietary habits were evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire in the first month of lactation, whereas in the third and sixth by the three-day food record. Based on the collected data adherence to the Polish-adapted Mediterranean (Pl-aMED; 1 month) and the DASH diet (Mellen’s Index; 3 and 6 months) was assessed. In the third and sixth months of lactation infant anthropometric parameters and the sixth month of lactation psychomotor development were evaluated. ResultsBreastmilk Se, Ni, As, Pb, and Cd levels were under the LOQ in all the breastmilk samples at all study visits. Median breastmilk mineral concentrations of Ca, P, Zn, and Fe in the first, third, and sixth months of lactation varied from 381.9 to 332.7 mg/L, 161.6 to 139.1 mg/L, 2.2 to 0.8 mg/L, and 0.26 to 0.17 mg/L, respectively. Maternal dietary intake and supplementation did not affect breastmilk Ca, P, Zn, and Fe. Pl-aMED scores were associated with breastmilk Ca (β = 0.489, 95% CI 0.180 – 0.799, p = 0.003) and Zn (β = 0.499, 95% CI 0.199 – 0.798, p = 0.002) in the first month of lactation, whereas no association with the DASH diet were observed in the third and sixth month of lactation. Breastmilk Fe in the third month was associated with infant motor development (β = 0.420, 95% CI 0.113 – 0.727, p = 0.009) in the sixth month of life, but no other associations with anthropometric or psychomotor development were observed. Moreover, we estimated that few infants meet their adequate intake (AI) requirements for P, Zn, and Fe. ConclusionOur study showed that maternal adherence to Pl-aMED is a significant predictor of breastmilk Ca and Zn in the first month of lactation, which may be especially important considering that more than 75% of infants had inadequate Zn intake. Moreover, we found that breastmilk Fe positively influenced infant motor development, despite the majority of infants having inadequate intake. On the other hand, no infant had deficiency symptoms, which emphasizes the necessity to evaluate of AI norms for infants.

P-12 Postpartum vertebral compressive fractures in a young female with osteoporosis - A case report

Abstract Introduction Osteoporosis is а metabolic disorder characterized by low bone mass and deep changes in bone architecture that lead to an increased vertebral or hip fracture in elderly. Osteoporosis in young population is a very rare condition especially when is associated with compressive fractures. Pregnancy and postpartum-related osteoporosis is condition that occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy оr in the first months of lactation. It is self-limited condition that return to normal after 12-18 months. In rare cases leаds to spinal compressive fractures. Clinical Case We present a 33-year-old female with back pain that occurs after birth during the early lactation period. In consultation with an orthopedic surgeon, an X-ray was made on the thoracolumbar spinal column with a finding of vertebral compressive fractures. A DEXA scan (double energy-X rays of absorptiometry) is also made with the finding of vertebral osteoporosis and hip osteopenia. We calculate BMI and perform blood tests for vitamin D3, calcium, hormones and markers for bone metabolism. This was our patient's first birth, she was thin with height 157 cm, weight 42 kg and calculated BMI-17. Blood test showed very low concentration of vitamin D3- 16 ng/ml (20-44) with normal level of calcium- 1,20 mmol/l (1,10-1,40) and PTH-31,01 pg./ml (15-65). Thyroid, gonadal and adrenal axis was with normal function. We told the patient to stop the lactation and to take a supplementation of vitamin D3 2000 IE, Calcium 1000 mg and bisphosphonates (alendronate). After two years of treatment, we made a control DEXA scan. Our patient now has vertebral osteopenia, normal serum concentration of vitamin D (44 ng/ml) and her weight is 48 kg. She feels good, has no pain and no new fractures. Conclusion Pregnancy and lactation increase need for calcium and this condition is complemented by increased intestinal absorption of calcium and increased bone resorption of the mother's skeleton. Risk factors for low bone density are deficit of 1-25 OH vitamin D3, malnutrition, low body mass index, treatment with low dose of enoxaparin (LMWH), physical inactivity. Our patient has an increased risk of low bone density (she has a low body mass index, low serum concentration of 1–25 OH vitamin D3 and this was her first pregnancy). Normal serum level 1–25 OH vitamin D concentration is required to establish calcium metabolism and prevent low bone density, osteopenia or osteoporosis. Antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates lead to rapid improvement in bone density, prevent new fractures and relieves pain. Treatment of postpartum osteoporosis is debatable because this condition is reversible, so when we decide to treat or not to treat, we must consider present of fractures, pain and plan for future pregnancy.

