Monomitic Hyphal System Research Articles

<p><strong><em>Dentipellis fimbriata</em></strong><strong> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from subtropical Taiwan</strong></p>

Dentipellis fimbriata sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Taiwan. This new species is characterized by odontoid to hydnoid hymenophore, margin with rhizomorphs, monomitic hyphal system with clamp connections, subiculum with yellowish brown hyphae, aculeal trama with numerous tubular gloeocystidia, and amyloid basidiospores. Morphological and phylogenetic studies based on ITS and 28S rDNA sequences, support this new species in Dentipellis. We provide a key to species of Dentipellis, Dentipellicula and Dentipellopsis.

<p><strong><em>Trechispora yunnanensis</em></strong><strong> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Hydnodontaceae, Basidiomycota) from China</strong></p>

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Trechispora yunnanensis sp. nov., is proposed based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The species is characterized by resupinate basidiomata, rigid and fragile up on drying, cream to pale greyish hymenial surface; a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, IKI-, CB-; ellipsoid, hyaline, thick-walled, ornamented, IKI-, CB- basidiospores measuring as 7–8.5 × 5–5.5 µm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and bayesian inference methods (BPP). The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that T. yunnanensis formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% ML, 100% MP, 1.00 BPP) and was closely related to T. byssinella and T. laevis. Both morphological characteristics and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses confirmed the placement of the new species in Trechispora.

<p><strong>Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal a new species of <em>Fistulina</em> (Fistulinaceae, Agaricales) from Australia</strong></p>

A new species of Fistulina, F. tasmanica sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Tasmania in Australia. Fistulina tasmanica is distinguished by its pileate and fleshy basidiomata with rose pore surface, fibrous context, separated tubes with small pores (6–7 per mm), a monomitic hyphal system with only clamped generative hyphae, subellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores (5.4–6 × 3.4–4 μm) which are negative in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) sequences also confirmed that F. tasmanica is a new member within Fistulina.

Septobasidium aquilariae sp. nov. from Yunnan, China

A new fungal species, Septobasidium aquilariae, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The species is characterized by an annual growth habit; a resupinate coriaceous basidiocarp with a cream to pale brown surface; a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae bearing simple septa; reniform, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring 11–19 × 4–7.5 μm; and haustoria consisting of irregularly coiled hyphae. The fungus was found associated with Pseudaulacaspis sp. on Aquilaria sinensis. Sequences of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) were analysed maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenies strongly supported S. aquilariae in a monophyletic lineage (ML = 100%; MP = 100%; PP = 1) and grouped with "S. cokeri".

<p><strong>Hydnaceous fungi of China 7. Morphological and molecular characterization of <em>Phellodon</em> <em>subconfluens sp</em>. <em>nov</em>. from temperate, deciduous forests</strong></p>

A new hydnaceous fungus, Phellodon subconfluens, from northeast China, is described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS sequences. The new species is characterized by circular to flabelliform basidiocarps, a greyish buff, brownish orange to reddish brown and obscurely zonate pileal surface with white, incurved margins, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septate, generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled basidiospores with echinulate ornamentation. Molecular analysis confirms the phylogenetic position of the new species in Phellodon. The discriminating characters of the new species and closely related species are discussed.

Ramaria flavescentoides sp. nov. with clamped basidia from Pakistan

During an investigation of macrofungi from Pakistan, a new species with clamped basidia within Ramaria subg. Laeticolora and associated with Abies pindrow was found, which is proposed here as Ramaria flavescentoides. The new fungus morphologically resembles R. flavescens and clusters phylogenetically within the same clade. Ramaria flavescentoides is characterized by an obovate to obconic basidioma with pale orange to light orange branches and apices that are tinged light greenish grey, a monomitic hyphal system, ampulliform clamp connections, stellate crystals distributed within the upper branches, multiguttulate rhizomorphic strands, and oblong to ellipsoid verrucose basidiospores.

Crepatura ellipsospora gen. et sp. nov. in Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) bearing a tuberculate hymenial surface

A new wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Crepatura, typified by C. ellipsospora sp. nov., is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The genus is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with smooth to irregularly tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae bearing both clamp connections and simple septa and ellipsoid, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer’s, acyanophilous basidiospores measuring 6.5–7.5 × 4–5 μm. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that Crepatura belonged to the Phanerochaetaceae family and nested into the Donkia clade. The result demonstrated that the genus Crepatura formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support and phylogenetically was closely related to Pirex concentricus.

