Monomitic Hyphal System Research Articles

Morphological and molecular identification for four new wood-inhabiting species of Lyomyces (Basidiomycota) from China.

Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth, in which the wood-inhabiting fungi play an important role in forest ecosystem processes and functions. Four new wood-inhabiting fungi, Lyomyceshengduanensis, L.niveomarginatus, L.wumengshanensis and L.zhaotongensis, are proposed, based on morphological features and molecular evidence. Lyomyceshengduanensis differs in the brittle basidiomata with pruinose hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5-6 × 3-4.5 µm). Lyomycesniveomarginatus is distinguished by the subceraceous basidiomata with crackled hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5-7 × 3-4 µm). Lyomyceswumengshanensis is distinguished by the grandinioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid to broad ellipsoid basidiospores (4-6 × 3-5 µm). Lyomyceszhaotongensis is unique in the grandinioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring as 2.6-3.5 × 2.5-3 µm. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogram, based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions, included three genera within the Schizoporaceae viz. Fasciodontia, Lyomyces and Xylodon, in which the four new species were grouped into Lyomyces. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that L.hengduanensis group with L.zhaotongensis and then closely grouped with L.crustosus, L.ochraceoalbus, and L.vietnamensis. The new taxon L.niveomarginatus was retrieved as a sister to L.juniperi. The new species L.wumengshanensis was sister to L.macrosporus. The new taxon L.zhaotongensis grouped with L.hengduanensis and then closely grouped with L.crustosus, L.ochraceoalbus and L.vietnamensis.

Characterization of New Tropicoporus Species (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae) Discovered in Tamil Nadu, India.

This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of three new species of Tropicoporus from the southern parts of India. The analyses of the ITS and nLSU regions revealed the novelty of these species, which have been named T. pannaensis, T. subindicus, and T. xerophyticus. All three species possess pileate basidiomes, a monomitic hyphal system in the context, and the presence of cystidioles and setae. However, they differ significantly in their phylogenetic placements and other morpho-taxonomic features. Tropicoporus pannaensis is characterized by a meagrely ungulate basidiome, indistinct zones, and an obtuse margin. Tropicoporus subindicus has a triquetrous basidiome and a radially cracked, crusted pileal surface with an acute margin, while T. xerophyticus is distinguished by an imbricate, perennial basidiome with an abundantly warted pileal surface. A phylogenetic tree is provided to show the placement of the three new species, along with detailed descriptions and illustrations. Additionally, a key for the identification of the Asian species of Tropicoporus is presented.

Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal a new Hymenochaete species (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from China

Wood-inhabiting fungi play an essential role in forest ecosystems as an important group of decomposers, which are found in living trees, dead standing trees, decorticated trunks, fallen branches, as well as manufactured wood. A new wood-inhabiting fungus Hymenochaete sinensis, belonging to the family Hymenochaetaceae, is described and illustrated based on the morphological characteristics and molecular data. Hymenochaete sinensis sp. nov. is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with aurantium to coconut brown to brownish black hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system having the simple-septate with distinctly thick-walled generative hyphae, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring as 4–5 × 2.5–3.5 µm. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS+nLSU rDNA sequences confirmed that the new species belongs to the genus Hymenochaete. The ITS phylogenetic tree revealed that the new taxon is closely related to species of Hymenochaete longispora and H. quercicola.

Morphology and multigene phylogeny revealed four new species of Xylodon (Schizoporaceae, Basidiomycota) from southern China.

Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth, amongst which wood-inhabiting fungi play a crucial role in ecosystem processes and functions. Four new wood-inhabiting fungi, Xylodoncremeoparinaceus, X.luteodontioides, X.poroides and X.wumengshanensis are proposed, based on morphological features and molecular evidence. Xylodoncremeoparinaceus is distinguished by a cream hymenial surface with a pruinose hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonluteodontioides is characterised by flavescens hymenophore surface with odontioid hymenophore, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonporoides bears coriaceous basidiomata with a poroid hymenophore surface, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonwumengshanensis is a distinct taxon by its grandinoid hymenophore surface, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony, and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogram, based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions, included three genera within the Schizoporaceae as Fasciodontia, Lyomyces and Xylodon. The four new species were grouped into the genus Xylodon. The topology, based on the ITS sequences, revealed that Xylodoncremeoparinaceus was grouped closely with X.pruinosus, X.detriticus and X.ussuriensis. The taxon X.luteodontioides was sister to X.nesporii. The species X.poroides separated from X.pseudotropicus, while X.wumengshanensis was grouped with four taxa: X.patagonicus, X.radula, X.subtropicus and X.taiwanianus.

Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal a new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Hyphoderma guangdongense (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), from China

Hyphoderma is one of the most important representative groups of wood-inhabiting fungi. These fungi secrete various enzymes capable of degrading cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin into simple inorganic substances. The taxa within the genus cause the white rot of wood, play a key role in the carbon cycle, and are the most efficient wood decomposers in the forest ecosystem. This study proposes a new wood-inhabiting fungal taxon, Hyphoderma guangdongense, based on morphological features and molecular evidence. It is characterized by the white hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system having the generative hyphae with clamp connections, the presence of the septate and tubular cystidia, and cylindrical basidiospores (6–10 × 3–5 µm). The phylogenetic tree inferred from a combination of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences revealed that H. guangdongense placed into the genus Hyphoderma, in which it is closely related to a clade comprising two taxa, H. setigerum, and H. floccosum. A full description, illustrations, and results of the new species' phylogenetic analysis are provided.

Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses revealed four new wood inhabiting fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in Xizang Autonomous Region, China.

Four new fungi from Xizang in southwest China, Caloceraramaria, Ceraceomycesrhizomorphus, Leptosporomyceslinzhiensis, and Ramariaxizangensis are described and illustrated based on the morphological and molecular evidence. Caloceraramaria is characterized by the ramal and bright orange basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa generative hyphae, usually 4-septate basidiospores; Ceraceomycesrhizomorphus is characterized by the cream to yellowish basidiomata with rhizomorphs, cylindrical basidiospores; Leptosporomyceslinzhiensis is characterized by white with pink basidiomata, cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores; Ramariaxizangensis is characterized by flesh pink basidiomata, branched dichotomously in 4-5 ranks, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, ellipsoid to cylindrical and densely warted basidiospores.

Luteoporia tenuissima sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), evidenced by morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungus in the Polyporales, Luteoporia tenuissima, from southwest China, is described based on morphological and molecular evidence. Luteoporia tenuissima is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with lemon chrome pores when fresh, becoming cinnamon buff when dry, tissues becoming purple in KOH, a monomitic hyphal system, generative hyphae thick-walled and bearing clamp connections, and ellipsoid, smooth basidiospores measuring 2.9–3.8 × 1.9–2.4 µm. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences shows that the new species belongs to Luteoporia, forming a monophyletic lineage with strong support, clustering with L. albomarginata and L. citriniporia. Both morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny confirm the placement of the new species within the genus Luteoporia. A full description, illustration, phylogeny of the new species, and comparisons with morphologically similar or phylogenetically related species are provided. In addition, an identification key is provided for the currently known Luteoporia species.

Morphological and molecular identification for four new wood-inhabiting species of Trechispora (Basidiomycota) from China.

Four new wood-inhabiting fungi, Trechisporaalbofarinosa, T.bisterigmata, T.pileata and T.wenshanensisspp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Trechisporaalbofarinosa is characterized by the farinose basidiomata with flocculence hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and ellipsoid, warted basidiospores. Trechisporabisterigmata is characterized by the membranous basidiomata with odontioid hymenial surface, rhizomorphic sterile margin, barrelled basidia and subglobose to broad ellipsoid, smooth basidiospores. Trechisporapileata is characterized by the laterally contracted base, solitary or imbricate basidiomata, fan shaped pileus, radially striate-covered surface with appressed scales, odontioid hymenophore surface, and subglobose to broad ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores. Trechisporawenshanensis is characterized by a cottony basidiomata with a smooth hymenial surface, and ellipsoid, thin-walled, warted basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and LSU marker of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS+nLSU sequences highlighted that four new species were grouped into the genus Trechispora.