Developmental programming of production and reproduction in dairy cows: III. Association of level of maternal milk production with offspring's birth weight, survival, productive and reproductive performance and AMH concentration from birth to the first lactation period

Although some studies investigated the relationship of dam milk production (DMP) with offspring birth weight and productive performance, limited information is available on the association of level of DMP with reproductive performance in dairy cows. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand whether dams with various levels of milk production produce offspring with different fertility. In study I, offspring were classified based on the level of DMP into five categories, including DMP1 (dams with <10.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP2 (dams with ≥10.00 × 103 kg and <12.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP3 (dams with ≥12.00 × 103 kg and <14.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP4 (dams with ≥14.00 × 103 kg and <16.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production) and DMP5 (dams with ≥16.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production). In study I, data of birth weight, milk yield and reproductive variables of 14,536 offspring born to lactating dams and corresponding data of DMP were retrieved. In study II, blood samples (n = 339) were collected from offspring in various categories of DMP for measurement of serum AMH. Offspring were heavier at birth in DMP4 and DMP5 categories than DMP1 and DMP2 categories (P < 0.05). Milk yield of offspring increased as DMP elevated (P < 0.05); however, offspring in DMP1 and DMP2 categories produced higher milk as compared with their dams during primiparity (P < 0.05) whereas offspring in DMP3, DMP4 and DMP5 categories produced less milk as compared with their dams during primiparity (P < 0.05). Milk fat to protein ratio during the first month of lactation was greater in DMP4 and DMP5 categories than DMP1 category (P < 0.05). Offspring of DMP4 and DMP5 categories were inseminated and conceived at younger ages than offspring of DMP1 category during nulliparity (P < 0.05). Calving to conception interval was longer in DMP5 than DMP1 category in primiparous offspring (P < 0.05), but concentration of AMH did not differ among various categories of DMP (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dams with greater level of milk production produced heavier offspring with higher milk yield but worse transgenerational improvement in milk production and diminished reproductive performance, which were seemingly under higher pressure of negative energy balance during the first month of lactation.

Effects of reduced levels of organic trace minerals in proteinate forms and selenium yeast in the mineral mix on lactation performance, milk fatty acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status in dairy goats.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with reduced levels of organic trace minerals (OTM) in proteinate forms and selenium yeast (Se-yeast) in the mineral premix of prepartal and lactating dairy goats on lactation performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status. Xinong Saanen dairy goats (n = 40) were blocked by parity and body weight, and randomly assigned to either ITM or OTM treatments from 4wk prepartum to 8 mo of lactation. Both groups received the same basal diet except for the trace mineral supplement. The ITM supplement included Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as sulfates, and Se as selenite to meet the recommendations. The OTM supplement included Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as proteinates at 50% of ITM supplement levels, and Se as Se-yeast at 100% of ITM supplement level. Sampling and measurements were performed in the first, second, fourth, and eighth month of lactation. Data were summarized by month and treatment, and analyzed using the Mixed Model of SPSS with repeated measures. OTM group showed lower milk fat (P = 0.02) and higher milk Se (P = 0.03) with no compromised effects on milk yield and milk protein compared to ITM group. Furthermore, OTM decreased the content of C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 (P < 0.05) and increased the content of odd- and branched-chain FAs in milk fat due to greater content of C15:0 (P = 0.01) and anteiso C15:0 (P = 0.07). OTM led to greater total tract digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.03), crude protein (P = 0.07), ether extract (P = 0.03), and acid detergent fiber (P = 0.05). OTM goats showed less fecal excretion of Fe (P = 0.01), Cu (P < 0.01), and Zn (P = 0.08) compared to ITM goats. There was a tendency for greater serum GSH-Px activity (P = 0.09) with OTM. Overall, the long-term substitution of reduced levels of OTM for ITM can change milk fat and FA composition while maintaining milk yield, digestibility, and antioxidant status.

