Monitoring Of Vitamin Research Articles

Effect of chitosan of milkfish scale waste (Chanos chanos) on the preservation of tomato fruit (Lycopersium esculentum)

Tomatoes (Lycopersium esculentum) provide excellent nutritional value for human health. However, their high water content and classification as climacteric fruits, which undergo quick ripening through respiration, make them vulnerable to harm during the post-harvest period. One method employed to prolong the longevity of tomatoes involves the application of a coating made from chitosan derived from milkfish scales. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of chitosan derived from milkfish scales (Chanos chanos) on the longevity of tomatoes by examining alterations in color, weight loss, pH level (acidity), and vitamin C content. This study employs a complete random design (CRD) experiment consisting of five treatments: P0 = 0%, P1 = 1%, P2 = 1.5%, P3 = 2%, and P4 = 2.5%. Each treatment is replicated three times. The metrics recorded encompassed the tomato's color, weight loss measured by comparing the initial weight with subsequent weights, pH value (indicating acidity), and monitoring of vitamin C levels.

Niveles de vitamina D en sangre materna y su relación con el consumo de pescado y los parámetros antropométricos de los recién nacidos en una cohorte de parejas madre/hijos de Sevilla

IntroductionTo compare maternal vitamin D levels with the area of residence or the consumption of fish, as well as its relationship with the weight, length and cranial perimeter of babies. Materials and methodsCohort of 100 mother–child pairs (n=100) from the province of Seville (Virgen del Rocío University Hospital and Valme University Hospital). In maternal blood samples (gestational age≥40 weeks) 25(OH)D levels have been measured by chemiluminescence. Anthropometric measurements of the babies were made using standard methods. ResultsRegarding vitamin D levels, 54% had deficient values, 26% insufficient and 20% sufficient values. After a multiple regression analysis, it is observed that there is no significant difference between maternal vitamin D levels, the length and the cephalic perimeter of the babies, however, there is a difference with the birth weight (P<.05). When applying the t-Student and the Wilcoxon test, there is no relationship between vitamin D levels and the area of residence or with maternal fish consumption (both P>.05). ConclusionsEighty percent of mothers present deficient and insufficient values of vitamin D. There is no correlation between this parameter and the length and cephalic perimeter of the baby, observing a negative correlation with birth weight. No correlation was observed between the area of residence or the consumption of fish and vitamin D levels in mothers. We suggest dietary supplements for pregnant mothers and monitoring of vitamin D levels in babies.

Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Role in Insulin Resistance, Glycemic Control and Long Term Complications

Vitamin D has a number of roles in various body systems with receptors scattered in many organs,1,2 showing a link between vitamin D and several chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and autoimmune disease.3,4 Several studies have shown the role of vitamin D in type 2 diabetes in controlling blood sugar levels and HbA1c levels. Vitamin D plays a role in increasing insulin sensitivity and secretion and suppressing inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D has a protective role in various complications of type 2 diabetes, including diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy.5 Monitoring of vitamin D levels and vitamin D supplementation have a therapeutic role to controlling glycemic blood glucose and prevent complications in type 2.6

Monitoring of Vitamin D Content in Domestic Foods

Chang Wan Lim, Jun Yeop Lee, Kwang Eun Jung, Jong Eun Won, Byung-Man Kwak, Ki Woong Lee, Jin Ju Park, and Sang Hoon Lee. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2022;51:419-27. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.5.419