Two new wood-inhabiting fungal species (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Yunnan Province, China

Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan fungal group worldwide. Two new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Rhodoantrodia purpurascens and Steccherinum wumengshanense are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Rhodoantrodia purpurascens is characterized by the corky basidiomata with a pale lilac to lavender pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. Steccherinum wumengshanense is characterized by the corticoid basidiomata having a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamp generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Full descriptions, photo plates and phylogenetic analysis results of the new species are provided.

Coltricia aridicola sp. nov. derived from the Coltricia perennis complex (Hymenochaetaceae) confirmed by molecular phylogeny

A new polypore in the family Hymenochaetaceae, Coltricia aridicola, is described and illustrated from China and the USA based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. The species was found in northeast and southwest China and western USA, growing on soil in gymnosperm forests. It is characterized by an annual growth habit, centrally stipitate basidiocarps with regular pilei, pileal surface distinctly zonate, medium-sized pores as 3–4 per mm, a monomitic hyphal system, generative hyphae with simple septa, the presence of antler-like hyphal elements at the pileal surface, contextual hyphae almost twice the diameter of the tramal hyphae, thick-walled, yellowish, cyanophilous, oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 7–7.8 × 4.5–4.8 µm, and growth in dry environments such as burnt soil or open areas of ground in gymnosperm forests. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that samples of C. aridicola nested in Coltricia, forming a monophyletic lineage with strong support (100 % BS, 100 % BP, 1.00 BPP). The differences between C. aridicola and its similar and related species in the genus are discussed.

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses of Five New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of Botryobasidium, Coltricia and Coltriciella (Basidiomycota) from China.

In this present study, five new wood-inhabiting fungal taxa, Botryobasidium gossypirubiginosum, Botryobasidium incanum, Botryobasidium yunnanense, Coltricia zixishanensis, and Coltriciella yunnanensis are proposed. Botryobasidium gossypirubiginosum is distinguished by its slightly rubiginous hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system, which branches at right angles, and subglobose, smooth basidiospores (14-17.5 × 13-15.5 µm); B. incanum is characterized by its white to incanus basidiomata having a hypochnoid hymenial surface, and ellipsoid, smooth basidiospores (6.5-8.5 × 3.5-5 µm); B. yunnanense is characterized by its buff to slightly yellowish hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid to globose, smooth, thick-walled basidiospores (11.5-14.5 × 9.5-10.5 µm); Coltricia zixishanensis differs in its rust brown pileal surface, and ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores (5-6.5 × 4-4.5 µm). Coltriciella yunnanensis is distinguished by its tiny pilei, short stipe, and navicular, verrucose basidiospores (10.5-12.5 × 6-7 µm). Sequences of ITS and nLSU genes were used for phylogenetic analyses using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic results inferred from ITS sequences revealed that B. gossypirubiginosum was closely related to B. robustius; the species B. incanum was grouped with B. vagum; B. yunnanense was related to B. indicum. The species C. zixishanensis was grouped with C. confluens and C. perennis. ITS sequences revealed that C. zixishanensis was grouped into the genus Coltriciella, in which it was grouped with Co. globosa and Co. pseudodependens.

Four New Fungal Species in Forest Ecological System from Southwestern China.

