Month Of Birth Research Articles

Seasonality and clinical characteristics of MS in an equatorial country

BackgroundMonth and season of birth have been associated with risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is relatively little evidence regarding their influence on the timing and severity of disease at onset. ObjectiveTo assess whether month and season of birth influence the age and phenotype at onset of MS as well as its severity in a cohort of Colombian patients. MethodsThis study is an analysis on MS cases only, drawn from a previously published case-control study. MS cases confirmed with current diagnostic criteria cared for at least once in our center were included. We assessed the influence of the month and season of birth in the age at MS onset, MS severity score, and age-related MS severity score using multiple and pairwise comparisons. Age at onset was also studied using Kaplan–Meier survival estimates compared with the log-rank test. The likelihood of progressive MS onset was evaluated with OR estimated from logistic regression models adjusted for age at onset and sex. Results668 MS cases were included. No significant differences were found in the age at MS onset according to month of birth or season of birth. Neither month of birth nor season of birth conferred significant differences in MS severity score or age-related MS severity score. No significant association was found between month (ORs ranging from 0.62 to 3.11, none significant) or season of birth (OR 0.91; 95 %CI: 0.46–1.84) with primary progressive MS. ConclusionThe month or season of birth do not appear to influence the age onset and phenotype of MS in our country.

Reusam idang meulapeh in commemorating the prophet's Maulid tradition: a study in the Pidie District, Aceh Province, Indonesia

This research aims to improve the preservation of Reusam Idang Meulapeh and the symbol of the Idang Meulapeh reusam tradition in commemorating the Prophet's maulid in the Pidie region. The research used a qualitative descriptive method. Data sources were obtained in the form of primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interview, and verification or conclusion drawing. The population in this study was the people of Pidie. The sampling technique was carried out in 5 villages in the Pidie area totaling 25 people, including 5 people from Pangge Pilok village, 5 people from Mesjid Reubee village, 5 people from Neulop village, 5 people from Keude Keulibeut village and 5 people from Kampong Pukat. The results of the study that the implementation of the Nadi maulid tradition in the Pidie region for 3 months a year and the process of the maulid implementation tradition with several stages including preparation of idang meulapeh, meudikee and Islamic preaching at night. The tradition of the Prophet's Maulid is carried out in the month of 12 Rabiul Awal to the beginning of the month of Jumadil Akhir. A unique tradition at the time of commemorating the Prophet's maulid, the local community serves a variety of traditional culinary delights. One of them is Idang Meulapeh, which is a mandatory tradition in every Prophet's meulod khanduri. For the people of Pidie, the celebration of the Prophet's birthday without Idang Meulapeh is incomplete, because Idang Meulapeh is one of the special traditions in commemorating the Prophet's birthday. From the preparation of food in people's homes called Bu Kulah (rice wrapped in leaves), Idang Meulapeuh (a storied dish) will be brought to Meunasah / Mosque around 11:00 to eat together with residents, orphans and guests of other village and Mukim neighbors. Before eating the food that is served, the community first prays to our king the prophet Muhammad SAW. Idang meulapeh is also a fairly expensive dish, with that not all circles this reusam can be done. Only some areas in Aceh still apply the idang meulapeh tradition. For this reason, this research is very important to preserve the Idang Meulapeh reusam tradition in commemorating maulid in the Pidie region. Therefore, the purpose of the community in providing various kinds of food menus in Idang Meulapeh and honoring the birth month of the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

Relationship of Body Weights with the Productive Performance of Lambs of the Awassi and Karakul Breeds and Crossbred Sheep

