Monofilament Nylon Research Articles

Technical review of encircling ringed gillnet for gillnet standardization in Indonesia

Abstract A technical review of encircling ringed gill nets for gillnet standardization in Indonesia is necessary to determine the design and construction by the waters and their fish target. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and design of fishing gear, including dimension, shape, and construction. The result of the identification of encircling ringed gillnet belonging to the local fishermen associated with the size of black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) as the fished target is used for the preparation of fishing gear standardization materials for the concerned by adjusting the size of fish target by measuring a fish length of about 150 up to 250 mm or a fish body circumference of about 300 up to 400 mm. As a result, the encircling ringed gillnet is made of nylon monofilament diameter 0.35 mm, and PE 380 d/6 mesh size 76,2 mm, ML = 2879 mesh, and MD = 218 mesh with an upper rope length of 120.65 m shorter than the lower rope 142,6 m. This Gillnet has a buoyancy of 173.6 grf/m and a sinking power of 124,7 grf/m or a buoyancy ratio of 1,39 sinking power. The gillnet is trapezoidal-shaped, operated by making the circumference of the net to fish closed around FAD (Fish Aggregating Device) near waters of more than 20 m depth with an attached net height of 13,30 m.

Impact of Wound Closure Technique on Surgical Site Infection After Lower Extremity Bypass Surgery

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most common complications after lower extremity bypass (LEB). Both patient and hospital-related factors have been associated with SSI after LEB; however, the impact of surgical closure technique on SSI incidence remains unclear. Institutional electronic medical records (EMRs) were retrospectively queried for all LEB procedures performed from 2018 to 2022. Data were collected on patient demographics, medical comorbidities, operative details, wound closure techniques, and postoperative outcomes. Closure techniques included skin staples, absorbable monofilament (Monocryl), nonabsorbable monofilament (Nylon), or left open to heal by secondary intention. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify risk factors and calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for postoperative SSI. A total of 517 patients underwent LEB surgery over the study period. SSI was diagnosed in 120 (23.2%) patients over a median follow-up period of 1.5years. The most common SSI locations were groin incision (40.0%), saphenectomy (31.7%), and leg incision (19.2%). The median onset of SSI was 18.5d (interquartile range [IQR] 11-28d) post-LEB surgery. Patients with SSI had higher body mass index (BMI) (28.2 [IQR 24.2-33.5] vs. 26.6 [23.1-31.5] kg/m2, P=0.03) compared with non-SSI patients. Patient age, sex, and medical comorbidities were otherwise similar between groups. There were no differences in closure technique (79.2% vs. 78.1% staples, 18.3% vs. 19.7% Monocryl, 0.8% vs. 1.8% Nylon, 1.7% vs. 0.5% open; P=0.53) in SSI versus non-SSI groups. On multivariate analysis, patient BMI (OR 1.04 per unit, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.08, P=0.02), reoperative field (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.00-3.25, P=0.03), and active smoking (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.12-6.59, P=0.048) were independently associated with increased SSI incidence. Postoperative SSI resulted in prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS) (7 vs. 6days, P=0.04), unplanned hospital readmission (49.2% vs. 12.3%, P<0.001), and reoperation rates (64.7% vs. 8.1%, P<0.001). Bypass graft infection rates were also higher among patients suffering postoperative SSI (9.2% vs. 0.0%, P<0.001). On subset analysis of patients at increased risk of postoperative SSI, as found on multivariate modeling, there were no differences in closure technique between SSI and no SSI groups. This study provides insights on wound closure techniques and postoperative SSI made available through granular, operative data that are not found in large database analyses. Surgical wound closure technique was not associated with postoperative SSI after LEB surgery, even among patients at increased risk of infection. These data support individualization of wound closure techniques among patients undergoing LEB surgery.

