Monolingual Dictionaries Research Articles

Параметрический анализ украинской лексики

The paper addresses quantitative analysis of the Ukrainian vocabulary. The object of the research are lexicographic sources: bilingual Ukrainian-Russian and monolingual dictionaries of the Ukrainian (phraseological, synonymic). The main method of research is parametric analysis, developed by V. T. Titov. The point of the method is selection of four sets of words step-by-step, which reflect four important systemic characteristics of vocabulary (usage, co-occurrence-range, number of meanings and richness of synonymous connections). The study puts them as functional, syntagmatic, epigmatic and paradigmatic parameters. The functional core of the Ukrainian vocabulary is made up of lexemes with a length of 2 to 5 sounds. The syntagmatic core of the Ukrainian vocabulary is represented by 1395 words with from 2 to 122 phraseological units. The epidigmatic core of the Ukrainian vocabulary is made up of lexemes with the number of meanings from 3 to 10. The paradigmatic core includes synonymic row with from 7 to 66 members. These varieties combined allow to identify the lexico-semantic core of the Ukrainian (the words included in three and four private cores). The research made it possible to find the dominant of the lexico-semantic system of the Ukrainian. This is the verb “іти”. Since the lexical composition of the language is represented as a system of interacting lexico-semantic fields the paper was about to identify the fields that are most important for the lexical system of the Ukrainian. The results obtained may be used in typological and comparative studies.

АКЦЕНТУАЦІЙНА ВАРІАНТНІСТЬ ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРНІЙ МОВІ: ДІАХРОННИЙ ВИМІР

The article elucidates the accent variation of adverbs in Standard Ukrainian of the 19th-21st c. with special attention to their origin and usage history. The author demonstrates that some composite adverbs have two accent variants due to century-old differences in their accentuation in the West and East variants of Standard Ukrainian. Taking into account similar and different features of some adverbs’ accentuation in East and West Ukrainian, she shows how these differences were registered in 19th c. dictionaries, and, occasionally, in 18th с. accented texts as well as 17th c. dictionaries. Dialect texts, too, demonstrate various stages of dual accentuation emergence in oral speech. Her analysis of T. Shevchenko’s poems determined that in his idiolect, adverb accentuation prevails of his native Middle-Dnieper dialect. The author discusses how groups of adverbs with variant prefix/root stress were treated by lexicographers in the 2nd half of the 20th c.–the early 21st c. In 19th c. dictionaries, they mostly have a root stress, and rarely a stress on the prefix на- or dual accentuation. The recessive prefix stress is shown to be historically determined. Due to contemporary usage, linguists’ opinions, and personal preferences and uncertainties of pronouncing and monolingual dictionaries compilers, 20th -21st dictionaries are not always consistent in registering accent variants of some adverbs. Now some adverbs lack fixed accentuation. The author proves that accent variants of Modern Standard Ukrainian adverbs are results of lengthy historic evolution featuring both dialect interaction and analogy influence.

Violation of the lexical norm in the modern newspaper language

This article assesses language as a key component in the development of media linguistics. Given that the main purpose of “language criticism” is to identify and correct shortcomings, it is im-portant to critically assess both incorrect and correct options when dealing with language pro-ducts. The paper puts special emphasis on the language of the media which needs to be normative. The author explores the development of newspaper language in terms of lexical norm vio la tion in the 1920s and 1930s. This article discusses equivalents to non-normative use of words in the daily all-Ukrainian newspaper The Day, one of the most popular publications in the ranking of national media. On the basis of various monolingual dictionaries of Standard Ukrainian and bilingual Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries, the author analyzes the use of tokens/lexemes napruha ‘voltage’, vidbyvaty‘to reflect’, pizniše ‘later’ in newspaper publications. Thus, the word napruha ‘voltage’ should be used only as a technical, physical term; in other cases it is napružennia ‘tension’. When it comes to expression, reproduction, an embodiment in images, it is correct to use vidobražaty ‘to reflect, re-mind of’, viddzerkaluvaty ‘to mirror’ but not vidbyvaty ‘to reflect’. As for pizniše ‘later’, it indicates a period after the time mentioned. It differs in its lexical meaning from zhodom ‘afterwards’ (some time after something) and potim ‘later’ (happening after something, following in time or space, no clear indication of time). Keywords: non-normative use, lexeme, dictionaries, newspaper publications.