A study was carried out on 60 ewes of the Awassi and Karakul breeds, and cross at age of birth, weaned and 6 months in Barakat Abi Al-Fadl Al-Abbas Station in Karbala Governorate, Iraq from the first of June 2022 until the first of June of the year 2023.with the aim of studying relationship between body weights (BW) of lambs and productive performance (PP) through a set of factors (Genetic group - Sex of lamb - Age of dams - Month of birth - Weight of dams), The statistical analysis system (SAS) was used to analyze the data. The result is displayed as follows: The genetic group, the sex of lambs, the age of the ewe, and the month of birth didn’t affect BW and average weight gain (AWG) of lambs at birth, weaning, and 6 months of age. Only weight of the ewe had a significant effect (P<0.05) on weight of lambs at 6 months of age. The ewes weighing more than 48 kg were superior to the rest of the other weights, with an average weight of 28.35 kg, while the weight of the ewe did not affect the weight of lambs at birth and weaning, also affected weight of the ewe on rate of weight gain at birth, weaning, and 6 months, with the superiority of ewes weighing more than 48 kg over the rest of the weights. Weaning weight was positively correlated with birth weight and highly significant (P<0.01), and the regression coefficient between 6-month-old body weight and weaning weight was high and significant (P<0.01).

Effect of Crossing Different Breeds of Sheep on Productive Performance and Different Body Measurements

The study was conducted in one of the fields of Barakat Abi Al-Fadl Al-Abbas in Karbala Governorate Iraq for 365 days, from the first of June 2022 until the first of June of the year 2023. To determine effect of crossing different breeds of sheep on productive performance and different body measurements of lambs from weaning until the age of 6 months through some genetic and non-genetic factors (Sex of the lamb, Dam age at birth, Month of birth), 60 ewes of the Awassi and Karakul breed and their cross were used. And then, body measurements were recorded body length (BL), body height at the front (BHF), body height at the back (BHB), chest circumference (CC), and abdominal circumference (AC) for all strains, and the data were analysed statistically using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The results showed the following: The genetic group had a significant (P<0.05) effect on body measurements, as the ewes of the Awassi and Karakul breeds on crossbred flock breed ewes’ group in AC, and the averages were 77.52, 76.95, and 73.77 cm at weaning. While the Awassi and Karakul ewes’ group on crossbred flock ewes’ group in BL and AC, with an average of 56.42 and 85.70 cm at the age of 6 months. Females were superior to males in three characteristics represented by CC and AC (P<0.05) and a highly significant effect (P<0.01) in BHB, as their averages were 67.36, 77.48, and 58.00 cm, respectively, compared to males whose averages were 65.50 and 75. 00 and 56.64 cm, respectively. December births (55.25 cm) also outperformed November births (53.28 cm) in BL.

Awareness and developments in the treatment of pompe disease : A review

Pompe disease is a hereditary, uncommon (one in every 40,000 births) and frequently deadly ailment that affects the heart and skeletal muscles. Mutations in a gene that produces an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase cause it (GAA). This article is meant to raise awareness among Pompe disease patients. We also talk about new future treatments on the market for the treatment of pompe illness. Pompe disease is an inherited disorder caused by the build-up of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body’s cells. The accumulation of glycogen in certain organs and tissues, especially muscles, impairs their ability to function normally. Researchers have described three types of pompe disease, which differ in severity and the age at which they appear. These types are known as classic infantile-onset, non-classic infantile-onset and late-onset. The classic form of infantileonset pompe disease begins within a few months of birth. Infants with this disorder typically experience muscle weakness (myopathy), poor muscle tone (hypotonia), an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and heart defects. Affected infants may also fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive) and have breathing problems. If untreated, this form of pompe disease leads to death from heart failure in the first year of life. The non-classic form of infantile-onset pompe disease usually appears by age 1. It is characterized by delayed motor skills (such as rolling over and sitting) and progressive muscle weakness. The heart may be abnormally large (cardiomegaly), but affected individuals usually do not experience heart failure. The muscle weakness in this disorder leads to serious breathing problems and most children with non-classic infantile-onset pompe disease live only into early childhood.

