Monotonic Form Research Articles

The Characteristics of Teaching Material Arabic Speaking Skills in Higher Education

Research objective is to providing an insight into the characteristics of Arabic language teaching materials in higher education in Indonesia. This research was conducted by examining a variety of literature relating to teaching materials and Arabic speaking skills. The research method applied survey, involving 97 students from the Arabic Language Education Study Program in several universities in Indonesia and structured interviews with lecturers who supported Arabic speaking skills. The procedure taken are 1) reading literature related to Arabic speaking teaching materials and teaching Arabic speaking skills, 2) observing the learning process of speaking skills at several Arabic Language Education Study Programs, 3) determining the type of survey, 4) determining the sample target, 5) preparing instruments for analyzing the needs of students, 6) preparing structured interview instruments for lecturers, 7) analyzing survey results, 8) translating survey result. The results of this study, teaching materials from Middle East has led to the emergence of gaps in achieving Arabic language skills for beginners, such as the lack of phonetic aspects being taught, monotonous forms of practice, directing students to memorize, and types of dialogue that are not in accordance with student culture in Indonesia. The characteristics of teaching materials that are suitable for use in Arabic language skills are divided into goals, phonetics, themes, social culture, exercises, steps and visualization.

The inverse eigenvalue problem of a graph: Multiplicities and minors

The inverse eigenvalue problem of a given graph G is to determine all possible spectra of real symmetric matrices whose off-diagonal entries are governed by the adjacencies in G. Barrett et al. introduced the Strong Spectral Property (SSP) and the Strong Multiplicity Property (SMP) in [Generalizations of the Strong Arnold Property and the minimum number of distinct eigenvalues of a graph. Electron. J. Combin., 2017]. In that paper it was shown that if a graph has a matrix with the SSP (or the SMP) then a supergraph has a matrix with the same spectrum (or ordered multiplicity list) augmented with simple eigenvalues if necessary, that is, subgraph monotonicity. In this paper we extend this to a form of minor monotonicity, with restrictions on where the new eigenvalues appear. These ideas are applied to solve the inverse eigenvalue problem for all graphs of order five, and to characterize forbidden minors of graphs having at most one multiple eigenvalue.

Acoustic patterning and manipulating microparticles using phononic crystal

Acoustic microparticles manipulations have attracted significant attention in recent years, which may have potential applications in the early detection and diagnosis of diseases. However, most of the current acoustic tweezers have only monotonous manipulation forms, which are limited by standing wave field patterning. Here, we introduce the phononic crystal structure to achieve acoustic patterning and manipulation. Phononic crystals can effectively control and modulate the acoustic pressure distribution, which can provide multiple modes to pattern the microparticles. We numerically investigate the microparticles trajectories under the given acoustic fields. The microparticles eventually exhibit a hollow-circle shape or a star shape, which are no longer merely linear arrangements. The results show that the phononic crystal structure is a useful tool to achieve microparticles manipulations with various patterns. Our study provides a new guide to manipulate the microparticles, which may have vast potential applications in microparticles array, orderly cell culture, and other biomedical areas.

Pointwise directional increasingness and geometric interpretation of directionally monotone functions

The relaxation of monotonicity requirements is a trend in the theory of aggregation functions. In the recent literature, we can find several relaxed forms of monotonicity, such as weak, directional, cone, ordered directional and strengthened directional monotonicity. All these forms of monotonicity are global properties in the sense that they are imposed for all the points in the domain of a function. In this work, we introduce a local notion of monotonicity called pointwise directional monotonicity, or directional monotonicity at a point. Based on this concept, we characterize all the previously defined notions of monotonicity and, in the final part of the paper, we present some geometric aspects of the global weaker forms of monotonicity, stressing their relations and singularities.

Substitution of sesame and peanut defatted-meal milk with egg yolk and evaluation of the rheological and microstructural properties of low-cholesterol mayonnaise.