English legalese translation into Indonesian

One of the difficulties in translating English legal texts derives from the uses of specialized language, also known as “legalese“. This research is a preliminary study which sets out to investigate the translation of English legalese into Indonesian in four open-accessed agreements. The data in English, which cover terms and expressions commonly used in legal documents, are classified into seven categories of legal English features. Their Indonesian translations are analysed by using Indonesian dictionaries to discover whether they can be considered as Indonesian legal language. The research finds that most English legalese terms and expressions studied are translated using common words and expressions, which can be looked up in the official monolingual Indonesian dictionary (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia/KBBI) but cannot be found in an Indonesian law dictionary. Therefore, it is concluded that Indonesian legal language is not yet established.

Metaphoricity of Lexemes from the Lexical Field Family in English and Porodica in Serbian

Relying on the theory of conceptual metaphor, this paper contrastively analyses lexemes from the lexical field family in English (family, father, mother, son, daughter, sister, brother) and porodica in Serbian (porodica, otac, majka, sin, kći, sestra, brat). The aim of the paper is to establish similarities and differences between metaphorical meanings of these lexemes and, on the basis of that, to determine the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural similarities and differences between these two languages. The analysis is based on the material excerpted from monolingual dictionaries of English and Serbian. Numerous similarities have been established between the lexemes from this lexical field, which is probably a consequence of the common European cultural space and the Christian foundation upon which it rests.

LEXICOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF THE TOURISM TERMS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

Theoretical lexicography studies the history of lexicography, types of dictionaries, requirements for dictionaries, critical analysis of existing dictionaries, practical lexicography deals with the study, compilation, improvement and consumption of a certain type of vocabulary. Practical lexicography involves the application of general theoretical principles and rules of lexicography in the process of creating a dictionary. The ambiguity of terms, the meaning of terms, the essence of the concept, the excessive length, complex phrases are inconvenient, with an excessive number of foreign terms. The creation of a glossary of terminology in various fields in response to the above problems is an urgent task of modern lexicography. It is very important for a lexicographer to work with a specialist in the field from the beginning to the end of the terminology system development process. There are good reasons for this. When developing a dictionary of common words, the lexicographer himself/herself can easily provide accurate and detailed explanations of words, as well as develop examples of authorship. To explain specific terms and understand the situations in which they are used, the lexicographer must have not only linguistic knowledge, but also an understanding of this specific area. Bilingual dictionaries are more practical than textual content. This, of course, requires a lot of volumes. For this reason, it is not for nothing that monolingual dictionaries cover more terms than translation dictionaries. For dictionaries of practical translation, the functional value of the term is important, that is, the user must be able to use the dictionary in order to understand a certain word in the correct context, understand it from a communicative point of view and understand it himself/herself. Bidirectional dictionaries do not mean they are bicultural. The lexicographic interpretation of the tourism terms in active and passive translation dictionaries differs: in passive dictionaries an explanation of a foreign word in the native language is given, in active dictionaries foreign equivalents are found by means of a word in the native language.

Obraz sprawiedliwości w języku chorwackim

This paper analyses the linguistic concept of justice (pravda) in Croatian according to the methodology of the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School. Recent monolingual dictionaries of Croatian typically list only one meaning of the lexeme pravda and lexicographic definitions focus on the social aspect of the term. The paper also analyses the relationship of this lexeme with others (synonyms, antonyms) and lists phrases and sayings related to pravda. An analysis of a corpus of Croatian texts (of the last 150 years) and the results of a survey (100 respondents) point to weaknesses in lexicographic definitions of the lexeme pravda, as well as to the complexity of the concept of pravda in Croatian. According to the results of the survey, the most important characteristics of pravda are equality and acting on merit, followed by the ethical aspect (respect, morality, truth) and the psychological aspect (satisfaction/happiness, freedom, conscience).

Processing of Semantic Relationships in a Monolingual Dictionary for Creation of Machine-Readable Resources

Dictionaries are a useful and accessible resource which exists practically in all languages around the world. Their content is structured following very well-known rules, which interconnect their entries in different kind of semantic relationships. In this paper, different methods are applied to process verb definitions to identify semantic relationships among the entries of a monolingual dictionary. Synonyms, hyponymies/ hypernymies and simple collocations are the semantic content we could process for creating machine-readable semantic resources. We think that this kind of processing could be useful for less-resourced languages.