Vitamin D in Different Stages of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy and its Correlation with Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) –A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the prevalence of which is increasing in every year. Monitoring of Vitamin D status in diabetic nephropathy patients is important, as the deficiency of vitamin D appears as a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Studies evaluating the role of vitamin D in DN are few. Conflicting data is available on the correlation between vitamin D and Diabetic Nephropathy. Studies revealed the sample population is Vitamin D deficient. Therefore, it is important to understand the correlation of Vitamin D with severity of Diabetic nephropathy and its role in fibrogenesis. The aim of this study is to analyse vitamin D status in different stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with transforming growth factor beta-1.&#x0D; Methods: A 1.5-year cross-sectional study of 120 diabetic patients, 60 with nephropathy and 60 without nephropathy patients enrolled to MES Medical College. Patients with heart, liver, or thyroid disease, as well as those on dialysis, were excluded from the study. The VITROS 5600 integrated system were used to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, creatinine and vitamin D. Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) is measured using ELISA technique. According to HbA1c and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values, the study population is divided into two groups. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software was used to conduct the analysis. The level of significance was calculated at 95%.&#x0D; Results: The level of vitamin D in diabetic patients with nephropathy is much lower than in diabetic patients without nephropathy. In diabetic nephropathy patients, serum creatinine, urea, HbA1c and TGF-β1 exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with vitamin D status, but eGFR showed a highly significant positive correlation.&#x0D; Conclusion: Vitamin D status has been found to be poor in all diabetic patients, with a greater drop in diabetic nephropathy patients. In diabetic nephropathy patients, serum creatinine, urea, HbA1c and TGF-β1 exhibited a highly significant negative association with vitamin D status, but eGFR showed a highly significant positive link. Deficiency of vitamin D have role in the development and severity of DN, and showed a highly significant correlation with the regulator of fibrosis, TGF-β1. This finding indicates that vitamin D couldbe an important factor for development and progression of Diabetic nephropathy. So supplementation of vitamin D may slow down progression of DN.

Immunodeficiency Accelerates Vitamin A Deficiency.

ABSTRACTBackgroundVitamin A deficiency increases susceptibility to infection caused by impaired immune function.ObjectivesWe investigated whether immunodeficiency could facilitate the development of vitamin A deficiency.MethodsVitamin A deficiency was followed in 2 mouse models of immunodeficiency: the athymic nude mouse (nu/nu) and the humoral immunodeficient SENCAR (SENsitive to CARcinogenesis) mouse. Vitamin A deficiency was also monitored in outbred Balb/c and in NIH mice. The monitoring of vitamin A deficiency was done after feeding the mice and their mothers a semisynthetic, vitamin A–deficient diet from birth of the experimental mice. These mice were weaned onto the same deficient diet at 3–4 wk of age, while control groups were fed the same diet containing 3 μg retinoic acid per gram of diet.ResultsThe immunodeficient nu/nu and SENCAR mice developed vitamin A deficiency earlier than either the heterozygous nu/+ controls or the Balb/c and NIH strains. In female mice, symptoms included depletion of liver retinol and retinyl palmitate, squamous metaplasia of the uterus, and death. Male mice lost weight more frequently and sooner than female mice, in which mortality generally occurred in the absence of loss of body weight. Pairwise comparisons using Tukey's honest significant difference test of the nu/nu and SENCAR mice versus the Balb/c and NIH mice showed a faster loss of retinol and retinyl palmitate in all pairs (P ≤ 0.0001) except for retinol when comparing nu/nu and NIH strains (P = 0.3383).ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with an increased usage of liver retinol and retinyl palmitate in the immunocompromised nu/nu and in the immunodeficient SENCAR mice and suggest that compensatory mechanisms dependent on vitamin A utilization are called upon to rescue immunodeficiency both in the T-cell–deficient phenotype of the nu/nu mice and in the humoral immunodeficient SENCAR mice.