Peanut, sesame, and (peanut:sesame (1:1)) meal milk were used as the egg yolk substitute at the levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in mayonnaise. Then, the rheological, textural (hardness, adhesive force, and adhesiveness), and microstructural properties of samples were evaluated on the first day after production. The oscillatory test indicated that all treatments had shear thinning flow behavior and in low-angular frequencies had higher elastic modulus than the viscous modulus (tan δ < 1), but in the P-S50 and P-S100, P75 and S75 in angular frequencies higher than 63 rad.s-1, tan δ was more than one (i.e. G″ > G') which indicated more viscous modulus (liquid-like flow behavior) than the elastic modulus (gel-like flow behavior). The optical microscopy confirmed that the oil particle size in blank, 25 and 50% of substitution was of smaller size, and the fat droplets had a monotonous and regular form. In 75 and 100% of substitution, the oil particle size was larger and more irregular than the other ones. Therefore, considering the emulsifying characteristic of oilseeds proteins, consumer health aspect (replacing meal protein with egg yolk in producing of low-cholesterol mayonnaise), and economic advantage aspect (reusing the oil-extraction factories by-products i.e., meal) using oilseed meal milk as an emulsifier agent in food industries especially emulsions is purposed.

Distortion of pipe-flow development by boundary layer growth and unconstrained inlet conditions

This study extends the analysis of the canonical developing pipe-flow problem to realistic inlet conditions affecting emerging jets. A comparison of simulations to existing theory reveals adverse phenomena caused by the inlet: the velocity profile inversion and flow separation (vena contracta) at a sharp inlet. Beginning with the simple uniform inflow, the inversion is shown to persists at significantly higher Re (Re = 2000) than previously reported. It is found to be caused by the theory’s neglected radial velocity, resulting from the boundary layer’s displacement effect. Rescaling of the inlet axial coordinate is shown to collapse all centerline velocity curves above Re = 100, thus elucidating the known weak dependence of entrance-length on Re. The sharp-inlet separation bubble is found not to occur below Re ≅ 320 although this inlet profile overrides the boundary layer’s effect. Furthermore, the bubble’s downstream length increases rapidly with Re, whereas its upstream length grows gradually and proportionally to its thickness—here identified as its characteristic-scale. Beyond the bubble, the profile relaxes to a monotonic form—captured beyond x/(Re·R) = 0.005, if theory is modified using the bubble’s characteristic-scale. This scale also sets the threshold which differentiates between a sharp-inlet regime, accompanied by a separation bubble, and a rounded-inlet one without it. The latter regime relaxes more rapidly to the monotonic profile—captured already beyond x = 2R. Finally, the modified idealized theory is demonstrated as a useful design tool—explicitly relating nozzle length to characteristics of emerging free-surface and submerged jets.

Bayes Factors for Evaluating Latent Monotonicity in Polytomous Item Response Theory Models

The assumption of latent monotonicity is made by all common parametric and nonparametric polytomous item response theory models and is crucial for establishing an ordinal level of measurement of the item score. Three forms of latent monotonicity can be distinguished: monotonicity of the cumulative probabilities, of the continuation ratios, and of the adjacent-category ratios. Observable consequences of these different forms of latent monotonicity are derived, and Bayes factor methods for testing these consequences are proposed. These methods allow for the quantification of the evidence both in favor and against the tested property. Both item-level and category-level Bayes factors are considered, and their performance is evaluated using a simulation study. The methods are applied to an empirical example consisting of a 10-item Likert scale to investigate whether a polytomous item scoring rule results in item scores that are of ordinal level measurement.

Optimal dynamic contracting: The first‐order approach and beyond

We explore the conditions under which the “first‐order approach” (FO approach) can be used to characterize profit maximizing contracts in dynamic principal–agent models. The FO approach works when the resulting FO‐optimal contract satisfies a particularly strong form of monotonicity in types, a condition that is satisfied in most of the solved examples studied in the literature. The main result of our paper is to show that except for nongeneric choices of the stochastic process governing the types' evolution, monotonicity and, more generally, incentive compatibility are necessarily violated by the FO‐optimal contract if the frequency of interactions is sufficiently high (or, equivalently, if the discount factor, time horizon, and persistence in types are sufficiently large). This suggests that the applicability of the FO approach is problematic in environments in which expected continuation values are important relative to per period payoffs. We also present conditions under which a class of incentive compatible contracts that can be easily characterized is approximately optimal.