The Impact of Online Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries on Vocabulary Learning

The studies on the comparison of online monolingual dictionary (OMD) and online bilingual dictionary (OBD) for English on undergraduate level have not been carried out. The objective of this study is therefore to identify the impact of online monolingual and online bilingual dictionary use in vocabulary acquisition and retention among undergraduates. Forty Engineering undergraduates in their first term at CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) B1 level in proficiency were selected after having a pretest and this sample of students knew none of the intended vocabulary to be tested. The students were randomly allocated into two groups: Online Monolingual Dictionary (OMD) and Online Bilingual Dictionary (OBD) groups. Both groups were exposed to an unknown set of ten academic words using an online monolingual dictionary and an online bilingual dictionary (English-Sinhala/ English-Tamil) respectively. They were instructed to find the meanings of the target words using the respective dictionary. The same vocabulary tests, immediate test and posttest were then administered in both groups to check the effectiveness of the treatments. While the results of these two tests demonstrated that both groups were able to acquire and retain vocabulary under each online dictionary use, the independent sample t-test confirmed that mean scores of the immediate test and posttest were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the OMD group than the corresponding values in the OBD group, irrespective of whether the variances between two groups were equal or not. The results confirmed that online monolingual dictionary use is significantly effective over online bilingual dictionary use in vocabulary acquisition and retention. Online monolingual dictionaries are thus recommended as a more successful tool to be used by English as a Second language (ESL) learners to improve vocabulary of the undergraduates.

Reflexiones acerca de la clasificación de las obras lexicográficas (semi)bilingües para el aprendizaje de lenguas

Las obras lexicográficas (semi)bilingües son repertorios híbridos que mezclan características de diccionarios bilingües y monolingües. Por ese motivo, la metalexicografía entiende tales obras lexicográficas como complejas y bajo esa designación insertan diccionarios de características muy diversas, lo que conlleva que esas obras han tenido investigaciones muy escuetas y una producción lexicográfica escasa. Se ha observado que tanto la concepción como también la designación de los diccionarios (semi)bilingües varían mucho, de manera que en ese estudio se los concibe como un nuevo subtipo de obra lexicográfica interlingüe. En ese contexto, los principios clasificatorios que describen esas obras lexicográficas no han sido establecidos de forma satisfactoria, por ello proponemos esa reflexión partiendo de una propuesta taxonómica. La dificultad en elaborar una propuesta de clasificación para las obras (semi)bilingües radica en aunar criterios lingüísticos, históricos y culturales, además del hecho que las obras que existen presentan sistemáticamente una combinación de rasgos de diferentes diccionarios. Aún así, se defiende la importancia de la elaboración de principios clasificatorios para los diccionarios (semi)bilingües por entender que eso aporta conocimientos que refinan los principios de recopilación de esas obras lexicográficas y culminan en la mejoría de su calidad lingüística y lexicográfica.

Logodaedalus: Word Histories of Ingenuity in Early Modern Europe

Logodaedalus: Word Histories of Ingenuity in Early Modern Europe

Single-clause when-defining models in English monolingual pedagogical dictionaries

Abstract The paper is concerned with the single-clause when-definition, which is a common folk-defining style that has been established by lexicographers in English monolingual learners’ dictionaries (the Big Five), especially the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. In brief, the single-clause when-definition format can be applied to explain the meaning of abstract nouns and it closely resembles the double-clause (full-sentence) definition, which can also begin with a subordinating conjunction such as when or if. However, the when-definition does not include the word which is being defined (definiendum) and it is formed out of a single, subordinate clause. This definition-type has received metalexicographers’ attention as it appears to, in general, limit the effectiveness of correct extraction of word class information from abstract noun entries in contrast to the traditional defining model – the analytical definition. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate two types of single-clause when-defining models: (1) when + personal pronoun; and (2) when + indefinite pronoun (someone/something).1 The collected evidence from the Linear Mixed-effects Modelling analysis indicates that the effect of when-definition type on syntactic class identification accuracy is statistically significant at the 8% level of significance, with the when + personal pronoun defining style being the superior defining model.

