Monodicalcium Phosphate Research Articles

Determination of Phytase-hydrolyzable Phosphorus in Selected Animal Feed Ingredients by In Vitro Digestion Method

Feed phytase is one of the most successful biotechnological applications that led to better farm performance and effective phosphorus (P) reduction in animal excrement. Better estimation of phytase-hydrolyzable P (PHP) in feeds can further improve the estimation of animal rations for higher productivity. PHP in yellow corn, feed wheat, wheat pollard, rice bran, soybean meal, copra meal, and monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP) was determined by in vitro digestion. To determine if PHP values of feed ingredients are additive, three formulated diets were also subjected to the same method. The procedure consisted of phytase, pepsin, and pancreatin digestion periods – each of which simulated the different sections of poultry’s gastrointestinal tract. After these three incubations, the P contents in the dialysate and residual fluids – with and without enzyme – were analyzed. Results showed that yellow corn contained the highest PHP value with 52.54% of its total soluble P – followed by soybean meal, rice bran, copra meal, and feed wheat with 52.32, 39.86, 26.77, and 21.9%, respectively. Wheat pollard and MDCP had –58.47 and –2.63%, respectively. On the other hand, formulated diets 1, 2, and 3 contained actual PHPs of 32.3, 14.02, and 38.68% – as well as calculated values of 33.22, 29.13, and 40.1%, respectively. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference between the actual and calculated values. Therefore, PHP is additive when used in diet formulation. Lastly, comparing the P in the dialysate from the experiment and the available P present in the seven feed samples based on literature indicated that the experimental values were lower than those of the literature data for all samples. This discrepancy can be attributed to the type of samples analyzed; the experimental data were obtained upon in vitro assay of individual feeds, whereas the literature values were based on an as-fed basis, which may contain other components normally fed to animals.

227 Varying the Acid Biding Capacity of High and ZnO-Free Diets Influences Weanling Pig Growth Performance

Abstract Altering the acid binding capacity to pH4 (ABC-4) of the weanling pig diet can influence stomach pH, thereby aiding in protein digestion and improving feed efficiency. Two studies examined the effect of ABC-4 level in diets of either high ZnO or without ZnO on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Both trials were randomized complete block designs, where body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (G:F) were measured. Data were analyzed using pen and pig as experimental units for the first and second study, respectively. In the first study, weanling pigs (n = 1,152) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 18 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments were applied in phase 1 (1-10 d) and 2 (11-21 d), and pigs received a common phase 3 (22-42 d) diet. All diets contained high ZnO (2,500ppm and 1,500ppm phase 1 and 2, respectively). The control diet (CON) had no acidifiers resulting in 400 mEq ABC-4/kg, and treatments ranged from 360 to 300 mEq/kg using Ca formate and formic acid alone or in combination. In the first week, G:F of pigs fed the test diets was greater than in the CON diet (+0.09-0.15 g/g, P < 0.05). In phase 2, pigs fed diets containing formic acid (300 mEq ABC-4/kg) had reduced ADFI (-15 g/d from CON, P < 0.05). Conversely, pigs fed Ca formate and formic acid (300 mEq ABC-4) had greater ADFI (+16 g/d, P < 0.05) and a tendency for greater G:F than CON (+0.02, P < 0.10). Pigs fed a diet containing Ca formate only (360 mEq ABC-4/kg) had a greater G:F (+0.03, P < 0.05) yet comparable feed intake to CON. In the second 42-day study, weanling pigs (n = 120) housed in pens with individual electronic feeding stations (10 pigs/pen), were randomized to 6 ZnO-free treatments, totaling 20 replicate pigs per treatment. The ABC-4 was linearly reduced from 450 to 200 mEq/kg using fumaric acid and shifting Ca sources from Ca carbonate to monocalcium phosphate and monodicalcium phosphate. In phase 1 (0-15d), pigs had greatest ADFI (P < 0.05) and G:F (P < 0.05) at 300 and 350 mEq ABC-4/kg, respectively, and east ADFI at 200 mEq ABC-4/kg (greatest fumaric acid inclusion) and 450 mEq ABC-4/kg (no acidifier). Overall, pigs fed the 300 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the greatest (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI while pigs fed the 350 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the greatest G:F. Pigs fed the 450 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the lowest BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. In conclusion, reducing the ABC-4 of ZnO and ZnO-free diets using a combination of acidifiers and/or calcium sources improved feed efficiency of weanling pigs. But a greater inclusion of acidifiers may reduce ADFI.

