Average Monthly Income Research Articles

Impact of outpatient radiotherapy on direct non-medical cost in patients in the Central Macro Region of Peru 2021.

Financial toxicity arises in cancer patients due to the objective financial burden of the disease or treatment, being associated with worse clinical outcomes. Direct non-medical spending on cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Peru under its publicly funded health system has not been described. To know the expenses related to the transfer of the radiotherapy outpatient. For patients who started radiation therapy in 2021, treatment demographics and expenses related to transporting the patient from home to the radiation therapy center were prospectively collected. Association and connection tests were used, such as the Mann-Whitney/Kruskal-Wallis U-test and Spearman's Rho. A value of p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. 398 patients were collected, with average weekly expenses for transportation, lodging and food of $17.04, $6.69 and $45.91, respectively. Confirmation was positive between weekly spending and remoteness, likewise it was negative between effective teletherapy and remoteness, both analyses being statistically significant. The expense associated with transfer for radiotherapy is high, exceeding the average monthly income of the patient, as a consequence they have a worse therapeutic result, and may cause financial toxicity in cancer patients.

High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence after Second COVID-19 Wave (October 2020–April 2021), Democratic Republic of the Congo

Serologic surveys are important tools for estimating the true burden of COVID-19 in a given population. After the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections, a household-based survey conducted in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, estimated >292 infections going undiagnosed for every laboratory-confirmed case. To ascertain the cumulative population exposure in Kinshasa after the second wave of COVID-19, we conducted a prospective population-based cross-sectional study using a highly sensitive and specific ELISA kit. The survey included 2,560 consenting persons from 585 households; 55% were female and 45% male. The overall population-weighted, test kit-adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 76.5% (95% CI 74.5%-78.5%). The seroprevalence was 4-fold higher than during the first wave, and positivity was associated with age, household average monthly income, and level of education. Evidence generated from this population-based survey can inform COVID-19 response, especially vaccination campaign strategies in the context of vaccine shortages and hesitancy.

Application of digital transformations of dietary microdata and factor analysis to study the nutritional patterns of breakfast and its significance in providing the nutritional value of the diet of adults

Eating disorders with skipping meals are considered as a risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. Frequent skipping of meals is associated with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal of the day. However, studies on the impact of skipping breakfast on the risk of overweight and obesity are highly controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of skipping the morning breakfast meal and its impact on the actual daily intake of nutrients and energy in the Russian adult population. Material and methods. The data from a sample survey of dietary intake conducted in 2013 by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service have been used. The analysis included adult respondents (19 years and older) in the amount of 163 000 people in 2 stages of the survey (in April and September). The dietary intake of all members of the surveyed households was studied using the 24-hour recall method. Since the survey questionnaires did not contain information about type of meals, therefore, with the help of binning in thзe SPSS program, time intervals of the maximum food energy intake by the respondents were established, which were taken as evidence of the main meals and snacks. Results. Of the main meals, the largest proportion of respondents skipped dinner (23.1%), then breakfast (13.0%), and the smallest proportion skipped lunch (5.7%).The proportion of men and women who skipped breakfast was 12.6 and 13.3%, respectively, a greater frequency of skipping breakfast was observed at a young age (19-30 years, 19.3%) and at an old age (75 years and older, 16.1%). With an increase in the average monthly income of a family, the percentage of those who skip breakfast increases. Adult members of families with many children (3 or more children), whose average per capita income is lower than those in families with 2 children, skip breakfast less frequently. The smallest share of people skipping breakfast was found in the North Caucasian and Southern districts, and the maximum in the Siberian and Far Eastern districts. Adults who skipped breakfast had a higher percentage of malnourished (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) and normal nutritional status (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). At the same time, the proportion of people who consumed breakfast was significantly higher in overweight people (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and no differences were found among obese people. It is shown that skipping breakfast is accompanied by a decrease in the energy value of the daily diet by an average of 200 kcal. Despite the increase in the caloric content of the 2nd breakfast, afternoon snack and evening snack in absolute terms (р<0.01), there was no compensation for the loss of energy value in the absence of breakfast. A decrease in the absolute values of nutrient intake associated with a decrease in energy consumption was established. However, skipping breakfast showed a decrease in added sugar intake as a per cent of total calorie intake (12.1±8.6 vs 13.2±9.1%, р<0.01), while the contribution of other macronutrients to energy intake did not change significantly. In connection with the heterogeneity of the actual dietary intake of the population, factor analysis was used to describe the main food models of the breakfast using the principal component method. 6 factors were identified that determine the eating patterns of breakfasts and correlate with 2-4 individual food items of actual dietary intake. Conclusion. The results obtained are consistent in a number of positions with the literature data, in particular, indicating a decrease in daily energy consumption when skipping breakfast.