Библейские основы концептуализации земли в английской лингвокультуре (мотив сотворения человека в эпической поэме Дж. Мильтона «Потерянный рай»)

The main purpose of this paper is to describe the cognitive signs of dust in the acroconcept “earth/ land” in the aspect of Christian influence on the consciousness of native speakers of English. For material the author turned to English fiction of different periods and monolingual English dictionaries. The key methods applied in this paper are descriptive, conceptual, comparative, and interpretative. According to the study, the structure of the macroconcept “earth/land” in English linguoculture contains religious signs related to the Christian cult, namely to the motif of the creation of man. The English version of King James Bible states that God created man from “dust of the ground”. The analysis of dictionary entries revealed 17 cognitive signs of dust, including the following: ‘dry natural matter’, ‘decay’, ‘confusion/fuss/disturbance’, ‘humiliation/low state, ‘ground/surface’, ‘small dry particles of dirt’, ‘dust cloud’, ‘low value’, ‘residue/waste ready for collection’, ‘individual particle’, ‘gold dust’, ‘corpse’, ‘(mortal) body of man’, ‘ashes/soot/coal/brick/chalk/garbage’, ‘place of burial’, ‘money/cash’, and ‘silicosis/respiratory disease’. The author found 15 of the aforementioned cognitive signs of dust in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, some of which express syncretic concepts. The article singles out six clusters of cognitive signs of dust in modern English linguoculture: 1) agricultural: the Garden of Eden; 2) somatic; 3) material; 4) territorial: a) place of residence, b) place of rest; 5) valuable, of ambivalent nature; 6) mental, emotional and moral. The third – material – cluster is the most diverse in terms of the number of cognitive signs.

An Influential Technological Assistance: Consulting English Monolingual Dictionary Application in Evaluating Student’s English Writing

This research was aimed to describe English Monolingual Dictionary Application, time to consult it, reasons to consult, and the advantages of consulting it in evaluating student’s English writing.The method of this study used descriptive qualitative and two kinds of instruments, namely interview, and documentation. There were three teachers being interviewed. This research resulted that they consulted Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary (OALD) 9th edition and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) 6th edition available on their own mobile phones. The teachers agreed that they must have consulted their English Monolingual Dictionary Application every time they found unfamiliar words during teaching academic writing especially during evaluating student’s writing. They consulted their English Monolingual Dictionary Application in view of some factors; namely, to confirm meaning, to check spelling, to check the examples of sentences, to check word classes, meaning, and to know whether the words used were grammatically applied well or not and to find synonym for paraphrase After analyzing the finding, the researcher gives some suggestions to the writing teachers, the English teacher, and reader. For the English writing teachers, they are expected to be able to consult English Monolingual Dictionary Application because this research showed that English Monolingual Dictionary Application provided so much help to support teaching in the class especially when evaluating student’s writing product.

Del léxico a la deixis social: reflexiones sobre las formas de tratamiento en el ámbito de la traducción

Ao assumir a inexistência de uma sinonímia pura entre duas línguas naturais, nos indagamos sobre a abrangência desse postulado a unidades linguísticas que agregam informação gramatical, como é o caso de duas formas pronominais de segunda pessoa. A partir dessa consideração inicial, o presente artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre os seguintes questionamentos: (i) quais significados podem ser verificados em dicionários monolíngues a respeito dos pronomes de tratamento singular do espanhol; (ii) que relações é possível estabelecer entre o significado léxico e a dêixis social vinculada pelas formas pronominais de segunda pessoa; e (iii) que impactos traz o fenômeno ao ofício da tradução. O debate substancialmente teórico aqui proposto se fundamenta tanto no campo da Linguística como no dos Estudos da Tradução recobrando teorias sobre dêixis social, cortesia verbal e postulados da Tradutologia.

Dictionary usage in teaching a mother tongue with reference to Sesotho

This study investigated the effectiveness of dictionary use in reading and writing Sesotho as a mother tongue. The study was prompted by the fact that some students believe that they do not need dictionaries in a mother tongue class and as a result, Sesotho dictionaries are not used in Lesotho schools. The aim of the study was to determine if there was any significant difference in the students’ performance when reading and writing with or without the assistance of a dictionary. The study employed a communicative-oriented approach. It compared the scores of dictionary users and non-dictionary users for reading comprehension and production of sentences. All 434 (Grade 11) of the participating high school students from the lowlands and the highlands areas of Lesotho were given the same test. The participants were tested on their capability to use the selected words in sentences and on their comprehension of the target words. One group in each of the locations used dictionaries, while the other group answered the questions without the use of dictionaries. Among the dictionary users, some made use of the Sesuto-English Dictionary, which is a bilingual dictionary, while others consulted Sethantšo sa Sesotho, a monolingual dictionary. The study reveals that dictionary usage in a mother tongue language class improved students’ performance significantly as compared to non-dictionary use.