A Method to Reduce the Occurrence of Egg Translucency and Its Effect on Bacterial Invasion.

Translucent egg consumption is low due to consumer acceptance and quality concerns, which is a problem that egg producers need to address. This study was performed to evaluate the reasons for the high occurrence of egg translucency in summer, as well as whether the addition of mono-dicalcium phosphate (MDCP) to the diet can relieve eggshell translucency and whether eggshell translucency is associated with the risk of bacterial invasion. A total of 72 laying hens that were 36 weeks old were randomly divided into control (CON) and MDCP groups and fed in the same environment. Results showed that the number of translucent eggs increases in July and August as the temperature and humidity increase. Compared with the CON group, in July, August, and October, the translucent egg grade (TEG) of the MDCP group was lower than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). TEG was correlated with mastoid space height (MSH), width (MSW), and area (MSA) (correlation coefficients 0.63, 0.59, and 0.68, respectively, p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the invasion rate of E. coli between translucent and non-translucent egg groups (47.2% vs. 39.33%), and translucent area and non-translucent area (13.49% vs. 15.08%). In conclusion, our results show that dietary MDCP may alleviate eggshell translucency and that eggshell translucency would not increase the probability of E. coli cross-shell penetration rate.

Effect of replacing dicalcium phosphate with mono-dicalcium phosphate to supplement phosphorus on laying performance, phosphorus-calcium metabolism and bone metabolism of aged laying hens.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with mono-dicalcium phosphate (MDCP) to formulate low-phosphorus (P) diets on laying performance, egg quality, phosphorus-calcium metabolism, and bone metabolism of 69-78-week-old aged laying hens. Hy-Line Brown laying hens (n = 1,350, 69 weeks old) were randomly assigned to six treatments, each with five replicates of 45 hens. A corn-soybean meal-based diet was formulated to contain 0.12% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), 3.81% calcium (Ca), and 1,470 FTU/kg phytase. The control group (CON) was supplemented with DCP inorganic phosphorus (Pi) at the NPP level of 0.20% (dietary NPP levels of 0.32%). Test groups (T1-T5) were supplemented with MDCP Pi at NPP levels of 0.07%, 0.11%, 0.15%, 0.18, and 0.20% (dietary NPP levels of 0.19, 0.23, 0.27, 0.30, and 0.32%, respectively). Calcium carbonate levels were adjusted to ensure all experimental diets contained the same Ca levels (3.81%). The feeding trial lasted 10 weeks, with hens increasing in age from 69 to 78 weeks. When supplemented with 1,470 FTU/kg phytase, extra DCP Pi or MDCP Pi did not affect (p > 0.05) laying performance (day laying rate, average egg weight, feed intake, feed-to-egg mass ratio, broken egg rate), egg quality (eggshell strength, albumen height, haugh units), or serum P, Ca, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) levels. However, when laying hens were fed MDCP Pi (NPP levels of 0.07 to 0.20%), yolk color improved (p = 0.0148). The tibia breaking strength was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 0.18 and 0.20% NPP MDCP Pi groups than in the 0.20% NPP DCP Pi group. The breaking strength, Ca content, and P content of tibia in 0.11% and 0.15% NPP MDCP Pi hens were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from those in 0.20% NPP DCP Pi hens. Hens fed 0.07% NPP MDCP Pi had higher (p < 0.01) serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), type-I collagen c-telopeptide (CTX-I), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) than those in all other groups. Serum levels of TRACP-5b and CTX-I in the 0.11% and 0.15% NPP MDCP Pi group were significantly lower than those in 0.18 and 0.20% NPP MDCP Pi groups and the 0.20% NPP DCP Pi group (p < 0.0001). Hens fed 0.07% and 0.11% NPP MDCP Pi had higher (p < 0.05) serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) than those in all other groups. No differences were detected in serum calcitonin (CT), 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin(OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) among all groups (p > 0.05). The expression of P transporters type IIa Na/Pi cotransporter (NaPi-IIa) in 0.11% and 0.15% NPP MDCP Pi hens were higher than those in 0.20% NPP MDCP Pi group and 0.20% NPP DCP Pi group (p < 0.05). The results indicated that both renal P reabsorption and bone resorption were involved in adapting to a low-P diet. In summary, when MDCP was used instead of DCP to supplement P, NPP levels could be reduced to 0.11% (dietary NPP level of 0.23%) without negative effects on laying performance and skeletal health of aged hens. In addition, MDCP was more beneficial than DCP for tibia quality. The results of the current study would provide references for the application of MDCP in low-P diets of aged laying hens.