Behaviors associated with seeking medical care from surgical patients with different levels of disposable income

The purpose of the study: to analyze behavioral patterns associated with seeking medical care for surgical patients with different levels of disposable income. Materials and methods. Disposable income was calculated as the sum of the income of each household member in monetary terms. This amount was calculated as the average monthly income in a family (household) per each of its members, regardless of their personal income. The household was considered as an economic category – a set of people running a joint household, within which market principles of the distribution of economic benefits do not apply. The first (main) group included respondents whose average monthly disposable income was no more than 30 thousand rubles (low level of disposable income). The second (control) group included respondents whose average monthly disposable income was more than 30 thousand rubles (a high level of disposable income). The numerical composition of the main group was 249 people, the control group 253 people. The groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. When assessing the reliability of the differences, the nonparametric criterion ꭕ2 was used. The reliability of the denial of the "null" hypothesis was accepted at the level of 95%. The strength of the dependence was estimated by the value of the Ка association coefficient. Results. The frequency of registration of an active behavior model in terms of seeking medical help is more common in the group of patients with a high level of disposable income, however, the most common form of behavior was delaying the moment of treatment and the frequency of using this approach did not depend on the level of disposable income. Uncertainty of behavior was more common among patients with low disposable income. Patients with a higher income level are more likely to comply with the doctor's recommendations, while patients with lower incomes fully comply with them less often. The use of self-medication is a widespread model of behavior among surgical patients, however, patients with a higher level of disposable income more often refuse to use it and less often use it in an obligate mode in comparison with patients whose disposable income is lower than the value used as a separation criterion for the purposes of this study.

Türk Çocuklarında Baş Çevresinin Normal Değerleri

Objective: Measuring head circumference is a quick, simple, cheap, noninvasive and reliable procedure for determining underlying brain size and provides information about risk for medical problems. Growth percentages of head vary from one community to another.&#x0D; Methods: We aim to create head circumference growth curves for children aged 0-18 years in Turkish community. Measurements were performed by same person using a rigid and calibrated tape meter. In addition, the parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire with variables that could affect children's growth.&#x0D; Results: Data analysis has shown that there is no relationship between the children's head circumference and whether there exists someone with a large/small head circumference in their families, or the average monthly income of their families and the parent’s education level. Only the independent variables child’s school performance, birth weight, nutrition, smoking are significantly effective on the HC measures of boys at alpha=0.05 level. For girls, only the independent variables birth weight and nutrition form are significantly important in explaining the variability of HC at the level of alpha=0.05. One gram increase in birth weight causes a 0.001 cm increase in the HC of both genders. In addition, head circumference growth curves were created for both genders to include all children aged 0-18.&#x0D; Conclusions: Our study offers recent and gender-specific head circumference norms. These new values can be used more effectively in child follow-up.

The Influence of Saemangeum Reclaimed Landscape Colors on Perceived Restorativeness and Revisit Intention