Milk microbiome in the first month of lactation and at weaning from ewes supplemented with zinc pre- and postpartum.

Mastitis is an important disease with economic and welfare implications in both clinical and subclinical states. The aim of this research was to sequence the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to describe the microbial diversity and taxonomy of milk from clinically healthy ewes (Rambouillet, WF = 9; Hampshire, BF = 5). Experimental ewes represented a subset of a larger study assessing the impacts of divergent dietary zinc (Zn) concentrations [1 × National Academics of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) recommendations = CON or 3 × NASEM recommendations = ZnTRT] throughout late gestation and lactation. Milk was collected at four periods during early lactation (18 to 24h, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d postpartum) and at weaning (84 ± 14 d postpartum). Somatic cell counts (SCC) were quantified, averaged, and classed (low: < 500 × 103; medium: 500 × 103 - 100 × 104; high: > 100 × 104 cells/mL). Milk samples (n = 67) were sequenced to identify bacteria and archaea; the most abundant phyla were Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Saccharibacteria TM7, and Verrucomicrobia. Mastitis pathogens were among the most relatively abundant genera, including Staphylococcus, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, and Pseudomonas. Effects of breed, dietary Zn concentration, SCC class, and their two-way interactions on milk microbiome diversity and taxonomy were assessed within early lactation (using a repeated measures model) and weaning samples. Alpha-diversity metrics included Pielou's evenness, Faith's phylogenetic diversity, and Shannon's entropy indices. The main and interactive effects between Zn treatment, breed, SCC class, and period were variable in early lactation and not evident in weaning samples. Milk from BF ewes had increased Faith's phylogenetic diversity and Shannon's entropy, and differed in unweighted UniFrac composition (P ≤ 0.10). Milk from CON ewes had a reduced rate of composition change through early lactation (P = 0.02) indicating greater microbiome stability than ZnTRT ewe milk. These results support that milk is not sterile, and breed, dietary Zn concentration, and SCC class variably affect the milk microbiome. Findings from the current study provide important foundational insights into the effects of increased dietary Zn supplementation on longitudinal changes in the milk microbiome and associations with mammary gland health and mastitis.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СИСТЕМЫ КОРМЛЕНИЯ ВЫСОКОПРОДУКТИВНЫХ КОРОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЖИДКОЙ ЭКД

Due to on black-and-white cows scientific-and-economic experience, the liquid energy feed additive (EKD) feeding’s scheme and technology have been worked out. An integrated assessment conducted during this additive’s testing of the animals’ metabolic processes positive changes in the physiology and biochemistry and health improving had showed. The EKD using in the cows highyielding nutrition during transition period in order to the ration’s energy nutritional value increasing had a positive effect on milk chemical composition, physical and technological properties at average daily milk yield natural fat content of 31,1 and 31,8 kg; 33,3 and 33,2 kg for cows of control and experimental groups respectively, at the 1-st and 2-nd month of lactation. At milk of 4% fat composition counting, the daily milk yields’ average differences was increased and amounted, respectively, 38,0 and 33,8 kg in the control; in the experiment 39,1 and 38,5 kg at the 1-st and 2-nd month of lactation. In the cows milk treated with EKD, the average fat content for 2 months of lactation was 4,8%, protein - 3,5%, versus 4,5% and 3,0%, respectively in controls. This allowed as additional 6,9 kg of fat and 9,4 kg of protein per 1 head during this period obtaining, that was in 8,0% and 16,3% more than in the control groups respectively. The cows milk with EKD receiving was differed positively both in acidity in °T according to Kabyshev, and in thermal stability, rennet-fermentation sample and it had in 2,3 times fewer somatic cells. At the same time, the EKD gave the intensity of protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism increasing, negatively the functional state of the liver and free radical oxidation of lipids in the first month of lactation with a significant improvement in this condition in the second affecting. The inclusion of dry and newbodied EKD in the cows’ rations is physiologically and economically feasible.

Effects of prenatal fish oil supplementation on the development and performance of female kids after weaning.