Evaluación de la granulometría de fosfatos utilizados em dieta para pollos de corral

It was used 200 broilers of the free-range chicken strain, distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2x2 factorial scheme, two phosphates (dicalcium phosphate and monodicalcium phosphate) and two granulometries (Powder and Microgranulated), with five replications, with ten individuals per experimental unit. The animals received the following treatments: PDP: basal diet with dicalcium phosphate 18% powder; MDP: basal diet with dicalcium phosphate 18% microgranules; PPM: basal diet with phosphate monodicalcium 20% powder; and MMP: basal diet with 20% monodicalcium phosphate microgranules. It was evaluated the performance parameters of the individuals in the interval from 23 up to 38 days of age. It was collected daily, in order to evaluate the chemical composition and the granulometry of the leftovers of the rations in the feeder plates, being that these samples were organized in three (3) intervals: from day 23 up to 28; from day 29 up to 33; and from day 34 up to 38 days of age. It was not interaction between the sources and the granulometries of phosphates in all parameters of performance. There was interaction between sources and granulometry of the phosphates in the parameters of crude protein (CP), in the interval from 23 up to 28 days of age, in which the concentration of CP was higher in the feeder of the treatments containing MMP and higher values of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and medium particles in the ration of the feeder containing phosphate microgranules (FM). In the periods from 29 to 38 days of age, lower values of CP and higher values of P and Ca were observed in the rations of feeders containing FM, as well as higher values of Fe in the period from 34 to 38 days. In this last period, there was also an increase in the fineness modulus, an increase in the mean geometric diameter and higher values of medium particles for MDP, but for fine particles the highest values were for PDP. It was concluded that the sources and granulometry of the phosphates of the feed did not affect the performance of free-range chicken lines. However, the use of granular phosphates can promote the segregation of particles within the feeders.

Bone, microbiological and intestinal characteristics of piglets fed diets containing Lithothamnium calcareum

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of calcitic seaweed (CS), calcitic limestone (CL) and monodicalcium phosphate (DP) fed to piglets in various combinations on their gastrointestinal tract and bones. A total of 128 piglets (21 days old, 5.50 ± 0.49 kg bodyweight (BW) were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design and eight replications to one of four diets: D1: with CL + DP, D2: with CL, CS + DP, D3, similar to D2, but with 30% less calcium from CS and DP, and D4: with CS + DP. Treatments affected the metatarsal bones, mineral concentration in the heart and liver, and pH in the cecum and colon.Piglets fed D4 tended to have a greater Enterobacteriaceae count in the jejunum and ileum compared withD1 (4.82 vs 4.79 CFU/g). Piglets fed D1 and D3 had a greater Enterobacteriaceae count in their cecum than D4 (4.79 and 4.80 vs 4.76). The D2 and D1 treatments produced greater crypt depth (CD) in the duodenum and ileum compared with D3 and D4, respectively. Feeding D3 resulted in a greater villus height (VH) to CD ratio in the duodenum compared with D2 and showed a 24.5% increase in heart weight compared with fed D1. In conclusion, CS could be an alternative source of calcium source for piglets. The inconsistent findings of the present study suggest the need for further studies to better understand the interplay of effects of Ca2+ source and level on its metabolism.

