Monthly Wage Research Articles

HÁBITOS DE CONSUMO E IMPACTO AMBIENTAL: COMO O CONSUMIDOR LIDA COM AS NECESSIDADES DE CONSUMO DO DIA A DIA

This work aimed to evaluate the socio-economic profile of economically active people aged between 18 and 30 years and the influence of advertising in relation to purchasing power taking into account the potential environmental impact caused by the bad habits of consumption . The research was conducted using a questionnaire structured with 11 objective questions and one subjective question. The income level, educational level, debts on income, level of representation in the purchase decision, advertising and which influences over purchasing activity that produces more residue. The majority (55%) of the respondents were female, had completed secondary education (28%), 59% have income range up to one monthly wage, 46% committed over 70% of their monthly income with debts. The price was the determining factor in the purchase decision for most respondents at different educational levels. All respondents, regardless of education level, cited food and shopping in supermarkets as activities that generate the greatest amount of residue after consumption. The advertising influences the buying decision in 73% of respondents. Younger individuals and with low educational level individuals need to undertake a portion of their income on the purchase of basic items for survival, end up compromising much of the income with basic expenses. Educational campaigns focused on natural resource economics could be used reducing the environmental impact generated by the overconsumption.

Inter-Regional Differences in Teachers’ Wage Before and After Issuing Decrees on Teachers’ Pay Raise

An overview of literary sources is used to determine factors that account for differences in the role pay raises play for teachers in different regions. These factors include: regional economic structure; stage of economic development (growth or decline); share of public sector industries in regional economics; specific territorial characteristics resulting in discrepancy between average monthly wages and the real standards of living in regions. The paper has revealed a change to teachers’ pay at different educational levels in regions of Russia between 2011 and the first half of 2013. The level of teachers’ pay shows a trend towards reducing inequalities and polarization in distribution of regions by personal income. At the same time, purchasing power of teachers’ wage is growing more and more heterogeneous across the federal subjects of the Russian Federation. As compared to 2011–2012, when purchasing power of teachers’ wage was at the same level in more than 50% of regions, the first months of 2013 witnessed an increase in the number of levels, as well as in that of regions at different levels. Teachers’ wage varies significantly by its purchasing power across federal subjects that have achieved or almost achieved their teachers’ pay goals. The author proves the need for specific research to discover the role (including psychological one) teachers’ pay raise plays broken down by the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Forecasting Future Salaries in the Czech Republic Using Stochastic Modelling

Abstract Background: In spite of the course of the economic crisis of 2008, there have not been changes dramatic to the extent that they would strongly alter the behaviour of the trend in the Average Gross Monthly Wages and the Monthly Wage Medians in the Czech Republic. In order to support public and monetary planning, reliable forecasts of future salaries are indispensable. Objectives: The aim is to provide an outline of the behaviour of the average gross wages and the gross wage medians of the Czech business sphere up to the end of 2018 using an optimised random walk model and an optimised ARIMA Model with a constant. Methods: Consumer price indices were used in the confrontation of the behaviour of the Average Gross Monthly Wages and the Monthly Wage Medians with the behaviour of inflation in the Czech Republic. The Box-Jenkins methodology is used for the time series modelling. Results: The Czech Average Gross Monthly Wages and the Monthly Wage Medians in the business sector will continue to grow more rapidly than the Czech inflation growth, expressed by consumer price indices. Conclusions: It is possible to expect that the rising trend of the Average Gross Monthly Wages and the Gross Wage Medians will be more rapid than the growth of inflation.

Study on optimal model of hypothetical work injury insurance scheme

To explore an optimal model of hypothetical work injury insurance scheme, which is in line with the wishes of workers, based on the problems in the implementation of work injury insurance in China and to provide useful information for relevant policy makers. Multistage cluster sampling was used to select subjects: first, 9 small, medium, and large enterprises were selected from three cities (counties) in Zhejiang Province, China according to the economic development, transportation, and cooperation; then, 31 workshops were randomly selected from the 9 enterprises. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained interviewers using a pre-designed questionnaire among all workers in the 31 workshops. After optimization of hypothetical work injury insurance scheme, the willingness to participate in the scheme increased from 73.87%to 80.96%; the average willingness to pay for the scheme increased from 2.21% (51.77 yuan) to 2.38% of monthly wage (54.93 Yuan); the median willingness to pay for the scheme increased from 1% to 1.2% of monthly wage, but decreased from 35 yuan to 30 yuan. The optimal model of hypothetical work injury insurance scheme covers all national and provincial statutory occupational diseases and work accidents, as well as consultations about occupational diseases. The scheme is supposed to be implemented worldwide by the National Social Security Department, without regional differences. The premium is borne by the state, enterprises, and individuals, and an independent insurance fund is kept in the lifetime personal account for each of insured individuals. The premium is not refunded in any event. Compensation for occupational diseases or work accidents is unrelated to the enterprises of the insured workers but related to the length of insurance. The insurance becomes effective one year after enrollment, while it is put into effect immediately after the occupational disease or accident occurs. The optimal model of hypothetical work injury insurance scheme actually realizes cross-regional mobility of workers, minimizes regional differences, and embodies the fairness. The proposed model will, to some extent, protect the rights and interests of enterprises, as well as the healthy rights and interests of workers when they are unemployed.