Four new wood-inhabiting fungi were found in Southwestern China within the genera Phanerochaete, Phlebiopsis, Asterostroma, and Vararia of the families Phanerochaetaceae and Peniophoraceae, belonging to the orders Polyporales and Russulales individually. Combined with their morphological characteristics and molecular biological evidence, the present study describes them as new fungal taxa. Asterostroma yunnanense is characterized by the resupinate, membranaceous to pellicular basidiomata with a cream to salmon-buff hymenial surface, hyphal system dimitic bearing simple-septa, thin- to thick-walled, yellowish brown asterosetae with acute tips, and thin-walled, echinulate, amyloid, globose basidiospores. Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa generative hyphae, the presence of subclavate cystidia covered with a lot of crystals, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (6-9 × 3-4.5 µm). Phlebiopsis fissurata is characterized by the membranaceous, tuberculate basidiomata with a buff to slightly brown hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa, conical cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid. Vararia yingjiangensis is characterized by a corky basidiomata with a pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, cracking, yellowish dichohyphae with slightly curved tips, subulate gloeocystidia, and thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores (6.5-11.5 × 5-7 µm). The phylogenetic analyses of ITS + nLSU revealed that the two new species were nested into the genera Phanerochaete and Phlebiopsis within the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales), in which Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis was sister to P. daliensis; Phlebiopsis fissurata was grouped with P. lamprocystidiata. Two new species were clustered into the genera Asterostroma and Vararia within the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in which Asterostroma yunnanense was sister to A. cervicolor; Vararia yingjiangensis formed a single branch.

Xylodon asiaticus (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), a new species of corticioid fungus from southern China

The corticioid fungi are a cosmopolitan group and show a rich diversity, growing in the vegetation of boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. Xylodon daii sp. nov. was found in the Yunnan Province, China, which suggested here to be new fungal species in light of their morphology and phylogeny. Xylodon daii has a coriaceous basidiomata with a hydnoid hymenophore and a monomitic hyphal system having generative hyphae with clamp connections, and ellipsoid to subcylindrical basidiospores measuring as 4–5.2 × 2.8–3.5 µm. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. After a series of phylogenetic studies, the ITS+nLSU analysis of the order Hymenochaetales indicated that, at the generic level, six genera, (i.e., Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Lyomyces, Kneiffiella and Xylodon) were accommodated the members of Hyphodontia sensu lato, and the genus Xylodon grouped with Lyomyces within the Hymenochaetales. According to a further analysis of the ITS dataset, X. daii was nested into the genus Xylodon, in which it was retrieved as a sister to X. pseudotropicus.

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses Reveal Three New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in China.

Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Cerioporus yunnanensis, Perenniporiopsis sinensis, and Sarcoporia yunnanensis, are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Cerioporus yunnanensis is characterized by the pileate basidiomata having a fawn brown to black pileal surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusoid cystidioles and cylindrical basidiospores (9-12.5 × 3.5-5 µm). Perenniporiopsis sinensis is distinct from the osseous pileus with verrucose, an orange-yellow to dark reddish-brown pileal surface with a cream margin, a trimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusiform cystidioles and ellipsoid basidiospores (9-11 × 5.5-6.5 µm). Sarcoporia yunnanensis is typical of the pileate basidiomata with a salmon to reddish-brown pileal surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the ellipsoid basidiospores (4-5.5 × 2.5-4 µm). Sequences of ITS + nLSU + mt-SSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2 genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The multiple genes with six loci analysis showed that the three new species nested within the order Polyporales, in which C. yunnanensis and P. sinensis nested into the family Polyporaceae, and S. yunnanensis grouped into the family Sarcoporiaceae.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Auriculariales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) with descriptions of four new species from south-western China.

The wood-inhabiting fungi play an integral role in wood degradation and the cycle of matter in the ecological system. They are considered as the "key player" in wood decomposition, because of their ability to produce lignocellulosic enzymes that break down woody lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. In the present study, four new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Adustochaetealbomarginata, Ad.punctata, Alloexidiopsisgrandinea and Al.xantha collected from southern China, are proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Adustochaetealbomarginata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with cream to buff, a smooth, cracked, hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores (12-17.5 × 6.5-9 µm). Adustochaetepunctata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with cream, a smooth, punctate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores (13.5-18 × 6-8.2 µm). Alloexidiopsisgrandinea is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with buff to slightly yellowish, a grandinioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and allantoid basidiospores (10-12.3 × 5-5.8 µm). Additionally, Alloexidiopsisxantha is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with cream to slightly buff, a smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores measuring 20-24 × 5-6.2 µm. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (nrLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers of the studied samples were generated. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogram, based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions, revealed that four new species were assigned to the genera Adustochaete and Alloexidiopsis within the order Auriculariales, individually. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that Ad.albomarginata was retrieved as a sister to Ad.yunnanensis and the species Ad.punctata was sister to Ad.rava. The topology, based on the ITS sequences, showed that Al.grandinea was retrieved as a sister to Al.schistacea and the taxon Al.xantha formed a monophyletic lineage. Furthermore, two identification keys to Adustochaete and Alloexidiopsis worldwide are provided.