This study was performed to determine the influence of fish oil, an omega-3 fatty acids source, supplemented to diets of goats throughout all stages of gestation on the growth and milk production of weaned female kids. Eighty German Fawn (75%) x Hair (25%) crossbred goats were randomly assigned to treatment (fish oil, FiO group) and control (Rumen protected fat, RPF group) groups during the first half of pregnancy. Subsequently, the FiO group was further allocated into FiO-FiO and FiO-RPF subgroups and RPF group was further divided into RPF-FiO and RPF-RPF subgroups containing 20 goats in each during the second half of pregnancy. The growth and feed intake of 41 female kids (aged 75.1 ± 6.73 days, with a mean live weight of 11.6 ± 3.00 kg) were recorded for a 98 day post-weaning, In the continuation of the study, live weight changes, milk yield and composition of young female goats from mating to the second month of lactation and the growth of female kids until weaning were studied for a total of 210 days. Maternal nutrition slightly influenced the live weight gain of female kids over a 98-day investigation period (p = 0.070). When growth performance was considered, a higher feed conversion efficiency of female offspring was determined in RPF-FiO (5.52) treatment group compare to female kids in other treatment groups (p = 0.086). However, the maternal feeding system significantly affected live weight in the RPF-FiO treatment group during the mating period (P = 0.054). Concerning the feed intake, maternal nutrition significantly affected the feed intake of female kids (p < 0.01) with the highest feed consumption in the FiO-RPF group. The findings of this study have shown that fish oil enriched diet given to goats during gestation improved daily live weight changes and total live weight gain of female kids despite the initial disadvantage after weaning. At mating time, the live weight of young female goats in the RPF-FiO treatment group, which exhibited the highest feed conversion ratio during the 98-day study, was higher than the remaining treatment groups. Maternal nutrition had no effect on milk yield or milk components in young goats during lactation. Young female goats born to dams in the FiO-RPF group showed better performance than the other groups regarding live weight performance of their offspring on 56th day postpartum.

ТЕХНИКО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ДОИЛЬНЫХ РОБОТОВ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЕЙ

Now one of the urgent problems in dairy cattle breeding is the shortage of workers and specialists. The solution to the problem is the introduction of a voluntary robotic milking system. (Research purpose) The research purpose is conducting a comparative analysis of milking robots of the most popular manufacturers in the world, such as Lely, DeLaval, Gea Farm Technologies. (Materials and methods) Studies were carried out on three farms equipped with milking robots of the studied companies. We used our own measurements, as well as data from the herd management programs of milking robots. (Results and discussion) It was determined that in the first 3 months of lactation, with free milking on milking robots, it is possible to get up to 15 percent more milk than with double milking on the Herringbone milking machine. It was found that the Lely Astronaut A4 milking robot has the highest number of milked cows - 68 heads on a one-box and 135 on a two-box, DeLaval VMS have a large tilt of the milking cups when connected to the udder nipples (45 degrees). It was shown that Lely Astronaut A4 surpasses its competitors in total milking time (6.03 minutes), consumes 36 percent less water than VMS and 35 percent less than MIone, and consumes 42 percent less electricity than VMS and 52.7 percent less than MIone. It was found that after brushing the hardened contaminated udder teat with the Astronaut A4 milking robot, bacterial contamination on the surface of the nipples averaged 470 CFU in 1 cubic centimeter, whereas after washing the teats with VMS and MIone milking robots, bacterial contamination amounted to 45.0 thousand CFU in 1 cubic centimeter. (Conclusions) It was stated that Lely Astronaut A4 milking robots surpass their competitors in many aspects, such as milking speed, udder teat cleaning quality, as well as electricity and water consumption.