Monotonicity in optimal mechanisms in general quasi-linear environments with a continuum of types

This paper provides conditions for the existence of optimal mechanism, in which the assignment rule takes the monotonic form and is determined independently of the transfer rule, in a principal-agent problem with a general quasi-linear environment. It is based on a complete characterization result of incentive-compatible mechanisms by monotonicity, envelope, and lower boundary individual rationality conditions. In particular, we present a general result for such an existence, which is also applicable to the scenarios without linear payoffs or regularity (lattice-related) conditions.

DRomics: A Turnkey Tool to Support the Use of the Dose-Response Framework for Omics Data in Ecological Risk Assessment.

Omics approaches (e.g., transcriptomics, metabolomics) are promising for ecological risk assessment (ERA) since they provide mechanistic information and early warning signals. A crucial step in the analysis of omics data is the modeling of concentration-dependency which may have different trends including monotonic (e.g., linear, exponential) or biphasic (e.g., U shape, bell shape) forms. The diversity of responses raises challenges concerning detection and modeling of significant responses and effect concentration (EC) derivation. Furthermore, handling high-throughput data sets is time-consuming and requires effective and automated processing routines. Thus, we developed an open source tool (DRomics, available as an R-package and as a web-based service) which, after elimination of molecular responses (e.g., gene expressions from microarrays) with no concentration-dependency and/or high variability, identifies the best model for concentration-response curve description. Subsequently, an EC (e.g., a benchmark dose) is estimated from each curve, and curves are classified based on their model parameters. This tool is especially dedicated to manage data obtained from an experimental design favoring a great number of tested doses rather than a great number of replicates and also to handle properly monotonic and biphasic trends. The tool finally provides restitution for a table of results that can be directly used to perform ERA approaches.

Anomalous Interfacial Structuring of a Non-Halogenated Ionic Liquid: Effect of Substrate and Temperature

We investigate the interfacial properties of the non-halogenated ionic liquid (IL), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(mandelato)borate, [P6,6,6,14][BMB], in proximity to solid surfaces, by means of surface force measurement. The system consists of sharp atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips interacting with solid surfaces of mica, silica, and gold. We find that the force response has a monotonic form, from which a characteristic steric decay length can be extracted. The decay length is comparable with the size of the ions, suggesting that a layer is formed on the surface, but that it is diffuse. The long alkyl chains of the cation, the large size of the anion, as well as crowding of the cations at the surface of negatively charged mica, are all factors which are likely to oppose the interfacial stratification which has, hitherto, been considered a characteristic of ionic liquids. The variation in the decay length also reveals differences in the layer composition at different surfaces, which can be related to their surface charge. This, in turn, allows the conclusion that silica has a low surface charge in this aprotic ionic liquid. Furthermore, the effect of temperature has been investigated. Elevating the temperature to 40 °C causes negligible changes in the interaction. At 80 °C and 120 °C, we observe a layering artefact which precludes further analysis, and we present the underlying instrumental origin of this rather universal artefact.

Fabrication of Soft Pneumatic Network Actuators with Oblique Chambers

Soft pneumatic network actuators have become one of the most promising actuation devices in soft robotics which benefits from their large bending deformation and low input. However, their monotonous bending motion form in two-dimensional (2-D) space keeps them away from wide applications. This paper presents a detailed fabrication method of soft pneumatic network actuators with oblique chambers, to explore their motions in three-dimensional (3-D) space. The design of oblique chambers enables actuators with tunable coupled bending and twisting capabilities, which gives them the possibility to move dexterously in flexible manipulators, to become biologically inspired robots and medical devices. The fabrication process is based on the molding method, including the silicone elastomer preparation, chamber and base parts fabrication, actuator assembly, tubing connections, checks for leaks, and actuator repair. The fabrication method guarantees the rapid manufacturing of a series of actuators with only a few modifications in the molds. The test results show the high quality of the actuators and their prominent bending and twisting capabilities. Experiments of the gripper demonstrate the advantages of the development in adapting to objects with different diameters and providing sufficient friction.

Resurrecting the individual in behavioral analysis: Using mixed effects models to address nonsystematic discounting data.