Xylodon kunmingensis sp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from southern China

Abstract A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xylodon kunmingensis, is proposed based on morphological and molecular evidences. The species is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with cream to buff hymenial, odontioid surface, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections and oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid and indextrinoid, acyanophilous basidiospores, 5–5.8 × 2.8–3.5 μm. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS sequences showed that X. kunmingensis belongs to the genus Xylodon and formed a single group with a high support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and grouped with the related species X. astrocystidiatus, X. crystalliger and X. paradoxus. Both morphological and molecular evidences confirmed the placement of the new species in Xylodon.

<p><strong>A new species of <em>Sidera (</em>Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from tropical Asia</strong></p>

A new poroid wood- rotting fungus, Sidera vesiculosa, is described from Singapore based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis. The species is characterized by annual, resupinate and waxy fresh basidiocarps, small pores measuring 7–9 per mm, a monomitic hyphal system with vesicular cells, the presence of rosette-like crystals, allantoid to lunate basidiospores measuring 2.9–3.7 × 0.6–1.0 μm, and causing a white rot. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from ITS and nLSU sequences indicates that the new species forms a distinct lineage with strong support and is closely related to Sidera lowei.

Phlebia ailaoshanensis sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses

A new wood-inhabiting fungus, Phlebia ailaoshanensis, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The species is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with tuberculate to phlebioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with slightly thick-walled generative hyphae bearing simple septa, IKI–, CB– and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB– basidiospores measuring as 5.7–8.5 × 3–4.3 µm. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that P. ailaoshanensis belonged to the Meruliaceae and nested into the phlebioid clade. Further investigation was obtained for more representative taxa in the Phlebia based on ITS+nLSU sequences, in which the result demonstrated that the species P. ailaoshanensis formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and then grouped with P. acanthocystis, P. chrysocreas, P. ludoviciana, P. subcretacea and P. uda.

Odontia aculeata and O. sparsa, two new species of tomentelloid fungi (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) from the secondary forests of northeast China

Two new tomentelloid basidiomycetes, Odontia aculeata and O. sparsa, are described from secondary forests of northeastern China. Odontia aculeata is characterized by resupinate, arachnoid and brownish basidiocarps, a hydnoid hymenophore, a differentiated dimitic hyphal structure in the rhizomorphs with clamp connections on the generative hyphae, a monomitic hyphal system in the subiculum and irregular subglobose basidiospores with verruculose ornamentation. O. sparsa is characterized by resupinate, arachnoid, continuous and brown basidiocarps, smooth or with sparsely distributed spines, a differentiated dimitic hyphal structure in the rhizomorphs with simple-septate generative hyphae, a dimitic hyphal system in the subiculum and verruculose basidiospores. Molecular phylogeny inferred from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data indicated that the two new species clustered with the other species of Odontia with strong support. These two new species are described and illustrated in this paper.

A new species in Aleurodiscus s.l. (Stereaceae, Russulales) from Iran

Aleurodiscus persicus sp. nov. is described from Iran, based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU regions as well as on its morphology. The species is characterized by resupinate, whitish to grayish cream, crustose basidiocarps, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped hyphae, presence of acanthophyses, cylindrical to clavate to submoniliform gloeocystidia, and ellipsoid, amyloid basidiospores measuring ca. 8.3–10 × (4.7–) 5–5.8 µm. The new combination Aleurodiscus graminicola (basionym Gloeomyces graminicola) is proposed.

Heliocybe villosa sp. nov., a new member to the genus Heliocybe (Gloeophyllales)

Heliocybe villosa sp. nov. from southern China, is described, illustrated and discussed here based on its distinct morphological characters and molecular data. It is characterized by a yellowish brown pileus densely covered with orange brown villous hairs or flocci, white and close lamellae with serrated edge, broadly cylindric to subreniform basidiospores 7–9 × 3–3.5 μm, and monomitic hyphal system without clamp connections. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region further confirmed its placement in Heliocybe, and the second recorded species for this genus.