Vitamin D, pregnancy and caries in children in the INMA-Asturias birth cohort

BackgroundVitamin D is traditionally associated with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, a process essential for the mineralization of hard tissue such as bone or tooth. Deficiency of this vitamin is a problem worldwide, however. Given the possibly significant role of Vitamin D in odontogenesis in children, the objective of our study was to determine the influence of vitamin D levels in the blood on dental anomalies in children between 6 and 10 years of age, by means of 25-hydroxy vitamin D tests performed during pregnancy and the first years of life.MethodsThe data analyzed were sourced from data belonging to the INMA-Asturias birth cohort, a prospective cohort study initiated in 2004 as part of the INMA Project. The 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) test was performed with samples from 188 children in the INMA-Asturias birth cohort with a dental examination performed between 6 and 10 years of age. The samples were taken at three stages: in the mother at 12 weeks of gestation, and subsequently in the child at 4 and 8 years of age. Diet, nutritional and oro-dental hygiene habits were also analyzed by means of questionnaires.ResultsThe results indicate a significant association between caries and correct or incorrect brushing technique. With incorrect brushing technique, the prevalence of caries was 48.89%, but this dropped to 22.38% with correct brushing technique. An association was also found between tooth decay and frequency of sugar intake. The prevalence of caries was 24.54% with occasional sugar intake, but this rose to 56% with regular sugar intake. On the other hand, levels < 20 ng/ml in both mother and child at 8 years of age would also be risk factors (ORgest = 2.51(1.01–6.36) and OR8years = 3.45(1.14–11.01)) for the presence of caries in children. The risk of caries practically tripled where 25(OH) D values were < 20 ng/ml.ConclusionsAlthough incorrect brushing technique and regular sugar consumption was found to be the main cause of caries in the children, the low concentrations of vitamin D in the blood of the pregnant mothers may have magnified this correlation, indicating that the monitoring of vitamin D levels during pregnancy should be included in antenatal programmes. It is particularly striking that 50% of the children were deficient in vitamin D at the age of 4, and that dental floss was practically absent from regular cleaning routines.

Vitamin D in athletes: focus on physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries.

[Purpose]The aim of this review was to discuss the effects of vitamin D on physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes and provide information on the field applications of vitamin D. [Methods]A systematic review was conducted to identify studies on vitamin D in athletes that assessed serum vitamin D levels, vitamin D and physical performance, vitamin D and musculoskeletal injuries, and practical guidelines for supplementation of vitamin D. [Results]Several studies reported that a high proportion of athletes had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Low serum levels of vitamin D in athletes were more pronounced in winter than in other seasons, and indoor athletes had lower serum vitamin D levels than outdoor athletes. Low vitamin D levels have been demonstrated to have negative effects on muscle strength, power, and endurance; increase stress fractures and other musculoskeletal injuries; and affect acute muscle injuries and inflammation following high-intensity exercises. Therefore, periodic assessment and monitoring of vitamin D levels are necessary in athletes; the recommended serum level of 25(OH)D is > 32 ng/mL and the preferred level is > 40 ng/mL (-1). In those with low levels of vitamin D, exposure to sunlight and an improved diet or supplements may be helpful. Particularly, 2000–6000 IU of supplemental vitamin D3 can be consumed daily. [Conclusion]Vitamin D is a potential nutritional factor that can significantly affect physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes. The importance and role of vitamin D in athletes should be emphasized, and the current levels of vitamin D should be assessed. Therefore, it is essential to periodically evaluate and monitor serum vitamin D levels in athletes.

Nutrient Status of Vitamin D among Cancer Patients

背景与目的维生素营养状况与癌症患者之间存在一定的关联，已有研究表明缺乏维生素会增加罹患癌症的风险，本研究的目的是了解癌症患者的维生素D营养状况，为进一步实施营养干预提供科学依据。方法本研究回顾性分析了2017年7月-2019年6月在山东省肿瘤医院就诊的癌症患者血清25-羟维生素D的水平，采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行单因素分析和多元线性回归分析。结果本研究共纳入2, 487例癌症患者，平均血清25-羟维生素D的浓度为（12.70±6.82）ng/mL，纳入的癌症患者中维生素D缺乏者[25（OH）D < 20.00 ng/mL]占比92.20%。单因素分析显示：年龄、身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）和癌症类型（P < 0.05）与维生素D缺乏显著相关。进一步的多因素分析显示，BMI（β=0.71）、年龄（β=-0.56）、季节（与夏季相比，冬季β=-0.99；秋季β=-0.76）和癌症的种类（与其他类型的癌症相比，肺癌β=-1.17；食管-胃癌β=-1.45；结直肠癌β=-1.05）与25-羟维生素D水平显著相关（P < 0.05）。结论癌症患者25-羟维生素D水平偏低，存在严重的维生素D缺乏状况，其可能与年龄、BMI、季节和癌症类型有关，这表明应该加强对癌症患者维生素D水平的监测。