Does your birth month affect the risk of developing MS? An Albanian population - based study on disease demographics

Does your birth month affect the risk of developing MS? An Albanian population - based study on disease demographics

RELATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE PROFILE OF THE BRAIN IN CHILDREN WITH EPILEPSY ON THE SEASON OF THEIR BIRTH

Purpose of the study. Identifying common and distinctive features of the relationship between the season of children birth and the risk of developing epilepsy and without brain pathologies according to magnetic resonans imaging (MRI) data. Materials and methods of research. 94 children aged 4 to 14 years with a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy were under observation. The children were divided into two groups: children with brain pathologies according to MRI data and children without brain pathologies according to MRI data. The entire population and the children in these groups are distributed according to their birth months. The proportions of children in each month and season were compared using pairwise tests. A statistically significant difference was considered at t≥1.96 (p≤0.05). Results. In the total population, the smallest and largest proportion of children were born in January and July, respectively (5.2±2.3 and 13.6±3.5%; t=1.98). In the group of children with epilepsy without brain pathology, according to MRI data, the smallest proportion of children were born in May (3.55±2.08%), and the largest in July (12.16±3.64%) and December (12.16±3.64%; t=2.03; p&lt;0.05). Conclusions. MRI can detect brain pathologies in 13.83±3.56% of children with epilepsy. The seasonality of the children birth with epilepsy with and without brain pathologies is different; it is more pronounced in children with epilepsy without brain pathologies according to MRI data.

Environmental Influences on Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders with Special Emphasis on Seasonality: An Overview.

This paper offers an in-depth exploration of the intricate relationship between environmental factors and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with a special emphasis on seasonality. It reviews existing research, providing a comprehensive summary of findings and highlighting the multifaceted dimensions of several environmental factors influencing the etiology of ASD. The discussion encompasses various elements, including birth months, maternal health, dietary choices, and vitamin D deficiency, delving into the intricate interplay of seasonality with environmental influences such as viral infections and solar radiation. The present study raises essential questions regarding the timing of environmental influences and the factors contributing to the rising prevalence of ASD. Ultimately, it underscores the need for future epidemiological research to incorporate more extensive investigations of environmental risk factors and employ advanced statistical analyses. This comprehensive overview contributes to a deeper understanding of how environmental factors, particularly seasonality, may be linked to the occurrence of ASD and its increasing prevalence, recognizing the multifaceted and diverse nature of these interactions.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Children Born to Women Who Traveled to a Zika Virus-Endemic Region During Pregnancy

Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure during pregnancy causes a wide range of congenital malformations and developmental deficits, but we do not know whether potential ZIKV exposure during pregnancy without a formal ZIKV diagnosis results in worse developmental outcomes. Pregnant women without symptoms are not recommended to be tested for ZIKV infection per CDC guidelines. However, ZIKV infections can be asymptomatic, which means that pregnant women may have unknowingly been infected with ZIKV during travel to an endemic region. Our study aims to determine whether neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born to women with a travel history to a ZIKV-endemic region at the height of the pandemic are worse than children without a maternal travel history. Methods We identified women who presented to a maternal-fetal medicine clinic within the University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics system in Madison, WI, between 2015-2018 and recently traveled to a ZIKV-endemic region (n=175) and conducted a retrospective chart review. Children with no maternal travel history to a ZIKV-endemic region were identified by state registry data and matched based on month of birth and gestational age (n=189). Developmental outcomes were defined from regular screening tools obtained during well child visits, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3), and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT). We compared the number of “No Concern”, “Borderline” and “Concern” ASQ scores between groups using a generalized linear mixed effects model with a logit link function. The number of Low, Medium or High MCHAT risk scores at 18 and 24 months were compared between groups using Fisher’s exact test. Birth weight, maternal age and maternal race were included as covariates. All reported p-values are two-sided and P&amp;lt;0.05 was used to define statistical significance. Results Cases had a significantly higher rate (13.9%) of borderline/concern scores in the ASQ screening tool compared to controls (7.7%) at 16-22 months (p=0.0288), which appeared to be driven by differences in the personal-social domain where more cases (16.1%) had borderline/concern scores than the controls (5.5%, p=0.0348). There were no differences seen at 9-15 months or at 23-36 months. We also found that cases had higher rates of moderate-high risk scores (10.3%) on the MCHAT compared to controls (2.2%) at 18 months (p=0.0240), but this difference wasn’t statistically significant at 24 months. There were no differences in birth weight, maternal age and gestational age between groups. Very few of the mothers (18.3%) reported 1 or more signs or symptoms consistent with a ZIKV infection, and of the 105 women with ZIKV testing, 103 were negative. Conclusions Our findings indicate that children born to mothers who traveled to a ZIKV-endemic region during pregnancy, regardless of the maternal ZIKV testing result, had worse developmental screening scores around 18 months of age. This suggests that children with maternal travel history to a ZIKA-endemic region should be regularly monitored and receive early formal developmental testing as needed.