Comparison of nylon, vicryl, and fibrin glue for nerve grafting in rats

ABSTRACT Objectives For nerve injuries, not amendable to tensionless epineural coaptation of the nerve, autografts are the preferred treatment. Although absorbable sutures are not recommended for nerve repair, there is no evidence that non-absorbable sutures are superior to absorbable sutures. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of non-absorbable monofilament nylon sutures, absorbable monofilament vicryl sutures, and fibrin glue when used for nerve grafting. Methods Lewis rats (N = 32) were subjected to a sciatic nerve transection and randomly assigned to a group: graft with Nylon, graft with Vicryl, graft with Fibrin Glue, or no graft. Motor function, sensory function, and thermal pain were assessed during a 12-week recovery period, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess macrophage response. Results At 12 weeks, the Vicryl and Nylon groups had significantly larger ankle angles at to lift off, which is a measure of motor function, compared to injured controls (p < 0.05). Grafted rats displayed no difference in thermal response but hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli compared to the uninjured hindlimb. The Nylon, Vicryl, and Fibrin Glue groups all had significantly less atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle compared to injured controls (p < 0.0001). In the Fibrin Glue group, 3/9 grafts did not incorporate. The Nylon group had significantly less (p = 0.0004) axon growth surrounding the suture holes compared to the Vicryl group. There were no differences in the axon counts, motor neurons, or sensory neurons between all grafted rats. Conclusions These results demonstrate that vicryl sutures work just as well as nylon for nerve recovery after injury and grafting.

Skimmianine Showed Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of skimmianine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Twenty-four female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR), and IR + Skimmianine (40 mg/kg Skimmianine). Cerebral ischemia was induced using a monofilament nylon suture to occlude the middle cerebral artery for 60 min. Following 23 h of reperfusion, the animals were sacrificed 14 days later. The effects of skimmianine on brain tissue post-IR injury were examined through biochemical and immunochemical analyses. In silico analysis using the Enrichr platform explored skimmianine's potential biological processes involving IBA-1, IL-6, and NF-κB proteins. In the IR group, MDA levels increased, while SOD and CAT antioxidant enzyme activities decreased. In the IR + Skimmianine group, skimmianine treatment resulted in decreased MDA levels and increased SOD and CAT activities. Significant increases in IBA-1 expression were observed in the IR group, which skimmianine treatment significantly reduced, modulating microglial activation. High levels of IL-6 expression were noted in pyramidal neurons, vascular structures, and neuroglial cells in the IR group; skimmianine treatment reduced IL-6 expression, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects. Increased NF-κB expression was observed in neurons and blood vessels in the gray and white matter in the IR group; skimmianine treatment reduced NF-κB expression. Gene Ontology results suggest skimmianine impacts immune and inflammatory responses via IBA-1 and IL-6, with potential effects on estrogen mechanisms mediated by NF-κB. Skimmianine may be a potential therapeutic strategy due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral IR injury.

Novel 3D textile structures and geometries for electrofluidics.

The integration of microfluidics with electric field control, commonly referred to as electrofluidics, has led to new opportunities for biomedical analysis. The requirement for closed microcapillary channels in microfluidics, typically formed via complex microlithographic fabrication approaches, limits the direct accessibility to the separation processes during conventional electrofluidic devices. Textile structures provide an alternative and low-cost approach to overcome these limitations via providing open and surface-accessible capillary channels. Herein, we investigate the potential of different 3D textile structures for electrofluidics. In this study, 12 polyester yarns were braided around nylon monofilament cores of different diameters to produce functional 3D core-shell textile structures. Capillary electrophoresis performances of these 3D core-shell textile structures both before and after removing the nylon core were evaluated in terms of mobility and bandwidth of a fluorescence marker compound. It was shown that the fibre arrangement and density govern the inherent capillary formation within these textile structures which also impacts upon the solute analyte mobility and separation bandwidth during electrophoretic studies. Core-shell textile structures with a 0.47mm nylon core exhibited the highest fluorescein mobility and presented a narrower separation bandwidth. This optimal textile structure was readily converted to different geometries via a simple heat-setting of the central nylon core. This approach can be used to fabricate an array of miniaturized devices that possess many of the basic functionalities required in electrofluidics while maintaining open surface access that is otherwise impractical in classical approaches.

A Modified Model Preparation for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Reperfusion.

The middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R) model is crucial for understanding the pathological mechanisms of stroke and for drug development.However, among the commonly used modeling methods, the Koizumi method often faces scrutiny due to its ligation of the common carotid artery (CCA) and its inability to achieve adequate reperfusion. Similarly, the Longa method has been criticized for disconnecting and ligating the external carotid artery (ECA). This study aims to introduce a modified model preparation method that preserves the integrity of the ECA, involves inserting a monofilament nylon suture through the CCA, repairing the ligated CCA incision, and maintaining reperfusion from the CCA. Reperfusion of blood flow was confirmed using laser speckle flow imaging. Evaluation methods such as the Longa scale, Modified Neurological Severity Score, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and immunofluorescence labeling of neurons demonstrated that this approach could induce stable ischemic nerve damage. This modified MCAO/R model protocol is simple and stable, providing valuable guidance for practitioners in the field of cerebral ischemia.

Evaluation and Characterization of Ultrasonic Cutting of Monofilament Nylon

Nylon (polyamide) is a typical composite base material, but its low hardness, poor rigidity, and low dimensional stability easily lead to burrs, fractures, curling, and other problems after nylon end faces are processed by conventional techniques. To prevent these problems, this article conducted experimental research comparing ultrasonic and conventional cutting of monofilament nylon and used the controlled variable method to analyze the micromorphology after cutting at different speeds and tensions. A novel ratio was also derived to characterize the topographic quality, and the feasibility and advantages of ultrasonic cutting of nylon were verified by evaluating the nylon surface quality under different cutting conditions. Test results showed layering on the rear face of nylon with ultrasonic cutting as well as a morphology quality directly proportional to the feed speed of the tool and inversely proportional to the tensile force exerted on the material. The end face of nylon after ultrasonic cutting provided a ratio 2.9% lower than that obtained from conventional cutting as well as a roughness reduction of 31.3%. Compared with conventional cutting, the end face was preserved, and no large-area breakage or edge curling occurred when using ultrasonic cutting. Moreover, a force analysis theoretically confirmed the advantages of ultrasonic cutting.

Comparison of mechanical and comfort properties of natural fiber-based spacer fabrics for shoe insole

The objective of this study is to develop an improved shoe insole that enhances heat and moisture transmission (thermo-physiological comfort) qualities, as well as its mechanical characteristics, through the utilization of weft knitting spacer fabric. Two samples were prepared. One sample was comprised of Tri-Blend knitted fabric layers, while the other sample was made using cotton knitted fabrics in both layers. These layers, in both samples, were connected by spacer yarns of monofilament nylon. Tri-blend fabric was made from Bamboo (80%), flax (15%), and polypropylene (5%). Monofilament nylon was used in spacer layer. Thermo-physiological comfort testing i.e., air permeability, moisture management and thermal resistance test were performed for all the samples. The investigation also established the correlation between the mechanical properties, such as puncture resistance and tactile comfort, of footwear materials and their interaction with the human body. The prepared samples of shoe insole were also compared with the commercially available insoles made from synthetic materials. The outcome of the study suggests that the natural fiber spacer fabric can be used as an alternative to rubber. In conclusion, the results of this study offer valuable insights for product developers seeking sustainable alternatives that can meet consumer demands for both wearability and comfort.

Biomechanical Analysis of a New Odd-Numbered Strand Suture Technique for Early Active Mobilization After Primary Flexor Tendon Repair

PurposeThe placement of multi-strand sutures during flexor tendon repair is complex and challenging. We developed a new, simpler nine-strand suture, which we term the Tajima nines. The Tajima nines repair method is a new odd-numbered strand tendon technique. MethodsFourteen porcine flexor tendons were transected and repaired using the Tajima nines repair method, without placement of peripheral sutures. This technique is a modification of the Lim and Tsai repair method; it uses a 4-0 monofilament nylon, three-strand line, and two needles. The repaired tendons were tested for linear, noncyclic, load-to-failure tensile strength. The initial gap, 2-mm gap-formation force, and ultimate strength were measured. ResultsThe initial gap-formation force was 27.9 ± 7.5 newtons (N), the 2-mm gap-formation force was 39.2 ± 4.7 N, and the ultimate strength was 76.7 ± 17.2 N. Eight, three, and three of the fourteen tendons repaired using the Tajima nines method demonstrated failure because of thread breakage, knot failure, and suture pull-out, respectively. ConclusionsThis biomechanical study demonstrated that Tajima nines repair was associated with particularly high initial tension at the repair site; there were minor variations in the initial load and 2-mm gap-formation load. Our results suggest that Tajima nines repair with peripheral suturing allows the repaired flexor tendon to tolerate the stresses encountered during early active mobilization. Clinical RelevanceThis simple nine-strand technique will be particularly useful for inexperienced surgeons who perform early active mobilization after primary flexor tendon repair, because the technique is a modification of the Lim and Tsai repair method using a triple strand instead of a double strand.