Formal and Informal Employment in China: Probability of Employment and Determinants of Monthly Wages

AbstractThe goal of this research is to ascertain the employment status probabilities and the determinants of monthly wages of employees in China in order to provide a much‐needed, more accurate and widely acceptable documentation of informal employment in China on the basis of the International Statistical Standard Definition. This study will use Lee's model to correct for selection bias. The results show that employment status probabilities are mainly determined by sex, age, experience, ethnic status, education, region and migrant status, while monthly wages of informal employees are mainly affected by sex, education, region, firm size, city size and migrant status.

Integrating public health research trials into health systems in Africa: individual or cluster randomisation?

Integrating public health research trials into health systems in Africa: individual or cluster randomisation?

THE IMPACT OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE ECONOMIC LEVEL OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC REGIONS

The main purpose of the paper is to refer to the impact of road infrastructure on the economic and social level of the regions in the Slovak Republic (SR). Theoretical basis is the level of road infrastructure in the regions of Slovak Republic disaggregated by category of roads. The economic performance of the Slovak Republic regions we measure using the gross domestic product per capita, unemployment rate and the average monthly wage. We examine the impact of road infrastructure on the economic level of regions by the scoring method.We use the method of analysis, synthesis, comparison and scoring method in this paper. Method of analysis was employed to analyse the road network and the economic level of the regions of Slovak Republic. The method of comparison was used for comparing the road infrastructure and economic level in the regions of Slovak Republic. The method of synthesis was used to draw conclusions resulting from the analysis. The scoring method is used for the studying the impact of the road infrastructure on economic level in the regions of Slovak Republic. Data used in the analysis were obtained from national and regional statistics.The best level of the roads is in the western part of Slovakia. Similarly the western regions have the highest economic level, especially the region of Bratislava. Using a scoring method, we found that road infrastructure most affects the economic level of the regions of Trencin, Nitra, Bratislava and Trnava. We also admit influence of other factors on economic level of regions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.18.3.4254

Institutional Options, Cultural Orientation and Mothers’ Work and Family Reconciliation in Korea

This paper examines what determines mothers' work and family reconciliation in the Republic of Korea. We conducted a survey to examine the influence of use of institutional options such as childcare leave and services, and cultural orientation towards gender roles on the probability of being employed, paid and unpaid care work time, and monthly wages. Our findings show that mothers' with high education tend to be in paid work and to have more traditional attitudes towards gender role. The use of maternity leave increases but the use of parental leave tends to decrease mothers' labor market participation. Maternity leave also is found to influence positively on working mothers' monthly wages. However, no factor is found to be relevant to reduce working mothers' time spent on unpaid care work. Issues have been put forwarded for policy considerations. Firstly, the use of maternity leave should be encouraged and job protection needs to be secured with the use of parental leave. Secondly, mothers with relatively higher education tend to prefer familial care to institutional care. Last but not least, the availability of institutional care services do not effectively reduce mothers' time spent on unpaid care work.

The impact of international experience on objective and subjective career success in early careers

There is an ongoing debate in the literature on the long-term impact of international work experience on future career success. In this longitudinal study based on university graduates, we compare expatriates (n = 159), repatriates (n = 395) and domestic employees (n = 2697) with regard to their objective and subjective career success during the first five years of their careers. Results from propensity score matching and ordinary least-squares regressions show that expatriates and repatriates have a higher objective career success in terms of monthly wages. We further find a higher subjective career success for expatriates and male repatriates.