The Restoration of Vitamin D Levels Slows the Progression of Renal Ischemic Injury in Rats Previously Deficient in Vitamin D.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a global public health problem. The initial damage after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and predisposition to CKD. Several studies have been showing that nontraditional risk factors such as AKI and hypovitaminosis D could also be involved in CKD progression. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with hemodynamic changes, activation of inflammatory pathways and renal disease progression (RDP) following I/R-AKI. Strategies for prevention and/or slowing RDP have been determined and the sufficiency of vitamin D has been emerging as a renoprotective factor in many diseases. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the restoration of vitamin D levels in the progression of I/R injury (IRI) in rats previously deficient in vitamin D. On day 30, male Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral 45 min IRI and divided into three groups: IRI, standard diet for 120 days; VDD+IRI, vitamin D-free diet for 120 days; and VDD+IRI+R, vitamin D-free diet in the first 30 days and just after I/R, we reintroduced the standard diet in the last 90 days. After the 120-day protocol, VDD+IRI+R rats presented an improvement in the renal function and renal protein handling followed by a smaller fractional interstitial area. Furthermore, those animals exhibited a reestablishment regarding the hemodynamic parameters and plasma levels of aldosterone, urea and PTH. In addition, the restoration of vitamin D levels reestablished the amount of MCP1 and the renal expressions of CD68+ and CD3+ cells in the VDD+IRI+R rats. Also, VDD+IRI+R rats showed a restoration regarding the amount of collagen type III and renal expressions of fibronectin, vimentin and α-SMA. Such changes were also accompanied by a reestablishment on the renal expression of VDR, Klotho, JG12, and TGF-β1. Our findings indicate that the restoration of vitamin D levels not only improved the renal function and hemodynamics but also reduced the inflammation and fibrosis lesions observed in I/R-AKI associated with VDD. Thus, monitoring of vitamin D status as well as its replacement in the early stages of kidney injury may be a therapeutic alternative in the mitigation of renal disease progression.

Serum Vitamin A Nutritional Status of Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years - China, 2016-2017.

Summary What is already known on this topic? Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children is still a global public health problem, which needs continuous monitoring and timely intervention. What is added by this report? Using surveillance data from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016−2017, the prevalence of VAD and marginal deficiency was 0.96% and 14.71%, respectively. The vitamin A nutritional status of children and adolescents from urban areas and those aged 12−17 years were better than those from rural areas and aged 6−11 years. What are the implications for public health practice? Marginal VAD was a major form of VAD in Chinese children. The monitoring of vitamin A status in key populations should be continuously strengthened, and the public should be encouraged to consume foods rich in vitamin A or vitamin A supplements.

Association of vitamin D deficiency and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Two-year follow-up study.

Objectives This study aims to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Pakistani systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and the effect of vitamin D deficiency on the severity and outcomes of SLE.Patients and methods This retrospective study evaluated SLE patients presenting to our hospital between January 2009 and December 2018. A total of 98 patients (13 males, 85 females; mean age 39.8±14.9 years; range, 16 to 73 years) with vitamin D levels available at the time of diagnosis were included in the study. Disease activity was measured using SLE disease activity score at the time of diagnosis and at the two-year mark.Results Sixty-five patients were deficient in Vitamin D and out of those 46 were severely deficient. The severe disease group had more patients with vitamin D deficiency at both visits (43/78 and 33/46) while patients in remission all had normal vitamin D (12/12 and 14/14) (p≤0.001).ConclusionVitamin D deficiency is common in SLE patients and also significantly associated with increased disease activity at the time of diagnosis and at the two-year mark. We hope this study becomes a platform for the global medical community to come together and implement early screening and monitoring of vitamin D levels and to determine the optimal level of supplementation for prevention of poor outcomes in SLE.