Morphological and molecular identification of a new species of Fulvoderma (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Fulvoderma yunnanense , is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular data . Fulvoderma yunnanense is characterized by annual, laterally stipitate basidiomata with greyish brown pore surface , a monomitic hyphal system with simple septate generative hyphae , tubular cystidia and broad ellipsoid to subglobose , thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 4.0– 5.4 × 3.3– 4.8 µm . Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA gene regions of the specimens were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out with methods of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS+nLSU indicated that F. yunnanense nested in Fulvoderma within Hymenochaetaceae. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS dataset revealed that the new species formed a well-supported monophyletic lineage with F. australe. Full description, photo plates and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are given.

Cyathus tongxinianus sp. nov. (Basidiomycota) from China

A new species of bird’s nest fungus, Cyathus tongxinianus, is proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Cyathus tongxinianus is characterized by the cupulate to obconical basidiomata with the smooth outer and inner surface of the peridium, a dimitic hyphal system of peridium walls with generative hyphae having clamp connections, the presence of the fimbriate mouth, brown black to dark grey peridioles, a monomitic hyphal system bearing the generative hyphae with clamp connections, the presence of crystals, and sub-globose, thick-walled basidiospores (8.5–19.5 × 7.5–11). Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and the phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods on two datasets (ITS+nLSU and ITS). The analyses showed that the new species clustered into the genus Cyathus within the family Nidulariaceae based on the ITS+nLSU phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data from ITS sequences showed that C. tongxinianus is sister to C. annulatus, and groups with C. renweii.

Steccherinum filiferum sp. nov. from the neotropics, and a new combination for Odontia laxa

The new species Steccherinum filiferum, from Puerto Rico and Amazonian rainforests of Ecuador, is described. It is characterized by effused basidiomata with hyphal cords, a monomitic hyphal system, simple-septate hyphae, and minute hymenophoral aculei with encrusted, septate, Candelabrochaete -like cystidia. Because Odontia laxa [ ? Odonticium laxum ] is morphologically and phylogenetically similar to S. filiferum, the new combination Steccherinum laxum is proposed, after studying its type. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that S. filiferum and S. laxum can be differentiated by crystal size and arrangement on the cystidia. A key to the Steccherinum species with simple-septate generative hyphae is provided.

A new species of the genus Aleurodiscus sensu lato (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from Hachijo Island, Japan.

Aleurodiscus sagittisporus sp. nov. is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by producing basidiomata with a monomitic hyphal system, clampless-septate hyphae, arrowhead-shaped, amyloid, finely verrucose basidiospores, gloeocystidia, dendrohyphidium-like branched paraphysoid hyphae, and variously shaped swelling cells in the hymenium. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear rDNA LSU and ITS sequences revealed that the species is distinct from the lineage of Aleurodiscus s. str. and related genera in the Aleurodiscus s. lat. clade. Basidiomata of A. sagittisporus have been collected only from dead petioles attached to living trees of Livistona chinensis var. subglobosa on Hachijo Island, Japan.

Panellus microspermus sp. nov. (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) evidenced by the morphological characters and molecular phylogeny

Panellus microspermus sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Guizhou Province, southwest China, based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is characterized by pileate, subgelatinous basidiomata with lamellate hymenophore, a lateral rudimentary stipe, cream to pale buff pileus with finely chalky pruinose surface, gelatinous context and lamellae, a monomitic hyphal system, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 2.5–3.2 × 1.5–2 μm. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences shows that the new species belongs to Panellus, forming a monophyletic lineage with strong support (ML = 100, BPP = 1). Both morphological and molecular characters confirm the placement of the new species in Panellus.