Phylloporia minuta sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales): a remarkable species discovered in a small protected urban area of Atlantic Forest

During fungal surveys in a small urban Protected Area in Southern Brazil a species of Phylloporia was found with its minute basidiomata emerging from living stems of Doliocarpus schottianus. It is characterized by pileate and strikingly small basidiomata, context with a black line separating an upper tomentum, 3–7(–8) pores per mm, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid basidiospores. In phylogenetic analysis based on partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA sequences, these specimens are resolved as a new clade within Phylloporia. The species is therefore described as P. minuta sp. nov. Ecological data (host and distribution) and the importance of small and urban protected areas are discussed

Multiple genes phylogeny and morphological characters reveal Dextrinoporus aquaticus gen. et sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from southern China

Dextrinoporus aquaticus gen. et sp. nov. is proposed based on ITS, nLSU, RPB2, and mtSSU genes molecular phylogeny and morphological characteristics from southwestern China. The new species is characterized by an annual, pileate basidiocarp with a poroid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system, thick-walled generative hyphae with dextrinoid and cyanophilous reactions, presence of dendrohyphidia and ellipsoid, thin-walled, and acyanophilous basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on four gene sequences indicate that D. aquaticus belongs to Polyporaceae in which it has an isolated position, and the new taxon is related to the clade of Lopharia cinerascens and Dentocorticium sulphurellum.

Porostereum sp., Associated with Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), is a Latent Pathogen Capable of Producing Phytotoxic Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive spices in the world due to its medicinal and aromatic value. However, saffron production is severely affected by the corm rot disease throughout the saffron producing countries. In this study, we report a basidiomycetous latent pathogen of saffron, designated as CSE26, capable of producing phytotoxic compounds. CSE26 is a highly odorous basidiomycete with monomitic hyphal system. Molecular phylogeny of ITS and 28S ribosomal gene sequence of CSE26 assigned it as Porostereum spadiceum. It was found to produce corm rot in C. sativus under in vivo and field conditions, with a disease severity index of 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. CSE26 was found to produce chlorinated aromatic compounds (CAMs) having phytotoxic activity against Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, these compounds may be acting as pathogenic determinants of CSE26. However, there is a need to study the level of production of these CAMs by this fungus in the natural environment and their effects on plant health.

Inonotus castanopsidis sp. nov. (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from southwestern China

A new species, Inonotus castanopsidis, is described from southwestern China on the basis of morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. It is characterized by having a perennial and resupinate to effused-reflected basidiomata with greyish yellow to lavender pore surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septate generative hyphae, which are rarely branched, presence of both hyphoid and hymenial setae, and ellipsoid to subglobose, yellowish, thick-walled basidiospores. Detailed description with illustration is provided for the new species and its relationships with similar species are discussed.

Elaphroporia ailaoshanensis gen. et sp. nov. in Polyporales (Basidiomycota).

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Elaphroporia, typified by E. ailaoshanensis sp. nov., is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The genus is characterised by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps, becoming rigid and light-weight up on drying, a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae bearing both clamp connections and simple septa, slightly amyloid, CB+ and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth and IKI–, CB– basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that Elaphroporia belonged to the residual polyporoid clade and was closely related to Junghuhnia crustacea. Further investigation was obtained for more representative taxa in the Meruliaceae based on ITS+nLSU sequences, in which the result demonstrated that the genus Elaphroporia formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100 % BS, 100 % BP, 1.00 BPP) and then grouped with Flaviporus and Steccherinum.

Rigidotubus tephroleucus gen. et sp. nov. (Cystostereaceae, Agaricales) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Rigidotubus, is proposed to accommodate R. tephroleucus sp. nov. based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. The genus is characterized by tough and poroid basidiomata, white to grayish white pore surface, white sterile margin, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, ovoid to ellipsoid basidiospores negative in Melzer’s reagent and Cotton Blue. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (28S) ribosomal RNA gene regions confirmed that Rigidotubus belongs to Cystostereaceae in Agaricales. A key to the accepted genera of Cystostereaceae is provided.

New systematic position of Aurantiporus alborubescens (Meruliaceae, Basidiomycota), a threatened old-growth forest polypore

Odoria (Meruliaceae, Basidiomycota) is described as a new genus established for the threatened old-growth forest polypore Phaeolus alborubescens that was previously discussed in Aurantiporus or Tyromyces. It is characterized by the annual pinkish white spongy basidiocarp with strong sweetish smell, turning pale brown when drying, and has a positive reaction with KOH solution, the lack of cystidia, and the monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae often covered with fine orange crystals. Multigene phylogenetic analyses based on a combined (5.8S–nucLSU–rpb1–rpb2) and a single locus (nrITS) dataset place Odoria in Meruliaceae (Phlebioid clade), close to Crustodontia, Sarcodontia, Luteoporia, and Phlebiporia. Molecular as well as anatomical study of the old type specimen of P. alborubescens is also provided.