Delay and probability discounting functions typically take a monotonic form, but some individuals produce functions that are nonsystematic. Johnson and Bickel (2008) developed an algorithm for classifying nonsystematic functions on the basis of two different criteria. Type 1 functions were identified as nonsystematic due to random choices and Type 2 functions were identified as nonsystematic due to relatively shallow slopes, suggesting poor sensitivity to choice parameters. Since their original publication, the algorithm has become widely used in the human discounting literature for removal of participants, with studies often removing approximately 20% of the original sample (Smith & Lawyer, 2017). Because subject removal may not always be feasible due to loss of power or other factors, the present report applied a mixed effects regression modeling technique (Wileyto, Audrain-Mcgovern, Epstein, & Lerman, 2004; Young, 2017) to account for individual differences in DD and PD functions. Assessment of the model estimates for Type 1 and 2 nonsystematic functions indicated that both types of functions deviated systematically from the rest of the sample in that nonsystematic participants were more likely to show shallower slopes and increased biases for larger amounts. The results indicate that removing these participants would fundamentally alter the properties of the final sample in undesirable ways. Because mixed effects models account for between-participant variation with random effects, we advocate for the use of these models for future analyses of a wide range of functions within the behavioral analysis field, with the benefit of avoiding the negative consequences associated with subject removal.

Strengthened ordered directionally monotone functions. Links between the different notions of monotonicity

In this work, we propose a new notion of monotonicity: strengthened ordered directional monotonicity. This generalization of monotonicity is based on directional monotonicity and ordered directional monotonicity, two recent weaker forms of monotonicity. We discuss the relation between those different notions of monotonicity from a theoretical point of view. Additionally, along with the introduction of two families of functions and a study of their connection to the considered monotonicity notions, we define an operation between functions that generalizes the Choquet integral and the Łukasiewicz implication.

Peningkatan Produksi Dan Kualitas Produk Olahan Camilan Keripik Ketela Di Kec. Trawas, Kab. Mojokerto

Trawas district is a major agriculture district producing fruits and vegetables. Based on the type of agriculture products, there are business actors engaged in processing agricultural products into sweet potato chips. However, there are many obstacles to produce sweet potato chips in Belik Village and Jaten Village at Trawas District. Because the processing of sweet potato snack chips is still done in a very simple way in the process of enumerating a monotonous form of products. The impact of quality and quantity of production is not good so it has not been able to compete with other cassava snack products. This low production efficiency due to limited production technology (cutter tool sweet potato) is still monoton resulting in less productivity, quantity and product quality.

On Parameter Loci of the Hénon Family

The purpose of the current article is to investigate the dynamics of the Henon family fa,b : (x, y) $${\mapsto}$$ (x2−a−by, x), where (a, b) $${\in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^{\times}}$$ is the parameter (Henon in Commun Math Phys 50(1): 69–77, 1976). We are interested in certain geometric and topological structures of two loci of parameters (a, b) $$\in {\mathbb{R} \times}$$ $${\mathbb{R}}^{\times}$$ for which fa,b share common dynamical properties; one is the hyperbolic horseshoe locus where the restriction of fa,b to its non-wandering set is hyperbolic and topologically conjugate to the full shift with two symbols, and the other is the maximal entropy locus where the topological entropy of f a,b attains the maximal value log 2 among all Henon maps. The main result of this paper states that these two loci are characterized by the graph of a real analytic function from the b-axis to the a-axis of the parameter space $${\mathbb{R}} \times {\mathbb{R}}^{\times}$$ , which extends in full generality the previous result of Bedford and Smillie (Small Jacobian Ergod Theory Dyn Syst 26(5): 1259–1283, 2006) for |b| 0} and in {b < 0}, (ii) the closure of the hyperbolic horseshoe locus coincides with the maximal entropy locus, (iii) the boundaries of both loci are identical and piecewise analytic with two analytic pieces. Among others, the consequence (i) indicates a weak form of monotonicity of the topological entropy as a function of the parameter (a, b) $${\mapsto}$$ htop(fa,b) at its maximal value. The proof consists of theoretical and computational parts. In the theoretical part, we extend both the dynamical and the parameter spaces over $${\mathbb{C}}$$ , investigate their complex dynamical and complex analytic properties, and reduce them to obtain the conclusion over $${\mathbb{R}}$$ as in Bedford and Smillie (2006). One of our new ingredients is to employ a flexible family of “boxes” in $${\mathbb{C}^{2}}$$ which is intrinsically two-dimensional and works for all values of b. In the computational part, we use interval arithmetic together with some numerical algorithms such as set-oriented computations and the interval Krawczyk method to verify certain numerical criteria which imply analytic, combinatorial and dynamical consequences.