An unexpected shift in constant year effects in female elite handball.

One of the most convincing studies about the importance of the cutoff date in relative age effects was when Helsen etal. (2000) showed that a shift in the date directly resulted in a change of birth month distributions in soccer. Over the past four decades, the role of the birth year has also been associated with relative age effects (as reflected in constant year effects). In this investigation, two studies attempted to replicate the shift of birth year distributions caused by a change in birth years in international female handball. In Study 1, the results from the female handball world championship 2017 showed a significant within-year effect overall and a constant year effect for players born 1988 and after. A second study was conducted with female players from world championships in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. Results demonstrated small effect sizes for most tests. However, there was an unexpected trend toward a constant year effect shift at the age of 28 years. Several hypotheses are presented as an explanation for this trend.

Employment, occupation, and income in adults with neurofibromatosis 1 in Denmark: a population- and register-based cohort study

BackgroundLittle is known about employment status, occupation, and disposable income in adults with NF1.MethodsFrom the Danish National Patient Registry and database of two national Centers for Rare Diseases, we identified 1469 adults with NF1, who were matched to 11,991 randomly selected population comparisons on sex and birth year and month. Annual information on employment, occupation and disposable income was ascertained from national registries in 1980–2019.ResultsAdults with NF1 had a lower odds ratio (OR) for employment [OR 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–0.83] and higher OR for health-related unemployment (OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.16–3.96) at age 30 years than population comparisons, which persisted at age 40 and 50 years. Somatic diagnoses were associated with a higher OR for health-related unemployment in adults with NF1 than in the population comparisons. Adults with NF1 had a slightly lower disposable income, with a 14% (0.82–0.89) reduction observed among the youngest birth cohort. Furthermore, adults with NF1 were less likely to be in a high skilled occupation at ages 30, 40 and 50 years.ConclusionAdults with NF1 have a lower employment rate, which was mainly due to health-related reasons and a slightly lower disposable income than adults without NF1. Thus, anticipation guidance for employment should be part of the management of NF1 families.

Effect of exclusive breastfeeding practices on childhood morbidity among primiparous mothers in India: Analysis from National Family Health Survey-4, India during 2015-16

BackgroundExclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has many benefits for infants and mothers. ObjectivesThe study aimed to understand the prevalence of EBF practices among primiparous mothers and its associated clinical and socio-demographic characteristics among infants 0–6 months of age. Materials and methodsThis analysis was based on the 4th round of NFHS, a cross-sectional survey of India conducted between 2015 and 2016. Simple logistic regression was performed to examine the factors associated with EBF infants. ResultsOf the 5816 infants, the median age (IQR) was 4 months (2-5) with a female/male ratio of 1:1.10 respectively. The median (IQR) age of the mother was 22 (20-25) years. The prevalence of EBF was 60.57% (95% CI, 59.31-61.82). Households using clean fuel (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.97) had lower odds of being EBF than polluting fuel. Infants with richer wealth (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74-0.94) had lower odds of being EBF than infants from poor wealth. Infants with fever (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.56-0.75), cough (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66-0.92) and diarrhea (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.51-0.71) had lower odds of being EBF, compared with infants without these morbidities. ConclusionEBF practices were very low in India, and the present result shows children born to lower socioeconomic status had a higher chance of being EBF. Further research is needed to understand the relationships between EBF up to six months versus less than six months of birth on various morbidity.