Diyabetik Polinöropati Risk Faktörleri

Objective: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases. The most frequent complication of DM is diabetic polyneuropathy.Diabetic polyneuropathy is related to high mortality, morbidity, hospitalization rate and serious level of economic burden. We aimed in this study to determine the risk factors that affect DPN pathology. Method: Patients with abnormalities in the nerve conduction study constituted the polyneuropathy group, and patients without abnormalities formed the control group When the laboratuary values of the patients were analyzed, blood tests of 168 of 202 patients were reached. 117 of these patients had PNP and 51 did not have PNP. Results: In patients with PNP, glycolyzed hba1c ratio and fasting blood sugar were significantly higher than patients without PNP. (p &amp;lt;.001) While HDL rate was lower in patients with PNP than those without PNP (p &amp;lt;0.01), TG / HDL ratio was higher (p &amp;lt;0.05). In patients with PNP, glycolyzed urea (p &amp;lt;0.001) and creatinine (p &amp;lt;0.01) were significantly higher than those without PNP. The serum level of 25 (OH) vitamin D was significantly lower in patients with PNP than in patients without PNP (p &amp;lt;0.05). Ferritin was significantly higher in patients with PNP than patients without (P &amp;lt;0 .01). Conclusion: Knowing and preventing risk factors for diabetic polyneuropathy, we can take a new direction to our treatment approaches and take early measures. Fasting blood sugar and hba1c control, regulation of lipid profile, monitoring of vitamin d and ferritin levels are particularly necessary for protection of polyneuropathy.

Variation of Hematochemical Profile and Vitamin E Status in Feral Giara Horses From Free Grazing in the Wild to Hay Feeding During Captivity

Wildlife protection and management are important priorities for landscape identity and biodiversity preservation. Feeding practices of fauna confined in facilities during temporary captivity are fundamental to support animal health and natural behavior. Appropriate provision of feedstuffs appears to be necessary to support the best practices in respect of animal species-specific natural diet. This investigation explored the variation of the metabolic profile by means of selected metabolite and respective circulating levels in a group feral Giara horses undergoing the change of the diet, moving from natural free grazing in the wild to temporary captivity. Six Giara horses (4 mares and 2 stallions; estimated age: 2.5–3 years; body weight: 163–170 kg) were captured to monitor the serological reaction to equine infectious anemia (EIA; screening at Coggins test). Animals were sheltered in a wildlife rescue center for a duration of 4 weeks, and all received the same hay-based diet (ad libitum). On 0 and 28 days of captivity, blood serum alpha-tocopherol (α-TOH) concentration was determined alongside selected metabolites (liver enzymes, total protein and fractions, cholesterol, triglycerides, and macrominerals and trace elements). Comparative feces quality and composition were also assessed. Both serum samples (0 vs. 28 days) displayed α-TOH levels below (<2 μg/mL) adequacy established for the domestic horse. Initial levels markedly (P = .020) decreased after the 4 weeks of captivity (Δ = −32.5%). Vitamin E status and ALT levels varied significantly, but serum protein fractions did not point to significant variations before and after captivity. All horses tested negative to EIA. Monitoring of vitamin E status of wild and feral herbivores may be recommendable in the context of adequate feeding practices during captivity to prevent potential deficiency or excessive depletion.

Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants and Toddlers

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a gram-negative pathogen, has been shown to colonize multiple organs and cause various forms of extra-gastrointestinal diseases. The association of H. pylori infection with vitamin D status in apparently healthy children remained unclear; therefore, we investigated the relationship between vitamin D and H. pylori infection among apparently healthy infants and toddlers. In this large cross-sectional study, the examination data of children were collected from January 2013 to September 2017 in the Center for Children's Health Care. Among these children, 6,896 infants and toddlers were screened for our study. Helicobacter pylori infection and vitamin D status were the main indicators, and micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper, magnesium), and growth parameters (height, weight, and weight for age Z score [WAZ], height for age Z score [HAZ]) were also analyzed in this study. Among the 6,896 infants and toddlers, the detection rate of H. pylori seropositivity was 30.6%. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in H. pylori seropositive and seronegative groups was 20.7% and 12.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). The logistic regression analysis suggested children with H. pylori-positive antibody were 2.06 times more likely to be vitamin D deficient compared with children who had negative H. pylori antibody (odds ratio: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.77, 2.38) after controlling for confounding factors. These data suggested that there was a significant association between H. pylori seropositivity and vitamin D deficiency in children aged 6-36 months, which would make a contribution to the treatment and monitoring of vitamin D deficiency and H. pylori infection.