Evaluation of the ileal digestibility and excreta retention of phosphorus for feed phosphates in broiler chickens and in Pekin ducks

The study aimed to determine the ileal phosphorus (P) digestibility (iPD) and the excreta P retention (ePR) of 5 monodicalcium phosphate (MCP) samples and 3 dicalcium phosphate (DCP) samples in broiler chickens and in Pekin ducks using the substitution method. A total of 720, 21-d-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens in experiment 1 and 720, 15-d-old Pekin ducks in experiment 2 were randomly allocated to 9 dietary treatments with 8 replicate cages (10 birds/cage) based on the similar mean body weight, respectively. The collection of excreta (for 72 h after a 3-d acclimation) and ileal digesta (after 6 d of feeding experimental diets) was done. The results showed the average iPD/ePR of MCP and DCP for broilers were 83.11%/74.52% and 75.34%/69.46% and for ducks were 79.37%/80.02% and 75.74%/76.44%, respectively. The iPD/ePR of MCP in broilers and the ePR of MCP in ducks were markedly higher (P < 0.05) than those of DCP. Our data suggest that using the substitution method to evaluate the bioavailability of feed phosphates has its own advantages; MCP has higher biological availability than DCP for broilers and ducks.

Ileal Digestibility and Total Tract Retention of Phosphorus in Inorganic Phosphates Fed to Broiler Chickens Using the Direct Method.

Simple SummaryThere is limited information on the phosphorus (P) utilization of inorganic phosphates determined using the direct method in broiler chickens. The present study aimed to determine the ileal digestibility and total tract retention of P in several inorganic phosphates in broiler chickens using the direct method. No interaction was observed between the P source and the collection site (ileal digestibility vs. total tract retention). Phosphorus utilization differed among inorganic phosphates, and the ileal digestibility of P was greater than the total tract retention. Based on the current findings, different P utilization values should be applied to each inorganic phosphate.The objective of this study was to determine and compare the phosphorus (P) utilization of inorganic phosphates fed to broiler chickens using the direct method. On day 15 of age, six hundred forty 15-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens (initial body weight = 399 ± 38 g) were assigned to five experimental diets with 16 birds per cage in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets consisted of four semi-purified diets containing monocalcium phosphate, monodicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate as the sole P sources. Additionally, a P-free diet was prepared to measure basal endogenous P loss. Chromic oxide was added to the experimental diets as an indigestible index. Excreta were collected per cage on days 17 to 18 of age, and all birds were asphyxiated with carbon dioxide on day 19 of age for ileal digesta collection. The cage was an experimental unit, and the number of replications per each treatment was eight except for the tricalcium phosphate treatment (n = 4). There was no interaction observed between the P source and the collection site (ileal digestibility vs. total tract retention). Phosphorus utilization differed (p < 0.05) among inorganic phosphates and the ileal digestibility of P was greater (p < 0.05) than the total tract retention. In conclusion, the standardized ileal digestibility of P in inorganic phosphates ranged from 56.7% to 89.8% and ileal digestibility was greater than the total tract retention.

Life cycle assessment of feed grade mono-dicalcium phosphate production in China, a case study

Due to the gradual scarcity of global phosphorus resources and water pollution problem caused by animal excreted phosphorus, feed grade mono-dicalcium phosphate is expected to gradually replace other feed phosphates with its high phosphorus absorption rate, low phosphorus pollution and good economic benefits advantages. This work employs a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts and economic costs of feed grade mono-dicalcium phosphate production. Additionally, a detailed analysis of mono-dicalcium phosphate production using process analysis in the quantification of material and energy usage was done. The normalization of midpoint results showed that the predominate environmental impact was identified as human toxicity, followed by fossil depletion, marine ecotoxicity and particular oxidant formation. The contributions analysis results highlighted that beneficiation, sulfuric acid synthesis and phosphoric acid synthesis are the processes with serious environmental pollution. In addition, key substances which can bring serious environmental burdens were identified as sulfur and electricity, beneficiation reagent and tailings as well as phosphogypsum in this study. The results of sensitivity analysis confirmed that decreasing electricity and sulfur consumption should be priority to realize clean production. The results indicated that 1-ton target product would lead to 11460.96 MJ and 306.92 US $ in energy consumption, life cycle cost. Importantly, when the available phosphate ore grade decreases from 25% to 15% because of gradual phosphate resources depletion, cost related to mono-dicalcium phosphate production was computed as from 300.76 to 332.35 US $. It will provide useful guidance for phosphate enterprises in China under different market price. Based on these results, this work makes interpretations and gives possible recommendations such as optimizing national power structure, improving the sulfur raw material consumption efficiency and increasing the recycled rate of waste heat for operational improvements in mono-dicalcium phosphate production.