Эффективность применения целлюлозолитического ферментного комплекса в составе энергокорма в питании молочных коров

The research was carried out on 2 groups of dairy cows of 30 heads each on a farm with the formation of technological groups according to calving dates and milking on a unit with individual milk yield accounting. The cows of the experimental group, in the period two weeks before calving and for 2 months after calving, were added to the diet, respectively, 150 and 300 ml/head/day of energy feed based on propylene glycol and glycerol with a complex of cellulase, xylase, β-gluconase and glucoamylase enzymes. activity (EFEC). The main diet consisted of traditional feed and was designed to produce an average daily milk yield of 25 kg of milk. EFEA had virtually no effect on the pH and ammonia content in rumen chyme, but increased the VFA content in it by 3.6 %. It had no effect on the total microbial mass, but reduced the ciliate population by 23.5 % and increased the bacterial population by 27.8 %. EFEC had a positive effect on protein-nitrogen metabolism, functional state of the liver, antioxidant activity, hormonal status and hematology. As a result, during 3 months of lactation, the average daily milk yield of cows in the experimental group was 19.9, 20.9 and 21.1 kg of milk (P&lt;0.001), which was 13.0 higher than in the control. 9.4 and 16.5 %, respectively, but at the same time there was a decrease in fat and protein content in milk.

КАЧЕСТВО БЕЛКОВОГО КОМПОНЕНТА МОЛОКА КОРОВ КРАСНО-ПЁСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИВЯЗНОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ

. The uniqueness of milk as a food product lies in the fact that it contains protein, the biological value of which is significantly higher than all known proteins of animal origin. The protein content of milk is under the control of the genotype of cows, but the degree of realization of its achieved potential is influenced by the environmental factor. The red-mottled breed, created in this region, is widely used on traditional dairy farms in the Voronezh Region, characterized by sufficiently high milk productivity and good adaptive properties. In this case, it is relevant to assess the qualitative characteristics of the protein complex of red-mottled cow milk obtained under the conditions of tethered keeping technology, which indicated the purpose of the research. The object of the study were samples of milk from full-aged cows of 5 months of lactation (n = 4) obtained at LLC Bolshevik in the Voronezh region. A sufficiently high concentration of proteins (3.39 ± 0.004 %) was established, the amino acid structure of which is adequate to cow's milk, which indicated their usefulness. The calculated values of amino acid numbers varied in a fairly wide range. The highest amino acid score for all population ages was found in the amino acid complex PH+TYR – 145.8–187.8 %, and the lowest – Met + Cys – 75.2–88.3 %. Amino acids Met + Cys determine the level of bioavailability of cow's milk proteins in the population group "children from 6 months. up to 3 years old", being the first limiting amino acid, up to 75.2 %, and in the group "growing up and children over 3 years old" – up to 88.3 %.

Влияние антиоксидантов, энергокорма и йода на адаптацию коров к высоким температурам среды, молочную продуктивность и воспроизводство

Two studies were conducted. In the 1st there are 3 groups of black-and-white cows of 9 heads each. One was the control, received the main diet (BR), the 2nd (experimental 1) received energy feed (EF) containing 23.6 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy in 150 and 300 ml in addition to the EF, the 3rd (experimental 2) additionally received 0.5 and 1.5 g of organic iodine (OI) and 1 g of dihydroquercetin (DHQ) head/day, respectively, during the dry and lactation periods in the spring and summer months, characterized by thermoneutral and high summer temperatures. Milk productivity and milk quality in cows during the spring-summer period had differences between groups. In cows of the control group, on average, over 5 months of lactation, the average daily milk yield was 22.7 kg with a fat content of 3.79% and protein of 2.94%: in cows of the 1st experimental group 21.6, 3.90, 3.02 and the second experimental group 20.8, 3.89 and 3.04, respectively, with a slightly higher average daily milk yield in cows of the control group by 1.1 and 1.4 kg compared to. cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, their fat and protein content in milk was lower by 0.11 and 0.08 % pp in relation to the cows of the 1st experimental group and by 0.10 and 0.10%, respectively, compared to cows of the 2nd experimental. As a result, the content of total dry matter in milk was higher in cows of the experimental groups, which amounted to 12.70 and 12.54% compared to 12.15 % in the control group. The second study examined the effects of antioxidants on reproductive performance in cows. For the experiment, 3 groups of black-and white cows aged 3-5 years, 15 heads each, were formed, the cows of the 1st group were control. Cows of the 2nd and 3rd groups were intramuscularly injected with 20 ml of the selenium preparation Gabivit-Se with the addition of 250 and 500 mg of DHQ, respectively, twice with an interval of 7 days. Treating cows with antioxidants significantly improved the physiological, biochemical and reproductive performance of cows. Treatment of cows with Gabivit-Se + 500 mg DHQ was more effective.

