Monitoring Of Sulfur Dioxide Research Articles

A near-infrared lysosomal probe for dynamic sulfur dioxide monitoring in inflammation

Inflammation is a complex physiological response involving various cellular and molecular events. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), recognized as both an endogenous signaling molecule and anti-inflammatory agent, plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. To gain deeper insights into the dynamics of inflammation-related processes, real-time monitoring of SO2 concentrations within cellular organelles is imperative. Here, we developed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, R2, equipped with lysosomal targeting features. R2 effectively monitors dynamic SO2 concentration changes during inflammation. The fluorescence intensity at 703 nm of R2 shows a strong linear correlation with the concentration of SO2, displaying a rapid response time to SO2 within 10 s and maintaining excellent photostability. The successful application of R2 in elucidating dynamic SO2 concentration changes in lysosomal during cellular and rat inflammatory processes underscores its significant potential as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases.

A compact wide-angle DUV lens suitable for SO2 monitoring

We report the design and development of a compact wide-angle deep ultraviolet (DUV) lens suitable for sulfur dioxide (SO2) monitoring. The lens (focal length = 10 mm, F-number = 4, full field of view = 35°) is made of synthetic quartz (SiO2, SQ) glass, sapphire (Al2O3) crystal, and calcium fluoride (CaF2) crystal whose dimensions are optimized for 290–320 nm wavelengths. Compared to a conventional doublet lens with the same focal length, F-number, and full field of view, our design exhibits slight vignetting and peripheral astigmatism but with corrected chromatic aberrations, smaller focal shifts (127 µm), tighter spot sizes (19–24 µm), and better image resolution and contrast (modulation transfer function, MTF ≥ 0.4). The lens properties have also been confirmed experimentally with the fabrication and evaluation of an actual lens based on our design. The actual lens exhibits a barrel-type distortion of 3.3 %, relative illumination of 94–100 % at 0–5° field angles, and a tangential MTF performance curve similar to what are expected from the design. Our compact lens is shown to exhibit better properties than conventional lenses and promises better performance in wide-angle DUV imaging applications, especially for SO2 detection.

Water-soluble improved NIR ratiometric fluorescent probe for specific imaging sulfur dioxide in cancer cell membranes and living mice

The comprehensive understanding of the mechanism between gas messenger molecules and cell membrane microenvironment is of great significance for basic biology research. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), as a vital gas molecule, is of great value in the permeability and fluidity of cell membranes. However, monitoring of sulfur dioxide in cell membranes with high temporal and spatial resolution remains a challenge. Herein, we designed and synthesized a ratiometric probe CMCB based on coumarin and indole sulfonate platform. The unsaturated CC is selected as the reaction site of SO2, utilizing sulfonic acid groups to increase CMCB hydrophilicity to achieve efficient targeting of cell membranes. The probe CMCB features a good cells membranes targeting and a NIR emission (720 nm). Interestingly, the probe showed low detection limit, high selectivity and specificity of targeting cell membranes. We expect that this probe will serve as an ideal tool in studying gas messenger molecule on cytomembrane in vivo.

Engineering an ESIPT-based fluorescent probe for dual-channel (Vis/ NIR) ratiometric monitoring of intracellular sulfur dioxide by single wavelength excitation

ESIPT-based probes have large stokes shift and dual emission, and can quantify the analytes through dual-channel LSCM imaging under one excitation wavelength without of the need of two lasers or corresponding parameter corrections. To exploit these advantages of ESIPT mechanism and achieve a big breakthrough in their excitation-emission wavelength and solubility which of the old probes dissatisfied the requirements of biology experiments, we challenged to develop a favorable and practical SO2 probe. In this work, the benzopyrylium moiety which had both a built-in SO2 site and good water solubility, was conjugated with 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline to construct ESIPT-based probe NIR-PT with dual emission (enol form:544 nm; keto form: 733 nm). NIR-PT could ratiometricly visualize SO2 levels in aqueous solution with 460 nm as a excitation. Moreover, we have successfully applied NIR-PT to visualize SO2 levels in cells and mice under oxidative stress.

Airborne Monitoring of Sulfur-Dioxide from Ocean-Going Vessels in Belgium Using Improved Techniques

Airborne Monitoring of Sulfur-Dioxide from Ocean-Going Vessels in Belgium Using Improved Techniques

Official information on sulfur dioxide emissions and its assessment using satellite remote sensing data

The purpose of the study is to assess the openness, availability and reliability of official information on sulfur dioxide emissions from 31 of the largest point anthropogenic sources located in Russia. For the assessment, a comparison was made of the amounts of emissions according to official reporting and remote sensing data. The set of reported data was formed using information from websites of Federal State Statistic Service and of Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, as well as those contained in state reports on the ecological situation and on environmental protection or in public non-financial statements of large companies. Remote sensing dataset was downloaded from NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring project website. Data comparison was carried out using statistical analysis methods. It is found that remote sensing data can be considered a standard of information openness and availability, while reported data is incomplete and requires significant efforts to collect. For the emissions up to 50 000 tons per year, the differences between the reported and remote sensing data can be explained solely by the uncertainty of satellite measures. With a larger amount, however, the remote sensing values are in general larger than reported ones, which may indicate imperfect systems of emission control from stationary sources, the presence of many unaccounted sources, or deliberate distortion of environmental information. Emission catalogues from satellite data can become an alternative and supplement to official reporting, as well as be used for control and surveillance activities and bringing to legal responsibility. Topical issues are publishing official environmental information in a form of open data, the development of mechanisms for public non-financial reporting of large companies, the study of the links between information transparency and reliability of the information, as well as the peculiarities of the formation of official reporting about environmental impact.

