Chloroacetic Acid Research Articles

Water‐tree aging characteristics of chloroacetic acid allyl ester grafted crosslinked polyethylene

AbstractTo investigate the inhibition effect of chloroacetic acid allyl ester (CAAE) grafting modification on water‐tree aging in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), CAAE grafted XLPE (XLPE‐g‐CAAE) with different CAAE contents are prepared by melt blending and grafting modification method. The accelerated water‐tree aging experiments are carried out by the water‐blade electrode method. It is found that XLPE‐g‐CAAE has a great inhibitory effect on the water‐tree aging compared to XLPE, and XLPE‐g‐CAAE with 1.0 phr CAAE has the most significant effect on the water‐tree growth in the scope of the study. The microstructure of XLPE and XLPE‐g‐CAAE is investigated by thermal elongation, gel content, and static water contact angle, respectively. The results show that the grafting of CAAE containing polar groups can enhance the polarity of XLPE and improve the hydrophilicity, which has a dispersing effect on the polar water molecules entering the polymer. Thus, the water molecules are not easy to gather, inhibiting the water‐tree growth. Meanwhile, although the mechanical properties of XLPE‐g‐CAAE decrease to a small extent, and the relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor increase slightly, but the performance still meet the requirements of water‐tree resistance XLPE cable insulation.Highlights CAAE with polar groups was successfully grafted onto XLPE. The polar groups can enhance the polarity of XLPE to improve the hydrophilicity. CAAE grafting can inhibit the water‐tree growth in XLPE. The dielectric properties meet the requirements of water‐tree resistance XLPE.

Synthesis, X-ray, spectroscopic characterizations, DFT calculations, Hirschfeld surface analyses, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulations of some 1,4-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives as human kinase CK2 inhibitors

Several derivatives (4a-d - 5a-d) based on 1,4-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxide were synthesized in this study. The process began by preparing 1,4-benzothiazin-3-one 2 from 2-aminothiophenol 1 and 2-chloroacetic acid under alkaline conditions in water. Compound 2 was then oxidized using potassium permanganate to yield 1,4-benzothiazin-3-one-1,1-dioxide 3, which was used to undergo Knoevenagel condensation with various aromatic aldehydes in dimethylformamide with sodium methoxide under different conditions. Bis 3-oxo-1,4-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives 4a-d were obtained at room temperature while heating the reaction mixture produced 2-benzyl-1,4-benzothiazine dioxide compounds 5a-d. The structural characterization was performed using spectroscopic techniques, and 4c and 5a-5d were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Moreover, theoretical calculations using the DFT method and Hirshfeld surface analysis showed good agreement with experimental data. Lastly, molecular docking studies revealed that 4c, 5a-5d have a binding affinity with Human Kinase CK2, with 4c exhibiting the highest binding affinity. Molecular dynamics simulation of the CK2-4c complex indicated stable interaction, suggesting potential therapeutic use against various diseases.

Synthesis and Characterization of some new heterocyclic derivatives from aromatic carbonyl ‎compounds and carboxylic acids with Evaluation some of them for biological activity

In this research investigation, a total of eighteen diverse tetra- and penta-lateral cyclic compounds were synthesized. These included 1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiazolidin-4-one (via an alternative method), 1,2,4-triazole, carbothioamide, thiazole-4-one, azetidin-2-one, and oxazole. The synthesis procedure entailed a sequence of reactions. The thiazolidine-4-one 1 was obtained by reaction p-aminobenzoic acid with thiosemicarbazide, followed by treatment with p-tolualdehyde to produce Schiff base 2. Reaction Schiff base 2 with mercaptoacetic acid in dry benzene was carried out to produce thiazolidine-4-one 3. In another synthesis pathway, the esterification of p-nitro benzoic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid was obtained to formation of compound 4. Compound 4 was subsequently reacted with thiosemicarbazide, yielding compound 5. Cyclization of compound 5 was then achieved using 4% sodium hydroxide solution. This formed the 1,2,4-triazole heterocycle, designated compound 6. Thiosemicarbazone 7-9 were prepared by reaction of thiosemicarbazide with different aldehydes. Additionally, 2-substituted-1,3-thiazolidine-4-one derivatives 10-12 were synthesized through the reaction of thiosemicarbazone with chloroacetic acid in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate. The Oxazole derivative 15 was obtained through a series of reactions starting with the reaction of p-amino benzoic acid with ethyl chloroacetate, resulting in compound 13. Compound 13 was then treated with urea to obtain compound 14, followed by a reaction with 4-phenyl phenacyl bromide to yield the final product, the Oxazole derivative 15. The 2-aminooxadiazole derivative 16 was synthesized by reaction urea with 4-bromoacetophenone which was reacted with 4-bromobenzaldehyde to produce Schiff base derivative 17. Finally, β-lactam 18 is obtained through reaction Schiff base with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of triethyl amine. FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm their proposed structures. Moreover, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of certain synthesized compounds, specifically 2,3,6,11,13,15,17, and 18, were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, demonstrating encouraging outcomes.Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal activity, oxadaizole, heterocyclic derivatives, Oxazole.