Thyroid Function Changes in a Rat Model of Vitamin D Deficiency and Effect of Vitamin D and Metformin Treatment

Abstract Background: Previous studies showed controversies about the association of vitamin D deficiency and thyroid dysfunction and up to our knowledge there was no study that were con-ducted to study the effect of vitamin D deficiency on thyroid function. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is widely used and also there was contradictory data about its effect on thyroid function. Aim of Study: To identify whether vitamin D deficiency is considered a cause for hypothyroidism or not. Also, to investigate the effect of metformin treatment on thyroid function in a rat model of vitamin D deficiency. Material and Methods: 40 Adult male albino rats of local strains were divided randomly into 5 equal groups; control, control metformin treated (control + metformin), vitamin D deficient, vitamin D deficient metformin treated (vitamin D deficient + metformin) and vitamin D deficient vitamin D treated (vitamin D deficient + vitamin D). Results: Vitamin D deficiency model significantly in-creased final Body Mass Index (BMI), relative thyroid weight, serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), serum reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and hepatic deiodinase 3 activity but significantly declined serum levels of each of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) when compared to control group. Metformin treatment of vitamin D deficient rats significantly reduced relative thyroid weight with a significant decreased in TSH level when compared with vitamin D deficient group. A significant negative correlation was reported between serum 25(OH)D and each of final BMI, serum TSH, relative thyroid weight, hepatic deiodinase activity and serum rT3 but it was positively correlated to serum level of both T3 and T4. Histopathology and histomorphometric studies of the thyroid gland in vitamin D deficient rats showed a large number of follicles with increased dimensions, the follicular colloid showed no vacuolation, the amount of colloid increased and the follicles were found to be lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells with basal nuclei. Conclusion: As vitamin D deficiency decreased thyroid function through affecting hepatic deiodinase 3 activity and this change was deteriorated with vitamin D supplementation, thus, monitoring of vitamin D levels and its supplementation may play a role in management of hypothyroidism. Also, metformin exerted an anti-proliferative activity, improved thyroid structure and lowered TSH without affecting serum levels of T4 or T3, thus it could provide a rationale for an innovative therapy of thyroid proliferative diseases.

Variation Trend of Vitamin D Status in Wintertime Among Infants: A Cross-sectional Study

Background The requirement of vitamin D in different stage may be diverse, but research on the variation trend of vitamin D status during infancy is scarce. Objective This study aimed to explore the variation trend of vitamin D status and influencing factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during wintertime among infants. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 500 infants were included in our study during January to March 2017. The serum 25(OH)D was performed by chemiluminescent assay. Multivariate Logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the influencing factors of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency. Results The older infants had a higher concentration of vitamin D than younger infants (r=0.62, P<0.0001). And the overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were 33.80% and 18.00%, respectively. With the increase of month age, the risk of vitamin D deficiency (OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.57-0.70) and insufficiency (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.62-0.77) were both declined. In addition, the infant with low birthweight, breastfed, living in rural area were correlated with a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (P<0.05). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency prevalence changed with month age, routine monitoring of vitamin D levels is necessary for infant.

Investigation of Diffuse Hair Fall Case Due to Vitamin D Deficiency: A Case Report and Literature Review

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Validação de método analítico para o monitoramento de vitamina A em leites do Programa Viva Leite

Introduction: There is an evidence of hypovitaminosis A in certain populations. In order to combat this deficiency in Sao Paulo State, a government program was created for free distribution of pasteurized milk enriched with vitamins A, D, and iron for the low income population for the purpose to offer a food supplement with high nutritional value. Objective: Optimization and validation of a methodology for the determination of vitamin A in fluid milk, using modified methodology of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Method: The high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to evaluate vitamin A contents in 261 milks of the program. Results: The validated analytical method was adequate for the determination of vitamin A in fluid milks in the laboratory routine. The results showed that 52% of the samples had vitamin A concentrations above the declared value in the nutrition facts label, while 11% presented lower content in comparison to the declared value. Conclusions: Monitoring of vitamin A levels in these milks should be continuous to ensure the amount of micronutrient declared on the label and to meet the objectives of the program.

Systematic vitamin D supplementation and monitoring: improving outcomes in heart failure?

Systematic vitamin D supplementation and monitoring: improving outcomes in heart failure?