Background and objective: This study was conducted to find out the effects of Saemangeum reclaimed landscape colors on perceived restorativeness and revisit intention.Methods: A survey was conducted on 120 general respondents, and the responses from 112 respondents were analyzed, except 8 inappropriate responses. The average age of all respondents was 48.60 ± 12.99.Results: Regarding psychological indicators for Saemangeum reclaimed landscape images, this study analyzed the demographic variables of the visitors by four factors of the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). The result showed that there were statistical significance in age, education, average monthly income, and occupation. The correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between satisfaction and preference in the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape, four factors of PRS, and loyalty showed positive correlations and had statistical significance. As for the preference in Saemangeum reclaimed landscape colors, purple was the most preferred among the eight colors. For the question about satisfaction and loyalty to the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape, more than 87% of respondents responded 'Agree' and 'Strongly agree.' Moreover, a regression analysis including dummy variables was conducted to identify the influence of satisfaction, preference, PRS, and demographic variables (control variables) of visitors. The results showed that preference and fascination among the four factors of PRS had a positive effect on loyalty to the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape. In contrast, the age 20 - 29 (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; = -.29, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; .05) had a significant negative effect on loyalty. In other words, higher attention restoration due to preference and 'fascination' and age older than 29 resulted in higher loyalty to the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape. Meanwhile, gender, education, and occupation did not affect the preference.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study identified that the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape affects positive emotions such as 'fascination' and landscape preferences of visitors, and thus would be useful for increasing the revisit intention of visitors.

The Influence Ecotourism on The Economy of Citizen Community in The Situ Tunggilis Bogor District

Ecotourism is a tourism sector that has the potential as a supporter of the national economy, from ecotourism it can also be used by local governments to increase their own local revenue. This study aims to determine the effect of ecotourism in terms of location, attractiveness, facilities, and accessibility to the economy of the community in the Situ Tunggilis area, Bogor district. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection through literature studies, interviews, observations and documentation. The results showed that 70.5% of the traders in the Tunggilis situ, Bogor district, were local people, namely the people from the village of Setu Sari. Then, based on the average monthly income, most of the traders have an income of Rp. 1,000,000 – Rp. 5,000,000. This shows that the income level of the people in the Situ Tunggilis area is classified as moderate. Thus, the existence of the Tunggilis area can affect the economy of the surrounding community. This can be seen from Situ tunggilis which can be a place of livelihood for the people in the Situ tunggilis area, namely as food traders (snacks), toy traders, fish traders, fishermen, tour boat carriers, and parking attendants. And the income of the community is increasing along with the increasing number of tourists who come to the Tunggilis area. So that in line with the better conditions of Situ Tunggilis ecotourism which can be measured from location, tourist attraction, accessibility and facilities, it can invite many tourists who come to the Situ Tunggilis area, Keywords: Ecotourism, Community Economy, Situ Tunggilis

Analysis of factors affecting the level of housing affordability in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Currently, the availability and provision of housing for citizens of the country are becoming one of the priority issues for Kazakhstan. With the instability of the economic situation, there is a need to ensure the effective implementation of state actions to provide citizens with affordable housing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of housing market and identify factors affecting the level of its availability. In assessing the current state of Kazakhstan's affordable housing market, the following problems were identified: non-compliance with the UN standard and imperfection of the construction materials market, which showed the immaturity of this market and sensitivity to new changes and needs further development. In assessing the development of the Kazakhstan’s housing market, the mathematical model showed that the factor most affecting the price of housing is the average monthly income of households and it was found that an increase in average household wages by 1 thousand tenge will lead to an increase in housing prices by an average of 984 tenge, indicates the need to increase the volume of supply compared to the support of demand in this market. It was found that in the studied conditions 96.94% of the total variability of Y is explained by a change in X factors. The research methodology includes an analysis of factors affecting the price, supply and demand in the housing market, an assessment of HPI indicators showing how affordable housing is for citizens, and a qualitative indicator – the housing supply coefficient.

Socio-demographic Patterns, BehaviouralPatterns, and Predominant Causes of Smoking Tobacco among Construction Workers:

The socio-demographic patterns, behavioural patterns, and predominant causes of smoking tobacco among construction workers were explored using data from Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh construction sites. A mixed questionnaire based on the basic socio-demographic and behavioural patterns such as sex, age, education, marital status, average monthly income, family size etc. and predominant causes of smoking such as addiction/habit, peer pressure, personal/family/occupational stress relief etc. was prepared and presented to the consenting study respondents (n=110) at Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The patterns and causes were selected based on the previous literature review. Also, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with 11 consenting participants. The resultant data was then analysed using the OpenEpi v3.01 software (CDC, USA).Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis (OR and 95% CI)were conducted using the software. Preliminary analysis revealed that the overall smoking prevalence in the study sample was 63.63% (n = 70).The two most significant causes of smoking in the study sample were an addiction to smoking (44.29%) and peer pressure (24.29%). Through a review of the findings of this study, it can be ascertained thatthere is a high prevalence of smoking among the construction workers of Savar, Dhaka, and behavioural patterns of smoking are associated with critical socio-demographic factors. Findings suggest the need for control on the easy availability oftobacco and intervention policies such as a ban on tobacco smoking in public places, especially construction sites, imposing of high tax and surcharge on tobacco products etc., aimed at reducing tobacco use among the construction workers of Savar, Dhaka.&#x0D; Keywords: Savar, tobacco, smoking, patterns, causes, construction workers.

COVID-19가 헤어미용인의 위생인식에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to explore a beauty salon operation plan by investigating hairdressers’ perception of hygiene in the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzing differences depending on work patterns. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against beauty salon managers from across the country. A total of 311 copies were used for final analysis, and the collected data were analyzed, using SPSS WIN 21.0. To examine subjects’ general characteristics and work patterns, frequency analysis was conducted. To examine hairdressers’ perception of hygiene in the COVID-19 era and analyze differences in such perception by work patterns, cross-tabulation analysis was implemented, and the study results found the followings: There were differences in hairdressers’ perception of hygiene depending on work patterns (e.g., type of beauty salon, No. of employees, work duration per day, number of customers served per day, number of days off, average monthly income) in the COVID-19 pandemic. To cope with current COVID-19 situations which are anticipated to continue, it is required to suggest a proper operation plan according to unusual work patterns in consideration of differences in hygiene awareness instead of responding to them as expected.

The Influence of Fadama Activities on Women Empowerment in Ede North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria

The study was conducted to assess the influence of Fadama activities on women empowerment in the Ede North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained purposively with the use of 240 structured questionnaires in a survey of 24 Fadama Users Groups (FUGs) whose representatives constitute 6 Fadama Communities Associations (FCAs) in the study area. Secondary data were, on the other hand, obtained from existing literature. Data were analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to obtain both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that 58.8 percent (mostly women) were into agro-processing, 25.4 percent into farming, 12.5 percent into poultry, and 2.9 percent were into fish farming. The results further show that only 16.25 percent of the respondents received an average monthly income of N29.000-N39.000, 4.16 percent received above N40.000 before the commencement of the program. After the program, 45.00 percent now earned an income of N29.000-N39. 000 while 42.08 percent earned above N40. 000. The result of the factor analysis reveals that the total variance explained by each component extracted made up to 69.61 percent of the total variance, with variable one gender explaining 31.34 percent. The findings from the study revealed that the Fadama program in Ede North Local Government increased the participation and income of rural women farmers in agricultural production, which has helped in reducing the problem of gender discrimination. This trend, we assume, could reduce poverty and advance the success of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Health services utilization and associated factors among fee waiver beneficiaries’ in Dessie city administration, Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study design

BackgroundThe fee waiver system is one of the components of the 2004 health care financing reform in Ethiopia. It is a system for granting access to health services to those who are unable to pay. The utilization health services among fee waiver beneficiaries remain low and unevenly distributed. This study aimed to assess the utilization of health services and associated factors among fee waiver beneficiaries in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study design was employed in Dessie City from March 23 to April 23, 2021. The study was conducted among 407 fee waiver beneficiaries. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Both bi-variable and multi-variable binary logistic regressions were performed. Significant factors for the outcome variable were identified at 95% CI with a p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe overall health service utilization among fee waiver beneficiaries was found to be 62.4% (95% CI: 58.1–67.2). Being an urban resident [AOR:2.83, 95% CI:1.26–6.32], having a merchant occupation [AOR:0.20, 95% CI:0.05–0.80], having an average monthly income of 500–1000 birr [AOR:3.22, 95% CI:1.06–6.90], having a chronic disease [AOR:8.36, 95% CI:4.47–15.62], and perceiving the severity of illness as mild [AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07–0.81] were found to be statistically associated factors with health service utilization.ConclusionsThe fee waiver beneficiaries were not fully utilizing health services at public health facilities. Being an urban resident, being a merchant, having an average monthly income of 500–1000 birr, having a chronic disease, and perceived severity of illness were significantly associated with health service utilization. As a result, boosting income-generating strategies and urbanizing rural parts of the city may improve health service utilization among fee waiver beneficiaries.