Inhibition of Carbon Steel Corrosion Using Dextran Derivatives in Circulating Cooling Water

Developing environmentally friendly and biodegradable corrosion inhibitors is an important research direction due to the toxicity and non-degradability of conventional carbon steel corrosion inhibitors added to circulating cooling water environments. Polysaccharides in EPSs (Exopolysaccharides) can be used as green corrosion inhibitors, but a low inhibition rate limits their practical application. Chemical modification is widely used to modify the functionality of polysaccharides by altering their physicochemical properties and structures, thereby enhancing or supplementing their functional characteristics. In this study, we employed chloroacetic acid as an esterifying agent to chemically modify Dextran and successfully synthesized a modified polysaccharide derivative with a substitution degree of 0.326. This derivative efficiently inhibited the corrosion of carbon steel in circulating cooling water environments. The carboxymethylated dextran (CM-Dextran) formed after synthesis could adsorb onto metal surfaces to form a protective film, thereby inhibiting metal surface dissolution reactions and exhibiting anodic corrosion inhibition properties. The experimental results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of CM-Dextran after modification increased by up to 57.4%, with a maximum inhibition efficiency of 82.52% at a concentration of 4 mg/mL. This study provides new insights and opportunities for the development of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors derived from polysaccharides.

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Broccoli Stems as a New Biopolymer Source for Producing Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films.

The use of food and agricultural waste-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has become of interest due to their biodegradability and cost-effectiveness. In the current research, cellulose was extracted from broccoli stems to produce carboxymethyl cellulose using a carboxymethylation reaction via chloroacetic acid (CAA) and sodium hydroxide (5-10 M). The effects of different synthesis conditions on the degree of substitution (DS) and viscosity of the synthesized CMC powder were investigated. The mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and colour of CMC films were also evaluated. The results showed that CMC with the highest DS value (0.60) and the highest viscosity of 0.5 Pa·s could be synthesized from broccoli stems at a concentration of 7.5 M NaOH and a cellulose-to-chloroacetic acid ratio of 1 : 1.2. At CMC concentration of 4 g/100 mL with 0.8 g/100 mL of glycerol, the films had the highest tensile strength (31.91 MPa), whereas with 1.2 g/100 mL glycerol, more flexible films with elongation at break of 27.56% were produced. CMC films with the highest WVP (7.87 × 103 gm2·mmHg-1/day) were made with 6 g/100 mL of CMC and 1.8 g/100 mL of glycerol. This research proposes a new source of cellulose to produce biodegradable packaging materials to initiate a practical basis for food waste reuse.

The GC-MS Analysis of Kabasura Kudineer: A Vital Siddha Drug in COVID-19 Therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study focuses on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Kabasura Kudineer, a Siddha formulation renowned for its properties against cold and exclusively utilized during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The medication was obtained from a reputable Siddha vendor in Chennai, India, and subsequently extracted and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: The GC-MS profiling revealed the presence of several molecules, including benzoic acid, eugenol, alpha-ylangeneol, trans-2,4-dimethylthiane, S, S-dioxide, humulene, methyl 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoate, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-hexadecyn-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl, sulfurous acid, butyl heptadecyl ester, chloroacetic acid, tetradecyl ester, n-propyl cinnamate, oleyl alcohol, trifluoroacetate, 1-heptatriacotanol, and fenretinide. These compounds exhibit expansive medicinal roles. Conclusion: Kabasura Kudineer emerges as a highly effective remedy for cold-related ailments, particularly owing to the presence of bioactive compounds such as eugenol and humulene. These constituents play pivotal roles in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations into the individual medicinal efficacy of each identified molecule are warranted to substantiate the therapeutic potential of Kabasura Kudineer, providing valuable insights for future applications.