Capacidad de compra del salario mínimo mensual y estado social de derecho en Colombia, 1983-2013

<p>Este artículo analiza el comportamiento de la capacidad de compra del salario mínimo mensual legal vigente (SMMLV) en Colombia para el periodo 1983-2013, a la luz de las implicaciones derivadas del paso del régimen de un Estado de derecho al de un Estado social de derecho, introducido por la Constitución Política Nacional de 1991 y su antecedente inmediato en materia laboral: la Ley 50 de 1990. Inicialmente se hace una caracterización del perfil institucional y técnico del proceso de toma de decisiones sobre el reajuste anual del SMMLV con sus correspondientes resultados. En la segunda sección se analiza el comportamiento del SMMLV de manera comparada con el de la inflación. La tercera sección se dedica al análisis de la capacidad de compra (perdida o ganada por los trabajadores) en el proceso, a través de un indicador construido con este propósito específico. Al final se obtienen algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones.</p><p> </p>

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis in Rural China: Gender, Off-farm Employment, and Wages

This contribution documents the effect of the global financial crisis on women's off-farm employment in China's rural labor force. It begins by comparing the difference between the actual off-farm employment rate and the off-farm employment rate under the assumption of “business as usual” (BAU – a counterfactual of what off-farm employment would have been in the absence of the crisis). The study also examines how the impact of the financial crisis hit different segments of the rural off-farm labor market. Using a primary dataset, the study found that the global financial crisis affected women workers. By April 2009, there was a 5.3 percentage point difference between off-farm employment under BAU and actual off-farm employment for women, and the monthly wages of women declined. Most of this impact affected migrant wage earners; however, the impact did not fall disproportionately on women. The recovery of women's employment was as fast as that of men's employment.

"Dissemination Of Financial Information Into The Publicsector - An Approach From The View Of The Central Public Administration Entities From Romania "

The dissemination of financial information into the sector ensures and develops thetransparency and trust of the community into the state entities. In this context, the undertakenqualitative research has as objective to identify the extent to which the entities belonging to thesector of central public administration from Romania disseminate financial information in order toshape a trend of financial transparency. The research results have shown that disseminationthrough the agency of the official sites of financial information on the basis of complete financialreports is limited. This limitation is shown also in the direction of disseminating financialinformation on the basis of the individual components of the financial reports. Most of the entitiesfrom the central public administration disseminate on the official sites information regarding thebudget of revenues and expenses, net monthly wages and activity reports and only two entities donot offer financial information. In temporal terms, the timely extent of the financial informationdisseminated is relative, it prevails the dissemination of retrospective financial information, whilethe prospective information is reduced. This survey was foregone by the identification ofapproaches in respect of the dissemination of financial information into the public sector both fromthe view of the academic environment, and the professional one, at national and international level.In this respect, the research has shown that adopting the International Public Sector AccountingStandards (IPSAS) into the process of financial reporting ensures and promotes transparency,completeness, credibility, relevance and comparability of financial information into the publicsector entities.

Do the economic factors affect criminality? Evidence from Greece, 1991–2010

The paper aims to investigate the factors that influence or spurs criminal activities in Greece given its economic circumstances for the time period 1991–2010. Data were collected by international databases and published reports of the Greek Ministry of Order and were employed under statistical analysis. First, six independent variables (economic and demographic) were included in the research and it was investigated which affect the aggregate criminality. Results denote that the unemployment rate considerably affects the overall criminality. Moreover, criminality is sufficiently affected by the level of the average monthly wage and the level of population. The second point was the appointment of the factors that affect specific type-crimes. The assumption that recession would be reflected to a rise of criminality was not confirmed. Thieveries/burglaries and robberies (including robberies in banks) were not associated to any factor under study. Homicides, frauds, rapes, forgery, beggary, sexual assault, property rights crimes and illegal antiquities dealing, were not found to be associated to any economic factor. Only the crime of blackmails was found strongly associated with the level of the average monthly wages (p = 0.005). Finally, animals’ theft was associated to the amount of the general population and smuggling was found to be negatively related to the existing offenders.

Prevalence of psychological symptoms in contemporary Chinese rural-to-urban migrant workers: an exploratory meta-analysis of observational studies using the SCL-90-R

(1) To estimate the pooled prevalence of psychological symptoms in Chinese migrant workers (CMWs), as measured using the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) in observational studies conducted in China, and (2) to explore the potential variables associated with the SCL-90-R Global Severity Index (GSI), the overall mental health indicator of CMWs. We performed a comprehensive literature search of the major English and Chinese databases (to June 2012). Cross-sectional surveys and case-control studies of CMWs (and controls where appropriate) that reported at least one subscale score of the SCL-90-R were included. Multilevel meta-analysis was used to pool the symptom scores of cross-sectional surveys and mean differences of symptom scores ("Cohen's d" values) between CMWs and controls of case-control studies. Multilevel meta-analysis with ecological- or study-level covariates was used to explore the associations between variables and SCL-90-R GSI score. The search yielded 48 cross-sectional surveys (comprising 42,813 CMWs) and seven surveys that included control samples. The pooled psychological symptom scores (95% confidence interval) of CMWs were statistically higher than those of norms from Chinese general population on all scales of SCL-90-R, except for obsessive-compulsive subscale in study quality subgroup analysis. CMWs also scored statistically higher than those of urban counterpart controls on all scales of SCL-90-R. Multilevel regression meta-analysis model revealed that four covariates that accounted for 33.9% of SCL-90-R GSI heterogeneity across all surveys, including: "mean age of study sample," "geographic area," "per capita GDP," and "statutory minimum monthly wage" of study site in implementation year. CMWs have more severe psychological symptoms than the general population, and thus, appear to experience higher level of psychological distress. Macro-economic factors may have impact on the overall mental health of CMWs, but the factors that contribute to mental health and mental distress among CMWs remain to be explored and understood.