Productivity and milk quality indicators of cows of the created “Bashkir type” black-and-white breed with the introduction of the balanced energy complex “Felucen K1-2” into the diet

The volume and quality of milk are the determining indicators of the efficiency of dairy farming. The diet of dairy cows has a significant impact on the biological parameters of milk productivity and production characteristics of milk. The work was carried out to determine the optimal dosage of the energy complex “Felucen K1-2” in the diet of cows of the created “Bashkir type” black-and-white breed in the conditions of the agricultural production complex “Hero” of the Chekmagushevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. To achieve this goal, milk productivity was determined for 100 days of lactation, for 305 days, and also determined the dynamics of average daily milk yield by month of lactation. For the experiment, 48 cows were selected, divided into 4 groups of 12 animals each. The energy complex “Felucen K1-2” was added to the diet of cows in the experimental groups in the amount of 250 g, 300 and 350 g of the additive per animal per day. The results of the studies indicate an increase in the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk from cows that consumed the energy complex. This is observed both in dynamics over the months of the experiment and in the total amount for the entire period of research. The use of the additive in the diet of animals showed its effectiveness and contributed to an increase in milk yield per cow and improvement in the quality of milk, while the maximum effectiveness was observed at an average dosage (300 g per day per cow).

Weight Changes in Bali Cattle During Lactation at Different Seasons in the Cattle-Oil Palm Production System

The season impacts livestock productivity and cattle kept in grazing production systems in tropical conditions. This research aims to determine the effect of season on the weight changes of Bali cows and calves on oil palm plantations. This research used 20 Bali cattle kept semi-intensively in oil palm plantation areas without feed supplementation in 2016–2018. Cows and calves were weighed at calving and every month until weaning (150 days). Season grouping was based on calving time: dry season (DS) May–October and rainy season (RS) November–April. Data were analyzed by independent T-test statistics using the SPSS 20.0 application. The results of observations showed that cows' body weight decreased gradually until the fourth month of lactation in both seasons. Cows' weight changes were only significantly different in the second month, in which cows at DS were better than RS (P&lt;0.05). The pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) of calves each month was not significantly different between the two seasons, and they could reach a body weight of 60.60 kg (RS) and 61.47 kg (DS) at weaning. Season differences do not impact weight changes in the Bali cows and calves in the cattle-oil palm plantation production system.

THE CORRELATIVE VARIABILITY OF THE FINAL SCORE BY LINEAR CLASSIFICATION AND LIFETIME PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS AMONG BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY COWS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS

A study on the correlative variability of the final score by linear classification and lifetime productivity indicators of Black-and-White Dairy cows of different breeds was conducted in the herd of the private enterprise "Burynske" in the Podlisniv branch of the Stepaniv territorial community. Foreign studies on the cows evaluation of different breeds by conformation type using the linear classification method were analyzed, which proved that the lifetime productivity indicators of animals depend on many genotypic and paratypic factors. In this direction, the existence of significant moderate and close positive correlations between the majority of linear traits and functional life of cows in the herd was established. It has also been proven that the final score level of cows by type is closely correlated with descriptive traits that significantly affect lifetime productivity indicators. According to the results of our own research, it was found that degree of the final score of first-born cows for the conformation type directly determines the variability level of indicators to the duration of use and lifetime productivity within both experimental breeds. Cows of the Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds with a rating of "very good" exceeded animals with ratings of "good plus" and "good" by indicators of duration productive use and milk productivity throughout life. Holstein cows rated "very good" were better than animals rated "good plus" and "good" in terms of lifetime milk yield and milk fat yield, respectively by 4589 and 21653 kg, and 191 and 918 kg. The final score, in the presence of a correlation with lifetime productivity indicators, can serve as a predictor of longevity, which will allow effective selection of first-born dairy cows based on the results of a linear evaluation in the first months of lactation.