Interaction between health insurance, household income, and public health financing in Ukraine

The most significant problems in financing the public health system in Ukraine are the permanent deficit of public spending on medicine and the shallow development of the voluntary health insurance market. The aim of study is the search of optimal interactions between stakeholders in the system of relations “state – insurance companies – households” in the context of voluntary health insurance. The study hypothesizes that households can become more active participants in health insurance only if their average monthly income reaches a certain threshold level. It is calculated based on the results of simulation games using the Brown-Robinson iterative method. According to the simulation results, this threshold level is only 7% higher than the actual value of the average monthly income of Ukrainian households during the analysis. At the same time, under this condition, the state in Ukraine will be able to transfer part of the financial burden of compensating healthcare costs to insurance companies. According to the calculations made with the help of the game theory toolkit, with the maximization of insurance payments to the population under health insurance contracts, the burden on public health financing in Ukraine could be reduced by 67.7%. The paper was conducted on the data of the ten most potent insurance companies of Ukraine as of 2021 (it is they who accumulate the lion’s share of household insurance premiums), that is, before the start of a full-scale war between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The obtained results can be used both by insurance companies during the management of insurance premiums and payments and at the level of state management of costs in the field of public health. AcknowledgmentThis study was undertaken as a part of the research projects granted by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: “Socio-economic recovery after COVID-19: modeling the implications for macroeconomic stability, national security and local community resilience” (registration number 0122U000778); “The impact of COVID-19 on the transformation of the system of medical and social security of population: economic, financial-budgetary, institutional-political determinants” (0122U000781).

Determinants of rural poverty in Kwara State, Nigeria

An increasing number of rural communities are experiencing persistently high poverty rates. The study therefore examined the determinants of rural poverty in Kwara State. A three-staged random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and fifty (150) respondents while data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data generated from the survey were analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Foster Greer and Thorbecke approach and Logistic regression model. The result of the descriptive analysis shows that most of the rural households were headed by males (80%), majority (81.33%) were married, and had a mean age of 53.60 years with majority (86.67%) of them not having access to credit facilities. The average monthly income of the respondents in the study area stood at ₦37193.33 while the mean per capita household expenditure was ₦17008.25 per month. The poverty status at household level revealed that 56% of the rural households are poor while 44% are not poor. The determinants of household poverty revealed that household size (p&lt;0.01) is a positive and significant predictor of the probability of being poor while access to credit (p&lt;0.1) and per capita income (p&lt;0.05) are negative and significant predictors of the probability of being poor. Gender, marital status, educational status, and age of household head are non-significant predictors of the probability of being poor. It was therefore recommended that quality credit accessibility and participation in skills acquisition programmes through diversification should be encouraged due to their capability of improving the household income of the poor.

Analysis of Resilience, Coping Style, Anxiety, and Depression Among Rescue Nurses on EMTs During the Disaster Preparedness Stage in Sichuan, China: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation and influencing factors of resilience, coping style, anxiety, and depression among rescue nurses on Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) during the disaster preparedness stage, and to explore the relationship between resilience, coping style, anxiety, and depression. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used. The convenience sampling method was used to select rescue nurses from 4 national EMTs in Sichuan Province, China. CD-RISC, SCSQ, Zung SAS, and SDS were used as research tools. A total of 197 valid questionnaires were returned, with a 98.5% response rate. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that average monthly income, depression level, and coping style were the main factors affecting nurses' resilience. Resilience was significantly and positively correlated with coping style and negatively correlated with anxiety and depression. There were significant differences in SCSQ, Zung SAS, and SDS scores among Clusters. In the disaster preparedness stage, rescue nurses on EMTs have a medium level of resilience and good coping styles, but their levels of anxiety and depression are high. It is suggested that more attention should be devoted to the target population to formulate effective intervention plans, reduce psychological pressures, and improve their capacity for coping with disasters.