Oxidation of organics in water by active chlorine performed in microfluidic electrochemical reactors: a new way to improve the performances of the process

Wastewater polluted by organics can be treated by using electro-generated active chlorine, even if this promising route presents some important drawbacks such as the production of chlorinated by-products. Here, for the first time, this process was studied in a microfluidic electrochemical reactor with a very small inter-electrode distance (145 μm) using a water solution of NaCl and phenol and a BDD anode. The potential production of chloroacetic acids, chlorophenols, carboxylic acids, chlorate and perchlorate was carefully evaluated. It was shown, for the first time, up to our knowledge, that the use of the microfluidic device allows to perform the treatment under a continuous mode and to achieve higher current efficiencies and a lower generation of some important by-products such as chlorate and perchlorate. As an example, the use of the microfluidic apparatus equipped with an Ag cathode allowed to achieve a high removal of total organic carbon (about 76%) coupled with a current efficiency of 17% and the production of a small amount of chlorate (about 30 ppm) and no perchlorate. The effect of many parameters (namely, flow rate, current density and nature of cathode) was also investigated.

Synergistic algal/bacterial interaction in membrane bioreactor for detoxification of 1,2-dichloroethane-rich petroleum wastewater

The study addressed the challenge of treating petroleum industry wastewater with high concentrations of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) ranging from 384 to 1654 mg/L, which poses a challenge for bacterial biodegradation and algal photodegradation. To overcome this, a collaborative approach using membrane bioreactors (MBRs) that combine algae and bacteria was employed. This synergistic method effectively mitigated the toxicity of 1,2-DCA and curbed MBR fouling. Two types of MBRs were tested: one (B-MBR) used bacterial cultures and the other (AB-MBR) incorporated a mix of algal and bacterial cultures. The AB-MBR significantly contributed to 1,2-DCA removal, with algae accounting for over 20% and bacteria for approximately 49.5% of the dechlorination process. 1,2-DCA metabolites, including 2-chloroethanol, 2-chloro-acetaldehyde, 2-chloroacetic acid, and acetic acid, were partially consumed as carbon sources by algae. Operational efficiency peaked at a 12-hour hydraulic retention time (HRT) in AB-MBR, enhancing enzyme activities crucial for 1,2-DCA degradation such as dehydrogenase (DH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The microbial diversity in AB-MBR surpassed that in B-MBR, with a notable increase in Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Furthermore, AB-MBR showed a significant rise in the dominance of 1,2-DCA-degrading genus such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Additionally, algal-degrading phyla (e.g., Nematoda, Rotifera, and Streptophyta) were more prevalent in AB-MBR, substantially reducing the issue of membrane fouling.

Electrochemical reductive removal of trichloroacetic acids by a three-dimensional binderless carbon nanotubes/ CoP/Co foam electrode: Performance and mechanism

Numerous chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) are produced during the chlorination disinfection of water. Among them, chloroacetic acids (CAAs) are of great concern due to their potential human carcinogenicity. In this study, effective electrocatalytic dechlorination of trichloroacetic acids (TCAA), a typical CAAs, was achieved in the electrochemical system with the three-dimensional (3D) self-supported CoP on cobalt foam modified by carbon nanotubes (CNT/CoP/CF) as the cathode. At a 10 mA cm−2 current density, 74.5% of TCAA (500 μg L−1) was converted into AA within 100 min. In-situ growth of CoP increased the effective electrochemical surface area of the electrode. Electrodeposited CNT promoted electron transfer from the electrode surface to TCAA. Therefore, the production of surface-adsorbed atomic hydrogen (H*) on CNT/CoP/CF was improved, further resulting in excellent electrochemical dechlorination of TCAA. The dechlorination pathway of TCAA proceeded into acetic acids via direct electronic transfer and H*-mediated reduction on CNT/CoP/CF electrode. Additionally, the electroreduction efficiency of CNT/CoP/CF for TCAA exceeded 81.22% even after 20 cycles. The highly efficient TCAA reduction performance (96.57%) in actual water revealed the potential applicability of CNT/CoP/CF in the complex water matrix. This study demonstrated that the CNT/CoP/CF is a promising non-noble metal cathode to remove chlorinated DBPs in practice.