Prospective, multi-centric, international, single-arm, cohort study to assess a synthetic polyamide suture material in oral surgery to close the mucosa - MUCODA study.

ObjectivesThe aim was to collect different clinical parameters systematically and proactively regarding safety, effectiveness, and performance of a nylon monofilament suture under routine clinical practice for oral surgery. MethodsThe study design was prospective, bicentric, international, single-armed, and observational. A non-absorbable suture was applied to close the mucosa after different dental surgical interventions. Main objective was the incidence of combined postoperative complications until suture removal. The 95 % Confidence Interval (Agresti-Coull method) was used to prove the non-inferiority with a pre-specified upper margin of 21.9 %. Secondary variables were intraoperative suture handling, patient pain and satisfaction, wound healing, aesthetic appearance, and bacterial contamination. Results105 patients were enrolled. Complication rate was low (1.9 %), 2 swellings occurred. Pain was present for 1.61 days ± 1.42 after various dental interventions with an average pain level of 20.98 ± 22.60 (VAS). Patients with impacted third molar extraction showed the longest pain duration (6 days) combined with the highest mean pain level of 35.33 ± 30.45 (VAS). Intraoperative suture handling was very good to excellent. Suture removal was done after an average duration of 7.56 ± 2.09 days. Patient's satisfaction was high, and an excellent wound healing was reported by the dentists. Aesthetic appearance only performed in implant patients was rated by oral surgeons with an average of 96.19 ± 3.79 points [min. 80 – max. 100] at 5 months postoperatively. Thread bacterial analysis showed that F. nucleatum was the most present species. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the non-absorbable, nylon-based monofilament suture used is safe and quite suitable for oral mucosal closure after various dental surgical interventions such as tooth extraction, implant placement and impacted third molar extraction. Clinical significanceThis study showed the safe use of a non-absorbable, nylon-based monofilament suture for different oral surgical interventions under daily routine clinical practice.

Ghost Fishing Threatens Biodiversity in an African Great Lake

We conducted an investigation into ghost fishing, a phenomenon in which abandoned fishing equipment remains operational for extended durations, in the southern region of Lake Tanganyika, Republic of Zambia. The perils associated with ghost fishing have achieved international recognition; however, there exists a conspicuous dearth of scholarly investigations in particular regions, notably inland aquatic environments and developing countries. Employing scuba diving for field observations, we discovered that ghost fishing was solely evident in monofilament nylon nets, despite the presence of four different net types in the littoral area of the lake. Notably, endemic crabs Platythelphusa armata and P. maculata from Lake Tanganyika constituted 65.2% of the organisms captured by abandoned nets, with the remainder comprising various fish species. The number of captured organisms exhibited a dependence on the interplay between the length and mesh size of the abandoned nets, indicating that the risk of ghost fishing is heightened when both net and mesh size are substantial. Furthermore, we encountered predatory Spiny Eels Mastacembelus moorii ensnared in nets around their jaws and teeth. Intriguingly, the digestive tract of one of the Spiny Eels contained a partially digested cichlid species entangled in the same nets, strongly suggesting the occurrence of secondary ghost fishing.

Diamond ophthalmic burr-assisted deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty – Case series

This case series presents a simple technique using the diamond ophthalmic burr (DOB) to perform successful deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) in cases where the big-bubble technique is unsuitable or intraoperative Descemet membrane perforation occurs. Five patients underwent DOB-assisted DALK, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated, including best-corrected visual acuity, corneal astigmatism, residual host tissue thickness, and postoperative endothelial cell count. Manual corneal lamellar dissection was performed, followed by DOB-assisted pre-Descemet layer polishing and donor graft attachment using 16 (10-0) Monofilament Nylon sutures. The postoperative visual acuity significantly improved. DOB-assisted DALK is a viable alternative.