Updating the dictionary: Semantic change identification based on change in bigrams over time

We investigate a method of updating a Danish monolingual dictionary with new semantic information on already included lemmas in a systematic way, based on the hypothesis that the variation in bigrams over time in a corpus might indicate changes in the meaning of one of the words. The method combines corpus statistics with manual annotations. The first step consists in measuring the collocational change in a homogeneous newswire corpus with texts from a 14 year time span, 2005 through 2018, by calculating all the statistically significant bigrams. These are then applied to a new version of the corpus that is split into one sub-corpus per year. We then collect all the bigrams that do not appear at all in the first three years, but appear at least 20 times in the following 11 years. The output, a dataset of 745 bigrams considered to be potentially new in Danish, are double annotated, and depending on the annotations and the inter-annotator agreement, either discarded or divided into groups of relevant data for further investigation. We then carry out a more thorough lexicographical study of the bigrams in order to determine the degree to which they support the identification of new senses and lead to revised sense inventories for at least one of the words Furthermore we study the relation between the revisions carried out, the annotation values and the degree of inter-annotator agreement. Finally, we compare the resulting updates of the dictionary with Cook et al. (2013), and discuss whether the method might lead to a more consistent way of revising and updating the dictionary in the future.

El marcador del discurso del español peninsular claro y sus posibles traducciones en italiano

In the previous works we analyzed, in contrast to Italian, two abundant conversational discourse markers in European Spanish, hombre and bueno . Now we want to analyze, also in contrast to Italian, another common conversational discourse marker in European Spanish, claro , because we have observed that a very few number of studies have focused on it with a contrastive linguistic perspective. For this purpose, first we will make a brief summary of claro ’s main characteristics, then we will dedicate a few paragraphs to the treatment that this discourse marker received in some monolingual dictionaries and in other bilingual Italian-Spanish-Italian dictionaries. After that, we will recapitulate its main usage and value and, finally, we will discuss the translation solutions that we considered more appropriate in Italian, certainly the most interesting aspects of our work. Through them we will try to demonstrate that although at first sight claro tends to be almost automatically (and almost exclusively) translated as certo , which would imply the presence of few translation options compared with the translations of others conversational discourse markers as bien , hombre and bueno , on the other hand this discourse marker offers a wide range of translation solutions in the target language. This is the first of two works that we will dedicate to this subject. In our second article, which is in press, we will focus, always in contrast to Italian, on the combination between claro and others discourse markers of European Spanish. So far, there are not many pages that have been dedicated to this issue.

Written Dārija: “māšī məʿìqūl tǝktəb-ha bi-ḥurūf al-luġa al-ʿarabiyya!” It Is not Logical to Write It with the Arabic Letters! Media Reception of the Zakoura Dictionary Project

This study investigates written linguistic practices emerging from public debate in Morocco. Although Darija is increasingly used in writing, especially in online platforms, most of its users still stigmatize it. In 2017 the Zakoura Foundation edited the first monolingual dictionary of Darija, a fervently debated initiative. So, this analysis aims to show the limits of such codification initiative, and factors which affect language ideology in Morocco. Therefore, a corpus of articles and readers’ comments on the Zakoura Dictionary of two Moroccan digital newspapers, Goud and Hespress, has been analyzed, quantitively and qualitatively, in order to compare the opinions about language and the language varieties in which they were expressed.

Written Dārija: “māšī mə‘qūl tǝktəb-ha bi-ḥurūf al-luġa al-‘arabiyya!” It Is not Logical to Write It with the Arabic Letters!

This study investigates written linguistic practices emerging from public debate in Morocco. Although Darija is increasingly used in writing, especially in online platforms, most of its users still stigmatize it. In 2017 the Zakoura Foundation edited the first monolingual dictionary of Darija, a fervently debated initiative. So, this analysis aims to show the limits of such codification initiative, and factors which affect language ideology in Morocco. Therefore, a corpus of articles and readers’ comments on the Zakoura Dictionary of two Moroccan digital newspapers, Goud and Hespress, has been analyzed, quantitively and qualitatively, in order to compare the opinions about language and the language varieties in which they were expressed.