Identifying Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors in Newly Employed and Experienced Professionals in Bangladesh

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a significant global health burden, accounting for a majority of global deaths and millions of premature deaths each year. In Bangladesh, NCDs contribute to a substantial proportion of annual mortality, with a concerning increase observed in recent decades. This study aimed to identify NCD risk factors among newly employed and experienced Bangladeshi professionals.&#x0D; Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2021 to September 2022. A total of 102 participants, including both newly employed and experienced professionals, were included using purposive non-probability sampling. Data collection involved a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire, as well as measurements of height, weight, and blood pressure.&#x0D; Result: The study involved a majority of female participants (65.7%), who were unmarried (68.6%) and had completed secondary school (71.6%). The average age was 25.67 years, with an average monthly income of $479.83. Approximately 20% reported smoking, while 13.7% reported alcohol consumption. Low physical activity was reported by 40.2%, and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption by 31.4%. The prevalence of chronic diseases was found to be 12.7% for hypertension, 5.5% for diabetes, and 2.7% for cardiovascular diseases. These findings provide valuable information on participant characteristics, risk factors, and chronic disease prevalence, relevant to researchers and policymakers working on public health interventions.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study provides important insights into the distribution of NCD risk factors among newly employed individuals and experienced professionals in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that NCD risk factors are similar between these two groups, except for hypertension, which is more prevalent among experienced professionals. These findings have important implications for public health interventions aimed at reducing the burden of NCDs in Bangladesh.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Gender differences in income among psychiatrists in China: Findings from a national survey.

Gender income disparity in healthcare settings is a longstanding issue around the globe, but such evidence among Chinese psychiatrists is scarce. This study investigated whether gender income differences exist among physicians in China. Data came from the 2019 national survey data of 4,520 psychiatrists in major public psychiatric hospitals across China. Self-reported monthly income after tax (in Chinese Yuan, CNY) by participants at all professional ranks was assessed. Average monthly income by gender was reported. Adjusted income differences between male and female psychiatrists were examined using multivariable regression models, adjusting with inverse probability of treatment weights and controlling for psychiatrist demographics (e.g., gender, professional rank, marital status, educational level, and work hours) and hospital fixed effects. The unadjusted mean difference in monthly income after tax by gender was 555 CNY (about $86; 95% CI, -825 to -284; mean [SD] for men: 8,652 [4,783] CNY and for women: 8,097 [4,350] CNY) in all psychiatrists. After regression adjustments, the income difference by gender among all psychiatrists reduced substantially and became insignificant. However, gender income difference was still observed among senior-level psychiatrists, where female psychiatrists earned 453 CNY (about $70; 95% CI, -810 to -95) significantly less than male psychiatrists. China achieved gender equity in income for psychiatrists overall, the observed income differences among senior level psychiatrists, however, reveal the persistence of gender inequity at the highest level of professional hierarchy. These findings call for policy attention to the issue of gender income disparity among psychiatrists in China's healthcare system.