Endogenous Protein C Activation with AB002 Improves Outcomes in a Rat Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: The hemorrhagic side-effects of current thrombolytic agents limit their usefulness to a small subset of acute ischemic stroke patients. An early, effective, and hemostatically safe antithrombotic/neuroprotectant in addition to standard of care could improve outcomes. AB002 (E-WE thrombin) is an engineered recombinant thrombin analog (W215A/E217A) that activates cytoprotective and antithrombotic endogenous protein C on intravascular surfaces without any measurable procoagulant activity. In renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis, AB002 treatment reduced dialyzer clotting without increasing markers of hemostasis impairment or coagulation (NCT03963895). Preclinical studies also showed that AB002 exhibits potent antithrombotic/thrombolytic effects in a non-human primate model of acute vascular graft thrombosis, as well as reduces infarct size and improves outcomes in an experimental acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model in mice. Aims: Here, we evaluated whether neuroprotective effects of AB002 can be observed following middle cerebral artery occlusion-recanalization (MCAO-R) in rats. Methods: The local animal care and use committee approved all studies. 8 to 9-week-old male rats (275-377 g) were anesthetized under isoflurane and a small laser-Doppler probe was affixed to the skull to monitor cortical perfusion and verify vascular occlusion and reperfusion. A silicone-coated 4-0 nylon monofilament was inserted into the right internal carotid artery (ICA) via the external carotid artery (ECA) until the laser-Doppler signal dropped to &amp;lt; 30 % of baseline. To evaluate the effect of AB002 on outcomes, rats (n = 4/ group) were treated with 25 µg/kg (0.25 mL/kg; i.v.) or saline placebo, administered 30 min after induction of ischemia. Since prolongation of the activated partial plasminogen time (aPTT) is a pharmacologic effect of high dose drug exposure, a 0.45 mL blood sample was collected at 20 min post treatment from the right jugular vein, processed to plasma and frozen for subsequent aPTT evaluation. At 90 min, the filament was removed, the surgical incisions were sutured closed and postoperative animals were monitored during recovery. Neurological performance scores and weight were assessed daily for 4 days. Rats were sacrificed on day 7 post-surgery and infarct size was measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. To account for the effect of edema, the infarcted area was estimated indirectly by subtracting the non-infarcted area in the ipsilateral hemisphere from the contralateral hemisphere and expressing infarct volume as a percentage of contralateral hemisphere. APTT was measured in duplicate using a KC-4 coagulometer. All analyses were performed by researchers blinded to treatment. Results: Compared to placebo, rats that received AB002 exhibited less ischemic damage, evidenced by a statistically significant reduction in infarct volume of the cortex (32.3% versus 8.9%, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and hemisphere (28.0% versus 9.8%, P &amp;lt; 0.01). In addition, rats had better neurological scores and greater weight gains during recovery following treatment with AB002, compared to placebo. Mean aPTT values were higher in AB002 treated rats compared to placebo (34 ± 2.2 s versus 21 ± 1.6 s), confirming drug exposure. Conclusions: Treatment with AB002 during ischemia reduced infarct volume and improved outcomes in the rat experimental stroke model. Considering its neuroprotective and antithrombotic properties, we propose that early treatment with AB002 may confer outcome benefit for patients experiencing acute thrombotic emergencies.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Stitched Nylon Threads in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Two-Dimensional Multilayer Composite on Tensile Strength

Stitched filaments are known to modify the mechanical properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polymers 2D (GFRPs 2D), so studying the effect on mechanical properties is underway to determine the critical variables involved. This research focuses on the study of the tensile strength effect of stitched low-density Barkley FBA BGQS15-15 nylon monofilament on biaxial E-Glass Saertex 830 g/m2 (+/−45°) cured with Polyester Sypol Resin 8086 CCP using a vacuum infusion process. Four specimens were made with longitudinal distances between the stitched reinforcements of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 cm, respectively. Tensile strength tests based on standard ASTM D3039 were performed to study how stitching can affect toughness, Young’s modulus, deformation, ultimate strength, and yield strength. The results indicated that the stitching increases Young’s modulus up to 99.2%, UTS is increased by up to +3.14%, deformation decreases by up to −41.66%, and toughness decreases by up to −36.89%. Although the stitching’s main function is to increase interlaminar resistance, it also induces the formation of stress concentrations by the new threads, and premature failure in the matrix was shown.