Inorganic feed phosphate type determines mineral digestibility, broiler performance, and bone mineralization

Summary An experiment was conducted to evaluate early broiler performance, tibia mineralization, and mineral digestibility of broilers fed with diets that differed in inorganic feed phosphates (IFP) but were formulated to be similar in dietary nonphytate phosphorus (nPP) content and calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), total mineral content, or calculated prececal digestible phosphorus (CPDP). Dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and defluorinated phosphate were used in formulations with similar nPP content and Ca:P. In addition to these 4 treatments, a mixture of MCP, monosodium phosphate, and DCP was used to assimilate total mineral content of MDP (DMM). Moreover, a mixture of MCP and silicon dioxide was used to produce a similar CPDP content as the DCP diet (MCP + SiO2). The MCP + SiO2 diet had the lowest IFP inclusion. The study used a randomized complete block design with 10 replications of 10 male broilers fed with each of the 6 dietary treatments for 21 D. Linear contrasts were used to compare treatments of interest. Birds fed with MCP demonstrated increased live weight gain, tibia ash (mg/chick), and mineral digestibility compared with birds fed with DCP when diets were formulated to similar nPP content and Ca:P (P

Effect of inorganic phosphate supplementation on egg production in Hy-Line Brown layers fed 2000 FTU/kg phytase

Phytase has long been used to decrease the inorganic phosphorus (Pi) input in poultry diet. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of Pi supplementation on laying performance, egg quality and phosphate–calcium metabolism in Hy-Line Brown laying hens fed phytase. Layers (n = 504, 29 weeks old) were randomly assigned to seven treatments with six replicates of 12 birds. The corn–soybean meal-based diet contained 0.12% non-phytate phosphorus (nPP), 3.8% calcium, 2415 IU/kg vitamin D3 and 2000 FTU/kg phytase. Inorganic phosphorus (in the form of mono-dicalcium phosphate) was added into the basal diet to construct seven experimental diets; the final dietary nPP levels were 0.12%, 0.17%, 0.22%, 0.27%, 0.32%, 0.37% and 0.42%. The feeding trial lasted 12 weeks (hens from 29 to 40 weeks of age). Laying performance (housed laying rate, egg weight, egg mass, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio) was weekly calculated. Egg quality (egg shape index, shell strength, shell thickness, albumen height, yolk colour and Haugh units), serum parameters (calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), tibia quality (breaking strength, and calcium, phosphorus and ash contents), intestinal gene expression (type IIb sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, NaPi-IIb) and phosphorus excretion were determined at the end of the trial. No differences were observed on laying performance, egg quality, serum parameters and tibia quality. Hens fed 0.17% nPP had increased (P < 0.01) duodenum NaPi-IIb expression compared to all other treatments. Phosphorus excretion linearly increased with an increase in dietary nPP (phosphorus excretion = 1.7916 × nPP + 0.2157; R2 = 0.9609, P = 0.001). In conclusion, corn–soybean meal-based diets containing 0.12% nPP, 3.8% calcium, 2415 IU/kg vitamin D3 and 2000 FTU/kg phytase would meet the requirements for egg production in Hy-Line Brown laying hens (29 to 40 weeks of age).

Phosphorus bioavailability, amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy of broiler chick diets supplemented with low-oil distiller’s dried grains with solubles