Health-related quality of life and associated factors among cancer patients in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cancer is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in every part of the world, regardless of human development. Cancer patients exhibit a wide range of signs and symptoms. Being diagnosed with cancer has a variety of consequences that can affect one's quality of life. The term "health-related quality of life" refers to a multidimensional concept that encompasses a person's whole health. The availability of data on the prevalence of poor quality of life among cancer patients in Ethiopia is critical in order to focus on early detection and enhance cancer treatment strategies. In Ethiopia, however, there is a scarcity of information. As a result, the aim of this study was to determine the pooled estimated prevalence of quality of life among cancer patients in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis were searched through MEDLINE, Pub Med, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar by using different search terms on the prevalence of health-related quality of life of cancer patients and Ethiopia. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument was used for critical appraisal of studies. The analysis was done using STATA 14 software. The Cochran Q test and I2 test statistics were used to test the heterogeneity of studies. The funnel plot and Egger's test were used to show the publication bias. The pooled prevalence of health-related quality of life of cancer with a 95% confidence interval was presented using forest plots. A total of 12 studies with 3, 479 participants were included in this review and the overall pooled estimates mean score of health-related quality of life among cancer patients in Ethiopia was 57.91(44.55, 71.27, I2 = 98.8%, p≤0.001). Average monthly income (AOR:3.70;95%CI:1.31,6.10), Stage of cancer (AOR:4.92;95% CI:2.96,6.87), Physical functioning(AOR:4.11;95%CI:1.53,6.69), Social functioning(AOR:3.91;95% CI:1.68,6.14) were significantly associated with quality of life. Subgroup meta-analysis of health-related quality of life of cancer patients in Ethiopia done by region showed that a higher in Addis Ababa 83.64(78.69, 88.60), and lower in SNNP region16.22 (11.73, 20.71), and subgroup analysis done based on the type of cancer showed that higher prevalence of health-related quality of life among cancer patients was breast cancer 83.64(78.69, 88.60). This review showed that the overall health related quality of life was above an average. Furthermore, average monthly income, cancer stage, physical, and social functioning were all significant determinants in cancer patients' QOL.as a result, this review suggests that quality of life evaluation be incorporated into a patient's treatment routine, with a focus on linked components and domains, as it is a critical tool for avoiding and combating the effects of cancer and considerably improving overall health. In general, more research is needed to discover crucial determining elements utilizing more robust study designs.

HPR112 The Average Monthly Income of Full-Time Doctors Working in Hospitals by Type of Healthcare Institution in Hungary

In our research, we aimed to examine the average monthly income of full-time doctors employed in Hungary by type of healthcare institution, for the year 2020.

การตัดสินใจเลือกซื้อผ้าจกไท-ยวนของนักท่องเที่ยวในจังหวัดราชบุรี

The purposes of this research are: 1) to study the personal factors of tourists in Ratchaburi province ,2) to study the factors of marketing mix are using in the decision to buy Textile Chock Thai-Yuan cloth among tourists in Ratchaburi Province , 3) to study the decision to buy Textile Chock Thai-Yuan fabric among tourists in Ratchaburi Province, 4) find a relationship between personal factors and the decision to buy Textile Chock Thai-Yuan are clothing among tourists in Ratchaburi Province, and 5) find the relationship between the marketing mix and the decision to buy Textile Chock Tai-Yuan cloth of tourists in Ratchaburi Province. The sample are tourists who decide to buy Textile Chock Tai-Yuan In Ratchaburi, 400 people.The instruments are using in research questionnaires. The statistics are using for data analysis frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square and Pearson's Simple Correlation Coefficient Statistics. The research was found that as follows: 1) tourist most of them were female, about 41-50 years old with a bachelor's degree in government service, state enterprise employees or university staff. The income was approximately 20,001 - 25,000 baht and was domiciling in Ratchaburi Province. 2) Tourists were paying attention to the factors of marketing mix Very level. When considered on a particular side, in descending order, namely products, personnel, price, processes physical characteristics, marketing promotion, distribution channel. 3) Tourists were judging on the level of not sure what to buy. When considered on a particular side, in descending order, namely. The type of Textile Chock Tai-Yuan opportunities were for using. Objectives were for purchasing decisions pattern of the selected cloth, average cost per time and the frequency was buying Textile Chock Tai-Yuan Fabrics. 4) The relationship between personal factors and the decision were to buying textile Chock Thai-Yuan Cloth among tourists in Ratchaburi Province were found that gender, age, highest education level, occupation, average monthly income and domicile were relating to the decision to buy Textile Chock Thai-Yuan Clot in Ratchaburi Province with statistical significance at the .05 level. And 5) relationship between marketing mix and decision to buy Textile Chock Tai-Yuan Fabric among tourists in Ratchaburi Province. Which were found that the marketing mix factor of distribution channel price marketing promotion, personnel, process physical characteristics. They were relating except marketing mix factors, product aspect. There was no relationship with the decision to buy Textile Chock Thai-Yuan Cloth in Ratchaburi Province with statistical significance at the .05 level.