Quality Control Analysis on Nylon Monofilament Net Production Process Using the Seven Tools Method and FMEA at PT ARIDA

PT. ARIDA is a company engaged in the fishing net production manufacturing industry. This company experienced difficulties in controlling the quality of the nylon monofilament net production process. Quality control is carried out to reduce the occurrence of defects. The author uses the Seven Tools and FMEA methods to analyze the level of defects and look for factors that cause defects that occur. The author uses the Seven Tools and FMEA methods to analyze the level of defects and look for factors that cause defects that occur. The research results show that the defect rate that occurs is 8.97%, this shows that the production process is not under control. Proposed control of potential causes based on RPN values so that companies can prioritize improvements to potential causes that occur.

Involvement of miR-27a/smurf1/ TNF-α and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats: The protective effect of chlorogenic acid

AimsApoptosis may contribute to a considerable proportion of neuron death after acute cerebral ischemia, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion on miR-27a/smurf1 axis in rat cerebral cortex alone and in combination with chlorogenic acid. MethodsTo create a model of ischemic brain injury, nylon monofilament occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCAO) was used for 20 min. Chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (ip) 10 min before ischemia and 10 min before reperfusion. ResultsTUNEL staining of cerebral cortex neurons revealed an increase in the number of apoptotic neurons 24 h after reperfusion. At the molecular level, IR damage lowered bcl2 protein expression while simultaneously increasing bax levels and the bax/bcl2 ratio. Also, we observed higher miR-27a gene expression and higher TNF-α protein level as well as lower smurf1 protein expression after 24 h following CCAO. Treatment with chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the apoptotic damage and reversed molecular alterations in cerebral cortex neurons after IR. ConclusionOur findings indicate that miR-27a/smurf1/TNF-α axis may play a regulatory function in cerebral cortex cell death, providing a new target for novel therapeutic approaches during transit ischemic stroke. It was also shown that chlorogenic acid could restore these molecular changes, demonstrating that it is an effective agent against cerebral cortex apoptotic damage after acute IR injury.

Cyclic testing of six-strand suture techniques for zone 2 flexor tendon lacerations

BackgroundBiomechanical analysis using cyclic testing for repaired flexor tendons is a clinically relevant method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile properties of two six-strand suture techniques, the triple looped suture and Yoshizu #1 suture techniques using cyclic testing under simulating early active mobilization conditions. MethodsTwenty-five flexor digitorum profundus tendons harvested from fresh frozen human cadaver hands were repaired in zone 2 utilizing one of three repair techniques: the 2-strand modified Kessler (MK) technique as a control, the triple looped suture (TLS) and Yoshizu #1 suture (Y1) techniques. In each suture technique, 4-0 monofilament nylon sutures were used for core sutures and 6-0 monofilament nylon sutures for circumferential running sutures. Cyclic testing was performed using 20 N with 600 cycles at 1 Hz. ResultsFive out of eight specimens in the MK group ruptured during cyclic testing. Thus, this group was excluded from analysis. On the other hand, all tendons in the TLS and Y1 groups tolerated cyclic testing. Average gaps of the TLS and Y1 groups were 0.5 ± 0.8 mm and 1.9 ± 2.2 mm, respectively. All tendons in the TLS group and six out of nine tendons in the Y1 group formed gaps less than 2 mm. Two tendons in the Y1 group formed a gap of 3.8 and 6.6 mm had breakage of peripheral sutures at the first cycle. Mean ultimate tensile force of the TLS and Y1 group measured after cyclic tensing, were 66.2 ± 9.0 N and 65.9 ± 13.1 N, respectively. No statistical difference between the two groups was found in gap and ultimate tensile forces. ConclusionsThis study suggested that the TLS and Y1 techniques have tensile properties to allow early active mobilization. None of tendons repaired with the TLS technique had gaps more than 2 mm.

Ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of extracapsular stabilization with quasi-isometric points in canine cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles.

Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease is one of the most common causes of lameness in dogs. The extracapsular stabilization (ECS) utilizing bone anchors and monofilament nylon leader was an alternative treatment for CCL-deficient (CCLD) dogs. However, the biomechanical response of the canine stifle to such a surgical repair strategy in conjunction with the use of recently reported quasi-isometric anchoring points remains unclear. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the mobility and stability of CCL-intact, CCLD, and CCLD stifles repaired with ECS at two different pairs of quasi-isometric points (quasi-IPs). Twelve stifle specimens from 7 dogs underwent mobility and stability tests under 4 different conditions, namely, CCL-intact, CCLD, and ECS-repaired at 2 different pairs of quasi-IPs (referred to as ECS-IP1 and ECS-IP2). The mobility tests evaluated 6 degrees-of-freedom stifle kinematics during flexion and extension. The stability tests involved cranial drawer and tibial internal rotation (IR) tests at various stifle opening angles and quantifying the cranial tibial translation (CTT) and tibial IR angles under constantly applied loadings. The ECS repaired at quasi-IPs was shown to restore cranial instability of the stifles with averaged CTT magnitudes < 1.4mm. During the tibial IR test, the ECS treatments resulted in significantly less tibial IR compared to those in intact CCL stifles. The mobility tests showed similar results. The 2 chosen pairs of quasi-IPs were shown to effectively correct the excessive CTT caused by CCLD stifles, whereas the excessive tibial external rotation in comparison to those of intact stifles should be considered for its subsequent influence on joint alignment and the contact pressure applied to the stifle joint.

Immunostimulation of Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Araneae: Theridiidae) in juvenile and adult stages. Immunity reactions to injury with foreign body and Bacillus subtilis infection.

To assess the immune potential of spiders, in the present study juvenile and adult females of Parasteatoda tepidariorum were exposed to Bacillus subtilis infection, injury by a nylon monofilament and a combination of both. The expression level of selected immune-related genes: defensin 1 (PtDEF1), lysozyme 1 (PtLYS1), lysozyme C (PtLYSC), lysozyme M1 (PtLYSM1), autophagy-related protein 101 (PtATG101), dynamin (PtDYN) and heat shock proteins (HSP70) (PtHSPB, PtHSPB2A, PtHSPB2B), production of lysozyme and HSP70 proteins, and hemocytes viability were measured. The obtained results indicated expression of the lysozyme, autophagy-related protein and HSP70 genes in both ontogenetic stages of P. tepidariorum. It has been also shown that the simultaneous action of mechanical and biological factors causes higher level of lysozyme and HSP70, cell apoptosis intensity and lower level of hemocytes viability than in the case of exposure to a single immunostimulant. Moreover, mature females showed stronger early immune responses compared to juveniles.

Large-scale manufacturing of soluble hemostatic spacer dressing with excellent mechanical and comfortable properties

Death from acute hemorrhage is a major life-threatening. Spacer fabrics-based composite dressings have been widely concerned because of their good hemostasis and protection in wound healing, but the poor liquid absorption and compression recovery properties hinder their utilization. Herein, we report a soluble hemostatic spacer dressing based on a braided yarn of PTFE (core yarn)/carboxymethylated viscose (shell yarn) as the skin contact layer, a wrapped yarn of nylon monofilament (core yarn)/Coolmax (shell yarn) as the spacer layer, and UHMWPE yarn as the waterproof layer for wound healing. Among these, carboxymethylated viscose can stop bleeding, while PTFE has low adhesion and ensures the structural integrity of the spacer fabric. Moreover, the nylon monofilament can endow the dressing with excellent comfortability, resilience, and fatigue resistance. Coolmax can absorb blood. The as-prepared spacer dressing shows excellent mechanical, comfortable, and hemostasis properties. F2 had a hemostasis time of 5.15 min, a low coagulation index of 7.96%, a hemolysis rate of 0.98%, and a blood absorption rate of 159.09%. This work presents an integrated molding method to achieve large-scale manufacturing of spacer dressing, which is expected to guide materials design for future innovations in biomedical applications.