Hubungan Antara Paparan Asap Rokok dan Status Gizi (LiLA) dengan Kejadian BBLR di Puskesmas Sidotopo Kecamatan Semampir Kota Surabaya

LBW (Low Birth Weight) is a health or nutritional problem that is a concern in countries with low socio- economic status, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. LBW is also one of the causes of death of a baby in the first month of birth. In general, the incidence of LBW is caused by maternal factors (nutrition status MUAC (upper arm circumference), fetal factors and placental factors. In addition, there are environmental factors that can cause LBW, namely exposure to cigarette smoke. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke and nutritional status (MUAC) with the incidence of low birth weight in the Sidotopo Health Center area, Semampir District, Surabaya City. This research is an analytic observational type research where the researcher does not provide treatment to the intended subject. In addition, the research design used is case control. The study sample is 38 people were taken randomly using simple random sampling. Primary data collection included filling out a cigarette smoke exposure questionnaire.Meanwhile, secondary data collection included nutritional status data (MUAC) contained in the mother's KIA book. Data analysis used in this study was chi-square The results showed that there was a relationship between the nutritional status (MUAC) of mothers (p=0.004) in the case and control groups and the incidence of LBW in the Sidotopo Community Health Center, while exposure to cigarette smoke (p=0.693) in the case and control groups had no relationship with the incidence of LBW. in the Sidotopo Community Health Center. The conclusion from this study is that there is still a lack of MUAC nutritional status measures (&lt;23.5 cm) in pregnant women which can be a risk cause or support for LBW events in infants. It is better to do socialization about LBW and programs for pregnant women and WUS (women of childbearing age). The programs that can be carried out are socialization about the dangers of cigarette smoke to prospective mothers and husbands and improving nutritional status (MUAC) for prospective pregnant women.

Season of Birth in Patients with Schizophrenia in Thailand.

An excess of schizophrenia births in the winter or spring is a well-known finding in Western studies; however, few studies from equatorial regions have been done. Our purpose is to investigate the seasonality of schizophrenia births in Thailand. This was a retrospective study in which patients with schizophrenia were identified from computerized records at Thammasat University Hospital. The Edwards test was used to detect any birth seasonality patterns among the patients with schizophrenia. Subsequently, the data were compared against the general population birth month data to examine potential seasonal effects using the Walter-Elwood seasonality test. There are 949 patients with schizophrenia, with a mean age of 39.3 years. The results demonstrate no evidence of distinctive seasonality in birth patterns among patients with schizophrenia (P = .329). The overall monthly distribution of births did not differ between the general population and patients with schizophrenia (P = .365). In Thailand, a tropical country, there does not appear to be an effect of season of birth and the later development of schizophrenia.

Does month of birth influence colorectal cancer prognosis?

PurposeThe main aim of this study was to identify a possible association between month of birth of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS).MethodsThis observational study included all consecutive adult patients diagnosed with CRC undergoing oncological surgery from January 2005 to December 2019 with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. The outcome variables were locoregional recurrence, death due to cancer progression, OS and DFS. Non-supervised learning techniques (K-means) were conducted to identify groups of months with similar oncologic outcomes. Finally, OS and DFS were analysed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression tests. The model was calibrated with resampling techniques and subsequently a cross-validation was performed.ResultsA total of 2520 patients were included. Three birth month groups with different oncologic outcomes were obtained. Survival analysis showed between-group differences in OS (p < 0.001) and DFS (p = 0.03). The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model identified the clusters obtained as independent prognostic factors for OS (p < 0.001) and DFS (p = 0.031).ConclusionThere is an association between month of birth and oncologic outcomes of CRC. Patients born in the months of January, February, June, July, October and December had better OS and DFS than those born in different months of the year.