Invasive weed of Eupatorium Adenophora Spreng leaves extract as a novel efficient inhibitor for the corrosion of cold rolled steel in chloroacetic acid solution

Traditional inhibitors are restricted due to their high price and high toxicity. Plant extracts as green inhibitors can be used as an alternative to traditional inhibitors due to their merits of low price, eco-friendly, and rich resources. The inhibitive action and mechanism of Eupatorium Adenophora Spreng leaves extract (EASLE) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in chloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH) medium was investigated for the first time. The maximum inhibition efficiency of EASLE is 94.9% even at higher temperature of 50 °C. The surface micro-topography of inhibited CRS is relatively flat from SEM, AFM and CLSM images, and C/N/O elements contained in EASLE can form coordinated bonds with Fe atoms, as observed through XPS and TOF-SIMS. The adsorption of EASLE mainly occurs through chemisorption and is consistent with Langmuir isotherm. EASLE acts as a hybrid inhibitor, and its inhibitive mechanism is consistent with “geometric blocking effect”. The charge-transfer resistance turns to be higher after adding EASLE, and there is a single time constant. All the main inhibiting components of o-cresol, erucamide, vanillin, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and adenine in EASLE exhibit the inhibition efficiency of approximately 80% in ClCH2COOH. Theoretical calculations suggest that benzene rings, heterocycles, and carboxyl groups are derived from these active components can be used as both electron acceptors and provider. The hydrophilic group can actively adsorb to CRS surface through heteroatoms of erucamide, while the hydrophobic group with a long carbon chain extends to the aqueous phase to form a protective barrier. EASLE can be an excellent substitute for traditional inhibitors, which are of both economic and environmental values.

Sustainable Production of Carboxymethyl Cellulose: A Biopolymer Alternative from Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Leaves

This study explores the potential of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves (SCLs), a significant agricultural waste, for the sustainable production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) utilizing an innovative approach of carboxymethylation with monochloroacetic acid and varying sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (ranging from 20 to 60 g/100 mL). The optimal carboxymethylation condition was identified as 40 g/100 mL NaOH, which yielded the highest degree of substitution (DS = 0.86). Furthermore, a higher ash content in the obtained CMC indicated significant carboxymethyl substitution within the structure. The chemical structure of cellulose and the resulting polymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectrum exhibited characteristic peaks of carboxymethyl groups and their salts at wavenumbers of 1588–1591 cm−1 and 1413–1415 cm−1, respectively. The analyses from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed detailed insights into the crystallinity and morphology of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The levels of heavy metals, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury, in the purified CMC were assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and were found to be within the recommended WHO/FAO limits, except for lead, which exceeded permissible levels. The prepared CMC demonstrated high purity at 99.34%, surpassing the 98.00% purity requirement for commercial-grade CMC. This product exhibits strong potential for diverse industrial applications, including paper coating, textile sizing and printing, ceramic glazing, and various uses in the oil industry.

Spatial and seasonal variation in disinfection byproducts concentrations in a rural public drinking water system: A case study of Martin County, Kentucky, USA.