Phosphorus (P) bioavailability, crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA) digestibility, and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were determined in broiler chick diets, supplemented with one of two low-oil distiller´s dried grains with solubles (oil contents 6.54% and 5.35% for DDGS A and B, respectively). Diets were provided ad libitum in a mash form, from days 8 to 21 of age. In Experiment 1, one day old male broiler chicks (n=210) were assigned to one of 7 treatments, with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed a basal diet formulated to be deficient in nonphytate P (0.14%). Birds in T2 and T3 received the basal diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% of P from monodicalcium phosphate (MCP), respectively. Phosphorus from DDGS was added to diets in T4 (0.05% from DDGS A), T5 (0.1% from DDGS A), T6 (0.05% from DDGS B) and T7 (0.1% from DDGS B). Percent of inclusion of DDGS was dictated by total P content as determined by chemical analyses. Growth performance and P intake were assessed in all birds. Phosphorus bioavailability was determined using the slope ratio assay, with tibia ash as the response variable. For Experiment 2, one-day-old male broiler chicks (n=200), were assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 birds each. A sorghum-soya control diet was given to animals in T1. Treatments 2 and 3 included this same diet supplemented with either 5% or 10% of DDGS A. Birds in T4 and 5 received the control diet with either- 5% or 10% of DDGS B. Amino acid digestibility was measured from ileal contents in 7 euthanized birds from each group at day 21. Apparent metabolizable energy was determined in oven dried feces from all animals during the last 3 days of the experiment. Weight gain and feed consumption increased (P &lt;0.001) with larger inclusion of dietary P in birds from experiment 1. Relative P bioavailability for DDGS A and B was 72% and 86% respectively, from a P total content of 0.85% and 0.94%.,. Growth performance was similar for all treatment groups in experiment 2 (P &gt;0.05). The average apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient for DDGS A 76.5% and B was 76.4%. No differences were found for essential AA coefficients between the two DDGS (P &gt;0.05). The AMEn values on a dry matter basis were 2828 and 2854 kcal/kg for DDGS A and B, respectively.

Inactivation of lectins from castor cake by alternative chemical compounds

Enabling the use of castor cake in animal feeding is an excellent alternative strategy to reduce feed costs. The cake is a by-product derived from the extraction of the castor oil by the biodiesel industry whose chemical composition is satisfactory despite the presence of antinutritional factors like toxic lectins, which require detoxification before it can be used as a dietary ingredient. The aim of the present study was to evaluate alternative chemical sources in the degradation and inactivation of ricin and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), two lectins from castor cake. Ten chemical compounds were evaluated: sodium hydroxide, monodicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcitic limestone, magnesian limestone, urea, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride. Gel electrophoresis indicated 100% lectin degradation only in the cakes treated with 90 g sodium hydroxide and 2500 mL water per kg of cake. The hemagglutination assay was crucial to providing innocuousness to the treated cakes, with total absence of hemagglutinating activity observed in the castor cakes treated with 60 or 90 g sodium hydroxide in water volumes equal to or higher than 1500 mL/kg of castor cake and in the cakes treated with 90 g calcium oxide with 2500 or 3000 mL water/kg castor cake. Thus, though depending on the concentration of the chemical compound and on the volume of water per kilogram of treated cake, sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide showed to be promising chemical products for degradation and complete inactivation of the lectins present in castor cake to allow its use as an ingredient in animal diets.

Viabilidade econômico-financeira do confinamento de ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona

Twenty sheep were placed in a completely randomized block design and submitted to one of five treatments testing castor cake as a ration ingredient (untreated castor cake, treated with limestone, with urea, with mono-dicalcium phosphate and autoclaved) to evaluate their performance and the economic output. The roughage consisted of tifton-85 bermudagrass hay. The market prices of the rations ingredients, body weight (BW) and the carcass weight were considered to identify the minimum conditions for the enterprise to become economically feasible. After obtaining the ration cost and the dry matter intake, the technical, zootechnical and economic indexes were analyzed using the Excel ® program. The daily production (kg of BW or kg of carcass) was higher for sheep eating rations with autoclaved castor cake and treated with mono-dicalcium phosphate, showing the highest production system turnover and providing the highest number of finished animals on a yearly basis. These production systems showed the highest gross income. The animal purchase and feeding were the most representative items on BW production expenses, representing 44.8 and 43.3%/year on average, respectively. Adopting R$ 4.70/kg BW and R$ 13.40/kg carcass as sell prices, the production system containing castor cake treated with mono-dicalcium phosphate showed the best economic output, with a 1.07 benefit/cost, a R$ 73,117.34 liquid present value (LPV), 54% internal return rate (IRR) and a R$ 4.32 BW total cost. On the other hand, the production system using non-treated cake as the ingredient showed a 1.00 benefit/cost, R$ 1,772.62 LPV, 8% IRR and R$ 4.63/kg BW total cost, without any evidence of animal toxicity. It can be concluded that mono-dicalcium phosphate-treated castor cake is a promising ingredient to be used in sheep rations.