In Timor-Leste, a Bumpy, but Rewarding, Road to Hearing Healthcare

In Timor-Leste, a Bumpy, but Rewarding, Road to Hearing Healthcare

How to Use the EU-SILC Panel to Analyse Monthly and Hourly Wages

The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) is a rotational panel provided by Eurostat that covers important variables over all EU Member States. Unfortunately, Eurostat provides separate data sets which do not cover all waves. Furthermore, information on monthly income and hourly wages are missing. In this paper, we make two contributions: fi rst, we develop a method for combining the different waves in order to increase the number of observations; second, we derive monthly and hourly pay.

集落営農法人における常雇従業員と構成員出役者の労務管理の特徴

This study clarifies the characteristics of personnel management among the employees and members of community-based farming corporations. We highlight these characteristics by considering similarities and differences in personnel management between members and employees.The similarities are as follows: recruitment makes use of directors’ network connections, a machine operator must obtain a driver’s license to use agricultural machinery, hourly wages are roughly the same, and personnel evaluation systems aresimilar.Differences relate to a specific portion of personnel management among employees: recruitment makes use of unemployment offices, and job advertisements within the store; education with respect to farming techniques, as well as commercial knowledge, are roughly the same; and standard monthly wages and, participation in social insurance tend to be similar.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SECOND PILLAR COMPONENT ON OLD AGE PENSION IN LITHUANIA

Abstract. The aim of the study was is to evaluate the impact of a privately accumulated second pillar component on old-age pension. This evaluation is based on quantitative, statistical data and qualitative analysis of pension accumulation results in second pillar during the years 2004–2012. Three groups of different monthly wage size (low, medium, and high) earners are analyzed by calculating the accumulated amounts and old-age pension values of persons who joined and who did not join the second pillar pension funds in 2004 and who retired in the beginning of 2013. The pension reform success (or failure) is evaluated from the point of view of old age pension beneficiaries by comparison of gain or loss of all three groups of participants due to participation in second pillar pension funds. The results show that due to the longer life expectancy the capital accumulated by women in the second pillar does not exceed the present value of loss in the pay-as-you-go system. The comparisonof “official” annuities exposes a more optimistic result for both genders of participants of fully funded private second pillar pension funds, but is not confirmed by commercial annuities.Key words: old-age pension, private second pillar pension funds, pension reform

Health and Labour Income of Wage Earners and Self-Employed Workers in Cameroon

The objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between the health and the income from work of wage earners and self-employed workers in Cameroon. Health status is measured by a self-assessment of an individual's health; and income is measured by the monthly wage of the wage earners and monthly profits of the self-employed workers. This paper uses a simultaneous equation model to explore the relationship between health and income, allowing for the endogeneity of health, income, and selection into each employment status. The data used in this study is obtained from the 2007 Cameroon household consumption survey. Using OLS estimates, we find a positive and significant effect of health on labour incomes for self-employed workers. Using TSLS IV estimates, we find that health has a positive and significant effect on incomes for self-employed women, but not for men. We also undertake a reverse effect analysis from income to health, using the ordered probit estimation process. We find that, for men, the effect of income on health status is positive and significant for wage earners. For women, this effect is positive and significant for the self-employed.

CLASS SIZE AND CLASS HETEROGENEITY

We study how class size and composition affect the academic and labor market performances of college students, two crucial policy questions given the secular increase in college enrollment. We rely on the random assignment of students to teaching classes. Our results suggest that a one standard deviation increase in the class-size would result in a 0.1 standard deviation deterioration of the average grade. Further, the effect is heterogenous as female and higher income students seem almost immune to the size of the class. Also, the effects on performance of class composition in terms of gender and ability appears to be inverse U-shaped. Finally, a reduction of 20 students (one standard deviation) in one's class size has a positive effect on monthly wages of about 80 Euros (115 USD) or 6% over the average.