Association between relative age at school and persistence of ADHD in prospective studies: an individual participant data meta-analysis

The youngest children in a school class are more likely than the oldest to be diagnosed with ADHD, but this relative age effect is less frequent in older than in younger school-grade children. However, no study has explored the association between relative age and the persistence of ADHD diagnosis at older ages. We aimed to quantify the association between relative age and persistence of ADHD at older ages. For this meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PubPsych up to April 1, 2022, with terms related to "cohort" and "ADHD" with no date, publication type, or language restrictions. We gathered individual participant data from prospective cohorts that included at least ten children identified with ADHD before age 10 years. ADHD was defined by either a clinical diagnosis or symptoms exceeding clinical cutoffs. Relative age was recorded as the month of birth in relation to the school-entry cutoff date. Study authors were invited to share raw data or to apply a script to analyse data locally and generate anonymised results. Our outcome was ADHD status at a diagnostic reassessment, conducted at least 4 years after the initial assessment and after age 10 years. No information on sex, gender, or ethnicity was collected. We did a two-stage random-effects individual participant data meta-analysis to assess the association of relative age with persistence of ADHD at follow-up. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020212650. Of 33 119 studies generated by our search, we identified 130 eligible unique studies and were able to gather individual participant data from 57 prospective studies following up 6504 children with ADHD. After exclusion of 16 studies in regions with a flexible school entry system that did not allow confident linkage of birthdate to relative age, the primary analysis included 41 studies in 15 countries following up 4708 children for a period of 4 to 33 years. We found that younger relative age was not statistically significantly associated with ADHD persistence at follow-up (odds ratio 1·02, 95% CI 0·99-1·06; p=0·19). We observed statistically significant heterogeneity in our model (Q=75·82, p=0·0011, I2=45%). Participant-level sensitivity analyses showed similar results in cohorts with a robust relative age effect at baseline and when restricting to cohorts involving children with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD or with a follow-up duration of more than 10 years. The diagnosis of ADHD in younger children in a class is no more likely to be disconfirmed over time than that of older children in the class. One interpretation is that the relative age effect decreases the likelihood of children of older relative age receiving a diagnosis of ADHD, and another is that assigning a diagnostic label of ADHD leads to unexplored carryover effects of the initial diagnosis that persist over time. Future studies should be conducted to explore these interpretations further. None.

Unintended perinatal health consequences of a Swedish family policy: A population-based study

Abstract Background Family policies can influence parents’ fertility behaviors, with consequences for perinatal health. The 1980 and 1986 Swedish speed premium policies aimed to protect parents’ income-based parental leave benefits within birth intervals shorter than 24 and 30 months, respectively, but additionally encouraged shorter birth spacing and childbearing at older ages - both risk factors for several perinatal health outcomes. This study evaluates the association of the 1980 and 1986 speed premium policies with perinatal health outcomes. Methods We used information on all singleton births in Sweden from 1974 to 1991 (n = 1,762,784) to calculate rates of preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA) at preterm and stillbirth, by month and year of birth. Changes in outcomes at reform periods were evaluated with interrupted time series analyses. Results The 1980 speed premium policy was linked to a monthly rate increase in preterm births relative to the pre-reform period (0.013 [95% CI 0.0061-0.0200] percentage points), equivalent to a 24% increase from 1980 to 1986. After the 1986 relaxation of the policy, the trend in monthly rates reversed (-0.025 [95% CI -0.033--0.018] percentage points). LBW displayed a similar pattern over both reform periods, which was attenuated when considering LBW at term. Rates of SGA at preterm and stillbirths did not change following either reform. Further analyses suggested that changes in perinatal health were restricted to births among native- and Nordic-born mothers, i.e., the primary groups to adjust their fertility behaviors to the reforms. Conclusions Despite its economic advantages for couples, especially mothers, the introduction of the speed premium policy had adverse perinatal health consequences particularly for preterm births. Family policies should be carefully designed with a ‘Health in All Policies’ lens to avoid possible unintended adverse repercussions for perinatal health. Key messages • Family policies can have unintended, adverse perinatal health effects if their eligibility requirements encourage individuals to make fertility decisions that are associated with health risks. • Policymakers should adopt a ‘Health in All Policies’ approach for developing and evaluating family policies to avoid unintended public health harms.

Prevalence and correlates of very rapid repeat pregnancy: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 2009-2020.