True ileal phosphorus digestibility of monocalcium phosphate, monodicalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate for broiler chickens

This study was conducted to determine the true ileal phosphorus (P) digestibility of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP) and dicalcium phosphate from bones (DCP) for broiler chickens using the regression method. A corn-soy basal diet was formulated to contain 2.5 g/kg total P. Each test ingredient was then included at three levels to the basal diet to achieve graded concentrations of total P (3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 g/kg, respectively). The calcium (Ca):P ratio was maintained at 1.35–1.40:1 by the addition of limestone. Titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker. Day-old male broiler chicks were fed a commercial broiler starter diet from 1 to 20 days of age. On day 21, birds were individually weighed and assigned to 60 cages (6 birds/cage) and the 10 experimental diets (basal diet and 9 diets with 3 inclusion levels of each test ingredient) were then randomly allocated to 6 replicate cages each. The birds were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for 8 days. On day 29, all birds were euthanized and ileal digesta were collected from the posterior half of the ileum. True P digestibility of MCP, MDCP and DCP were calculated by the linear regression analysis. True P digestibility of MCP, MDCP and DCP were determined to be 64.6, 60.2 and 69.3%, respectively. The present results suggest that the P digestibility from two inorganic sources (MCP and MDCP) and one organic source (DCP from bones) were lower than the values of available P currently assumed in poultry feed formulations.

Supplementation of pig diets in the growth and termination phases with different calcium sources.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of pig diets in the growth and termination phases with different calcium sources. In experiment I, 36 whole males were distributed in randomized blocks in six groups, with six replications. A basal diet was formulated to meet the animals' nutritional requirements except for calcium (0.09%), and the sources evaluated (calcitic limestone, monodicalcium phosphate, calcinated bone flour, and oyster flour) replaced the basal diet to provide 0.59% of total calcium. To determine the endogenous calcium, a diet containing low calcium (0.019%) was given simultaneously to another group of animals. Feces and urine were collected for determination the coefficients of apparent and true digestibility. In experiment II, 160 piglets were distributed in randomized blocks in four treatments, with five replications and four animals per experimental unit. Carcass and performance parameters, calcium concentration in bone and serum, and bone parameters were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and factorial. The calcium source did not influence the digestibility coefficients determined by total collection (P>0.05). The digestibility of Ca from oyster flour estimated by collection with an indicator was higher than that from the other sources (P<0.05). Calcium sources did not interfere in the evaluated parameters (P>0.05). The sources studied in this work can be used to supplement growing pigs' diets.

Different sources of calcium for starter pig diets

Abstract The study was conducted to determine the true Ca absorption coefficients and growth performance of piglets fed diets containing different sources of Ca. In the metabolism study, 30 piglets uncastrated, with initial weight averages of 20.52 ± 1.84 kg, were assigned to 5 treatments with 6 piglets per treatment in a randomized complete block design. A basal diet was formulated to meet the piglets nutritional requirements, except to Ca (0.09%), and was supplemented with different source of Ca (limestone, monodicalcium phosphate, calcined bone meal, and oyster meal) to provide 0.64% total Ca. A low-Ca diet (0.018%) and 6 additional piglets were used to estimate the endogenous Ca excretion in the feces. Total feces and urine were collected to determine the apparent and true absorption of Ca. After the adaptation period (7 d), the excreted feces were collected twice daily, weighed, stored in plastic bags in freezer (−18 °C) until the end of the collection period (5 d). The volume of the urine collected for 24 h was measured and a 20% aliquot was stored in glass containers in refrigerator (3 °C) until the end of the collection period (5 d). Experimental diets, feces and urine were analyzed for Ca. To determine the effect of different Ca sources on the growth performance, 160 piglets were assigned, to 2 sexes (males intact and females) and 4 sources of Ca (the same ones used in the metabolism study), in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement and randomized complete block design with 4 pens per treatment and 5 intact males or 5 females per pen. At the end of the study (22 d), blood samples were collected of the all piglets and 5 piglets per treatment were selected randomly regardless of sex to collect samples of organs. All samples were stored at −18 °C. Response criteria were: weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, Ca deposition in organs, bone strength, weight and size of the third metatarsal bone, and serum in Ca. The sources of Ca and direct or indirect collection method did not affect the absorption coefficients. There was no interaction among the sources of Ca and sex of the piglets for the performance variables. The piglets growth performance was similar among treatments. Calcined bone meal and oyster meal resulted in a greater content of mineral matter in the kidney (P = 0.013). The bone meal resulted in a greater Ca concentration in the piglets hearts (P