To increase our understanding of the factors that influence formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in rural drinking systems, we investigated the spatial and seasonal variation in trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) concentrations in relation to various chemical and physical variables in a rural public drinking water system in Martin County, Kentucky, USA. We collected drinking water samples from 97 individual homes over the course of one year and analyzed them for temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, free chlorine, total chlorine, THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, dichlorobromomethane, and bromoform) and HAAs (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid). Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed only weak overall clustering for HAA concentrations and none for THMs. The relationship between modeled water age and TTHM or HAA5 concentrations varied seasonally. In contrast, there was strong variation for both HAA and THMs, with concentrations of HAA peaking in mid-summer and THMs peaking in early fall. Multiple regression analysis revealed that THM concentrations were strongly correlated with conductivity, while HAA concentrations were more strongly correlated with water temperature. Individual DBP species that only contained chlorine halogen groups were strongly correlated with temperature, while compounds containing bromine were more strongly correlated with conductivity. Further investigation revealed that increased drinking water conductivity associated with low discharge of the Tug Fork River, the source water, is highly correlated with increased concentrations of bromide. Discharge and conductivity of the Tug Fork River changed dramatically through the year contributing to a seasonal peak in bromide concentrations in the late summer and early fall and appeared to be a driver of brominated THM concentrations. Brominated DBPs tend to have higher toxicity than DBPs containing only chlorine, therefore this study provides important insight into the seasonal factors driving risk from exposure to DBPs in rural drinking water systems impacted by bromide.

Syntheses of Polyglycolide via Polycondensation: A Reinvestigation

AbstractThe Na salt of chloroacetic acid is condensed in suspension. Furthermore, glycolic acid is condensed in bulk or in concentrated solution by means of SnCl2 or 4‐toluene sulfonic acid (TSA) as catalysts. The temperatures are varied from 160 to 200 °C and the time from 1 to 5 days. Low molar mass cyclic poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is detected by means of matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry in most PGAs. A predominance of certain cycles having an even number of repeat units is observed suggesting a thermodynamically favored formation of extended‐ring crystals. Extremely high melting temperatures (up to 237.5 °C) and high melting enthalpies are found for polycondensations with TSA in 1,2‐dichlorobenzene.

Metal-Free Synthesis of 2-Aminothiazole Functionalized Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as Antibacterial Agents

The present work describes the synthesis, characterization, and in silico studies of some new 2-aminothiazole functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines (1a-h). The targeted compounds were synthesized by the Hantzsch?s thiazole reaction involving the condensation reaction of a-bromomethyl ketones with 1-(3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)thiourea (2). The key precursor 2 was synthesized by four steps method using 2-aminopyridine and chloroacetic acid as commercially available starting materials. The synthesized compounds 1a-1h displayed considerable activity against Gram-positive bacteria. In particular, compound 1b (R=2,4-dichloro) and 1e (R=4-carbethoxy) exhibited significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in comparison to the standard antibacterial drug Ampicillin. The molecular docking and DFT studies of synthesized compounds were used to study the binding modes of these compounds. The compounds showed excellent binding energy scores (-8.3 to -9.3 kcal/mol) when interacting 1KZN protein (Escherichia coli) with compounds were examined which are in agreement with in vivo antibacterial activity.. KEYWORDS :a-Bromomethyl ketones, DFT studies, Escherichia coli, Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, Molecular docking.

Evaluation of the performance of acids for effective stimulation of a sandstone formation

Optimum acid selection based on reservoir condition is one of the key elements in achieving a successful treatment in sandstone matrix acidizing. This work will investigate the effectiveness of several type of acid in sand stone reservoir stimulation. PROSPER well modeling package was utilized for the model development. Pre- acid job analysis was carried out to establish the well performance before acidization. Acid stimulation was implemented with Hydrochloric (HCl), Formic, Acetic, Propionic and ChloroAcetic acids. Thereafter, post-job analysis was done to ascertain the improvement in well productivity index for each of the acids. Result shows that the reservoir will deliver 11296.5 STB/day of liquid into the wellbore for a production index of 3-STB/day-psi without acid stimulation and the well will produce 6726.05 STB/day of liquid. Results reveals a decrease in productivity index as the treatment acid was change from HCl acid to formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid. A productivity index values of 3.07074STB/day-psi, 3.0375 STB/day-psi, 3.01038 STB/day-psi, 3.00791 STB/day-psi were obtained when the formation was acidized with HCl acid, formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid. A percentage increase of 15.1973%, 7.5731%, 1.95684% and 1.47001% in permeability was observed as the formation was treated with HCl acid, formic acid, Acetic acid and Propionic acid. Results reveals that HCl acid resulted in highest permeability increase. It was therefore concluded that the formation should be acidized with HCl acid since it gave the highest productivity index, percentage increase in permeability, porosity and the highest improvement in skin factor.