Most rapid repeat pregnancies, defined as those occurring within 18 months of a previous birth, are unintended. These pregnancies are associated with later initiation of prenatal care and are more common among people with lower socio-economic status and among racially and ethnically minoritised populations. To assess prevalence and correlate pregnancies occurring in the immediate period after a live birth in the United States, using the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). We assessed data from the 2009-2020 PRAMS, a population-based survey of perinatal maternal characteristics of mothers of liveborn infants in US locations. We assessed pregnancies reported during the immediate postpartum period (approximately 2-6 months post-delivery), and term this 'very rapid repeat pregnancy' (VRRP). We assessed the adjusted prevalence of VRRP from 2009 to 2020. From 2016 to 2020, we calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for maternal characteristics. The adjusted prevalence of VRRP ranged from 0.38% (95% CI: 0.29, 0.48) in 2009 to 0.76% (95% CI: 0.61, 0.91) in 2020. Demographic characteristics associated with VRRP included younger age, lower educational attainment, and being unmarried. Black mothers had a higher prevalence of VRRP compared to white mothers. Mothers who attended a healthcare visit in the 12 months preconception had a lower prevalence of VRRP as did mothers who attended a postpartum check-up, compared to their counterparts without these visits. Among those receiving prenatal care, mothers whose prenatal healthcare provider asked about postpartum contraception birth had a lower prevalence of VRRP, compared to those not asked about postpartum contraception. VRRP appeared to increase over time in 2009-2020. Mothers who are younger, Black, have lower educational attainment, or who did not attend healthcare visits before or after pregnancy had a higher prevalence of VRRP and may comprise a population who would benefit from additional family planning resources.

Birth and Various Period Live Weights of Hair Goat Kids

The animal material of this study consisted of 6000 goats and 300 goats, which were supported within the scope of the "Animal Breeding in the Hands of the Public National Project" in the province of Diyarbakir of Turkey. Within the scope of the project in which the research was included, the animals were identified and their records were kept. The records of goats in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 formed the data of this research. The weights of birth, 30th day, 60th day, 90th day were determined in goats born in the specified years. Live weight of hair goat kids at various periods (birth, 30th, 60th, 90th) and daily body weight gains up to 90th day (birth-30, 30-60, 90th days). Statistical analysis of the data was made in the SPSS package program.&#x0D; In the study, birth weight of Hair goat kids was 2.84±0.010; Body weight at day 30 was 6.97±0.028; Body weight at day 60 was determined as 11.06±0.065 and body weight at 90th day was determined as 14.49±0.058. In addition, daily live weight gains on the 30th day of birth in Hair goat kids was 136.84±0.884; body weight gain at birth-60th day 136.41±1.083; daily body weight gain at birth-90th day was determined as 129.08±0.640. When the effect of environmental factors examined in the study was evaluated, the effect of gender on live weights of all ages was found to be statistically significant. However, in the study, it was determined that the type of birth and the effect of birth month showed a difference only between birth and 30th day age. As a result, in the current thesis study, it was found that the findings obtained in terms of growth and development characteristics in Hair goat kids were compatible with the findings of other studies on the subject.

Kajian Sosiolinguistik pada “Nama Orang” di Jawa Timur

This study aims to analyze the changes in the meaning of "person's name" in East Java Society. The significance of people's "names" holds importance due to differences in naming practices and their meanings across generations, specifically the X, Y, Z, and Alpha generations. A sociolinguistic perspective is employed in this study, utilizing a descriptive qualitative research method. Primary data is collected through interviews and observations, while secondary data is obtained through relevant document searches. The findings reveal that the naming patterns differ for each generation, including X, Y, Z, and Alpha, depending on the parents' expectations for their child's name. These expectations are influenced by external factors such as religion, date and month of birth, and socio-cultural aspects, as well as internal factors such as parents' preferences for specific languages or characters from certain stories. In conclusion, Javanese names and their meanings have undergone shifts across generations, both in terms of the number of words and language choices. The X generation tends to have fewer words compared to the Y, Z, and Alpha generations. Similarly, the Y generation exhibits relatively fewer and shorter names compared to the Z and Alpha generations. Regarding language, the most recent generations, Z and Alpha (1997-present), incorporate a greater variety of foreign languages into their names compared to the previous generations (X and Y) of Javanese names. Kata Kunci: Pergeseran Nama, Makna, Sosiolingusitik