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in various inorganic phosphates fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in five sources of inorganic phosphate fed to growing pigs, including dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and monosodium phosphate (MSP, reagent grade). Six barrows (42.4±1.1kg) individually housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a 6×6 Latin square design with six dietary treatments and six periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4day adaptation period and a 5day collection period. The five experimental diets contained 0.24 to 0.34% of P from each inorganic phosphate as a sole source of P. A P-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The STTD of P in MSP (94.9%) was not different from the STTD of P in MCP (93.0%), but was greater (P<0.05) than that in DCP, MDCP and TCP (87.0, 86.5 and 71.3%, respectively). In conclusion, digestibility of P in reagent-grade MSP was greater than that in feed-grade inorganic phosphates such as DCP, MDCP and TCP, and digestibility of P in DCP and MDCP was greater than that in the TCP.

Precaecal phosphorus digestibility of inorganic phosphate sources in male broilers

The aim of this study, comprising two experiments, was (1) to determine in Experiment 1 the relationship of incremental dietary P (phosphorus) content on precaecal digestible P in male broilers and (2) to determine in Experiment 2 the precaecal P digestibility of various inorganic P sources at marginal levels of P supply.In Experiment 1, a total of 260 male Ross 308 broilers were divided into groups of 10 birds per pen resulting in 8 replicates for treatment 1 and 6 replicates for treatments 2–4. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 4 incremental concentrations of digestible P by means of increasing concentrations of monocalcium phosphate (MCP). In the second experiment, 480-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were divided in groups of 12 birds per pen resulting in 16 replicates for the basal diet and 6 replicates for each test diet. A total of 4 inorganic P sources, MCP, monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP) were added to the basal diet to determine the precaecal P digestibility. Three of the 4 inorganic P sources (MCP, MDCP and DCP) represented a mix of batches from different producers. At the end of both experiments, the chyme of the posterior part of the small intestine was collected. Digestibility of P and Ca was determined using titanium dioxide as indigestible marker.In Experiment 1, a reduction in precaecal digestibility of P was observed above an estimated precaecal digestible dietary P concentration of 4.8 g/kg.The precaecal P digestibility of the tested inorganic P sources in Experiment 2 was 78.3% for MCP, 59.0% for DCP, 70.7% for MDCP and 31.5% for DFP.

Blood and bone parameters of cattle fed diets containing different phosphates and phosphorus: fluorine relations

&lt;p&gt;Forty-nine male calves were allotted in a randomized design, being that initially were performed seven replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment were slaughtered four animals per treatment. The treatments were designed as following: CONT: control diet; DC120: Dicalcium Phosphate 120:1 ratio P: F; MDCP60: Monodicalcium Phosphate 60:1 ratio P: F; DC30: Dicalcium Phosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; TSP30: Triple Superphosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; DC10: Dicalcium Phosphate 10:1 ratio P: F; PRC10: phosphate rock concentrate of 10:1 of relation P: F. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of animals who consumed PRC10 diet was greater than the ALP of animals that consumed TSP30, DC10 and DC120. This result was obtained with animals with 650 days of confinement. The ALP of the animals that consumed PRC10 was greater at 866 days than in the animals consuming TSP30 and DC120 diets. The ash content was greater in the DC10 diet and the diets CAR10 and DC120 achieved the lowest value. The fluorine content in bone was higher in diet DC10, while the diets DC120, PRC10 and MDCP60 obtained the lower values. The area of Haversian canals and the relation Havers/Osteon area were higher in the diet DC30 and the lowest value was encountered in DC10. The mottled teeth were more intensely observed in the treatments DC10 and PRC10. It was concluded that high fluorine content in the diet increases the deposition of fluorine in bones, which negatively affects in the histological parameters of teeth and bones of beef cattle.&lt;/p&gt;