SYNTHESIS AND RESEARCH OF NEW DERIVATIVES OF ALKYLXANTHATATE ACETIC ACID AS ADDITIVES WITH TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

The work is devoted to the synthesis and study of new derivatives of alkylxanthateacetic acid, obtained by the interaction of potassium alkylxanthates with allyl ester of monochloroacetic acid. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy data, as well as by the study of their physicochemical properties, including the determination of the refractive indices and specific gravity and the calculation of molecular refraction based on them, followed by their comparison. It has been established that the synthesized compounds have high extreme pressure properties in transmission oils, while esters of alkylxanthate acetic acid have anticorrosion properties, so they can be used to make prototypes of transmission oils used in various friction units. Using the example of allyl ester of ethylxsanthateacetic acid, the dependence of the yields of the synthesized compounds on the nature of the solvent was revealed. The dependence of the effectiveness of the lubricating properties of the synthesized compounds on the length of alkyl radicals has been revealed

PFAS promotes disinfection byproduct formation through triggering particle-bound organic matter release in drinking water pipes

Loose deposit particles in drinking water distribution system commonly exist as mixtures of metal oxides, organic materials, bacteria, and extracellular secretions. In addition to their turbidity-causing effects, the hazards of such particles in drinking water are rarely recognized. In this study, we found that trace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) could dramatically promote the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) by triggering the release of particle-bound organic matter. Carboxylic PFASs have a greater ability to increase chloroacetic acid than sulfonic PFASs, and PFASs with longer chains have a greater ability to increase trichloromethane release than shorter-chain PFASs. Characterization by organic carbon and organic nitrogen detectors and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed that the released organic matter was mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lignin, and condensed aromatic structures, which are the main precursors for the formation of DBPs, particularly highly toxic aromatic DBPs. After the release of organic matter, the particles exhibit a decrease in surface functional groups, an increase in surface roughness, and a decrease in particle size. The findings provide new insights into the risks of loose deposits and PFASs in drinking water, not only on PFASs per se but also on its effect of increasing toxic DBPs.

Reaction Kinetics of the Synthesis of Methyl Chloroacetate from Chloroacetic Acid and Methanol

Reaction Kinetics of the Synthesis of Methyl Chloroacetate from Chloroacetic Acid and Methanol

Cellulose Ethers from Banana (<i>Musa balbisiana</i> Colla) Blossom Cellulose: Synthesis and Multivariate Optimization

Cellulose ethers are biocompatible polymers which have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their physical and mechanical properties. The present work aims to find the optimum condition for synthesizing cellulose ethers from banana blossom cellulose (BBC) such as methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The ultrasonication-assisted method as an energy source is used to shorten the synthesis time at room temperature and obtain high yields. The influences of various parameters (NaOH concentration, etherification agents, and sonication time) were analyzed using a multivariate statistical modeling response surface methodology (RSM). The materials were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The cellulose ethers obtained have the potential as food additives with DS values of 2.0, 0.7, and 0.86, respectively. MC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 96.52% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 50% (w/v) NaOH (10 mL) and dichloromethane (6 mL). CMC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 98.26% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 30% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and monochloroacetic acid (1 g). HPC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 97.51% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 10% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and propylene oxide (1.5 mL).

Novel Synthetic Industrial Approach for Efficient Synthesis of Baclofen through C–C Bond Formation

AbstractBaclofen is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used for the treatment of muscle spasticity. We describe our efforts to develop a novel synthetic approach through C–C bond formation and a cost-effective route to baclofen. The synthesis involved a two-step approach through C–C bond formation using the extensively and commercially available starting material 4-chlorobenzyl cyanide with chloroacetic acid as a reagent in an aprotic solvent, followed by reduction of the nitrile functional group. The synthetic route to baclofen has been demonstrated to be commercially viable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Execution of the developed process led to the isolation of (+)-baclofen in an overall yield of 60% at a multikilogram scale with >99.5% HPLC purity. This article also discusses the cost-effectiveness of the process, the impurity profiling, and the product quality.