Improving Urban Water Environment in Eastern China by Blending Traditional with Modern Landscape Planning.

As a fundamental part of greenspace, urban water landscape contributes greatly to the ecological system and at the same time supplies a leisure area for residents. The paper did an analysis on the number of aquatic plant communities, the form of water spaces, and water quality condition by investigating 135 quadrats (90 at amphibious boundary and the land, 45 in the water) in 45 transects of 15 urban and suburban parks. We found that water spaces had monotonous forms with low biodiversity and poor water quality. In addition, urban water landscapes hardly provided ecological functions given excessive construction. Accordingly, a proposition to connect tradition with modernism in the improvement and innovation of urban water landscape planning was put forward, and further, the way to achieve it was explored. By taking Qinhu Wetland Park as a case, the principles and specific planning methods on macro- and microperspectives were discussed to guide the development of urban landscape in eastern China.

Research on Simulation Model for Integration of Controller and Inverter

The simulation models of controller and inverter provided by micro-grid simulation software are separate ones. Fewer models develop in monotonous form and are complicated itself, physical meaning of each variable in the model is not clear. Simulation members are connected by a combination of series and parallel way, interaction between elements is not reflected or ignored, so the simulation results are distortion and less credibility which seriously hinder the application of Matlab/Simulink in micro-grid simulation. Considered various operating mode, used different coordinate transformation and the redefined voltage coordinates, an integrated simulation model of controller and inverter is designed which remove the influence of the electromagnetic coupling among the components. Simulation model is simplified so as to accelerate simulation speed. The model can be flexibly set in different operating modes and different modules in Matlab/Simulink which makes the operating mode of each micro-power be designed easier and more clearly. Results of micro-grid composed with integrated model can accurately reflect the variation of voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power etc. according to various disturbances in the various operating modes. Integrated model is demonstrated the effectiveness by results of the simulation ,which can also meet the requirements of micro-grid simulation

Two-atom interaction energies with one atom in an excited state: van der Waals potentials versus level shifts

I revisit the problem of the interaction between two dissimilar atoms with one atom in an excited state, recently addressed by the authors of Refs.[1-3], and for which precedent approaches have given conflicting results. In the first place, I discuss to what extent Refs.[1], [2] and [3] provide equivalent results. I show that the phase-shift rate of the two-atom wave function computed in Ref.[1], the van der Waals potential of the excited atom in Ref.[2] and the level shift of the excited atom in Ref.[3] possess equivalent expressions in the quasistationary approximation. In addition, I show that the level shift of the ground state atom computed in Ref.[3] is equivalent to its van der Waals potential. A diagrammatic representation of all those quantities is provided. The equivalences among them are however not generic. In particular, it is found that for the case of the interaction between two identical atoms excited, the phase-shift rate and the van der Waals potentials differ. Concerning the conflicting results of previous approaches in regards to the spatial oscillation of the interactions, I conclude in agreement with Refs.[1,3] that they refer to different physical quantities. The impacts of free-space dissipation and finite excitation rates on the dynamics of the potentials are analyzed. In contrast to Ref.[3], the oscillatory versus monotonic spatial forms of the potentials of each atom are found not to be related to the reversible versus irreversible nature of the excitation transfer involved.

Likelihood estimation for exchangeable multinomial data

ABSTRACTIn this article, maximum likelihood estimates of an exchangeable multinomial distribution using a parametric form to model the parameters as functions of covariates are derived. The non linearity of the exchangeable multinomial distribution and the parametric model make direct application of Newton Rahpson and Fisher's scoring algorithms computationally infeasible. Instead parameter estimates are obtained as solutions to an iterative weighted least-squares algorithm. A completely monotonic parametric form is proposed for defining the marginal probabilities that results in a valid probability model.