Study on Improving the Accuracy of Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring in Air

Study on Improving the Accuracy of Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring in Air

Human health risk assessment in opencast coal mines and coal-fired thermal power plants surrounding area due to inhalation

The study aimed to provide quantitative data on air pollution on people living in an industrial area of middle India. The twenty-four monitoring of nitrogen dioxide concentrations, sulfur dioxide, PM2.5 and PM10 was used to investigate people's exposure and health effects in the surrounding study area from January 2016 to December 2017. The particulate matter concentrations and associated elements in particulate matter were analyzed by gravimetric analysis and DBAAS, ICP-OES, Ion-Chromatography, Mercury analyzer, and CHNS analyzer.A risk level of metals in human health was occurring in the following decreasing order as Pb > Zn > Mn > Co > Cr > Ni > Hg > Cd > As, and risk level of metals in human health of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals were observed to be lower than USEPA standard risk level of metals under acceptable level (10−6 year−1). The strongest association of metals areareare found for PM2.5 followed by PM10, with no indication of a threshold value for the health effects.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles reinforced polyvinyl formal (PVF) nanocomposites as chemiresistive gas sensor for sulfur dioxide (SO2) monitoring

The present work reports the preparation of polyvinyl formal (PVF)/Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposite films using a solution casting method followed by the characterization of the synthesized PVF/TiO2 nanocomposite films using various analytical techniques namely FTIR, XRD, UV–vis, SEM and TGA analysis. The results obtained from different analyses confirmed that the TiO2 NPs was fine dispersed within the PVF matrix and there exists well compatibility among the polymer matrix and the nanofiller. The pristine TiO2 NPs based fabricated chemiresistive sensor exhibits the maximum sensitivity of 50.25% at 370 °C where as PVF/TiO2 nanocomposite sensor showed the enhanced sensitivity of 83.75% at a relatively low operating temperature of 150 °C towards 600 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas. The 25 wt% PVF/TiO2 nanocomposite film sensor exhibited good sensitivity (∼83.75%), selectivity, rapid response time (66 s)/recovery time (107 s), and long-term stability of 60 days for SO2 gas detection. The fabricated PVF/TiO2 nanocomposite film sensors in our work possesses the advantages of low power consumption, cost-effective, and distinguished sensing abilities for SO2 detection makes it possible for potential applications. Thus, the fabricated chemiresistive sensors based on TiO2 NPs reinforced PVF nanocomposites films are evaluated and experimental results to show an excellent behavior towards SO2 gas detection for industrial processes control and environmental monitoring applications.

ASSESSING AND MODELLING OF SOME AIR EMISSIONS PRODUCED FROM MOPCO FERTILIZERS, DAMIETTA, EGYPT

This study assesses the environmental aspects and air quality in chemical fertilizer industry. Misr Fertilizers Company (MOPCO) at Damietta, Egypt was used as a case study to monitor indoor and outdoor air emissions to find out the main source of air pollution and evaluate the air quality in the facility. MOPCO is located within the general free zone of Damietta Port and covers an area of 400,000 m2 including three factories, three ammonia plants, and three urea production plants and a service area. Monitoring of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia (NH3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in addition to particulate matter (PM10), noise and heat stress was carried out in the production units in MOPCO (e.g., filling area, ammonia pumping area, and boiler area (BFW) from January 2018 to July 2019. Outdoor air emissions were measured from the outlet stacks of granulation, reformer and the boiler at MOPCO. The obtained results from the three sites were less than the maximum permissible limits for CO (25 ppm), SO2 (2 ppm), NO2 (3 ppm), and NH3 (25 ppm) according to Egyptian Environment Protection Low No. 4/1994 and its amendments (No. 9/2009). Detailed air dispersion modeling (AERMOD) was applied to determine the likelihood ground level concentrations resulting from the outdoor air emissions of NO2, NH3, CO and PM10 from the stacks in MOPCO. The individual risk exposures from MOPCO have been evaluated and found to be below the maximum tolerable risk levels allowed by the Egyptian Environment Protection Low No. 4/1994.

A BODIPY‐Hemicyanine‐Based Water‐Soluble Dual‐Color Fluorescence Probe for Colorimetric Monitoring of Intracellular Endogenous Sulfur Dioxide and Bioimaging Applications

AbstractWe conjugated aldehyde‐BODIPY with the water‐soluble iodopropionic‐acid‐hemicyanine to develop a new dual‐color fluorescence probe (BHC) for selective and sensitive monitoring of endogenous SO2 for the first time. Through excellent water solubility and the unique nucleophilic addition reaction, BHC has a higher selectivity for the colorimetric monitoring of SO2 than other related substances. The resulting probe BHC has red emission, and can be converted to green emission after reacting with SO2. Then the dual‐color fluorescence probe was further applied to image intracellular endogenous generated SO32−/HSO3− by the metabolism of living cells with satisfactory results. This strategy provides a new tool for revealing the metabolism of SO32−/HSO3− and quantifying their distribution in living cells.

Surface lanthanide activator doping for constructing highly efficient energy transfer-based nanoprobes for the on-site monitoring of atmospheric sulfur dioxide.

The sensitive and on-site detection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is in great demand in the fields of food safety and environmental protection. Here, we developed a novel upconversion nanoprobe based on the luminescence energy transfer mechanism for monitoring the atmospheric SO2 concentrations. The lanthanide emitters, Tm3+ ions, were optimized to be doped on the surface layer of the upconversion nanoparticles to improve their energy transfer efficiency by minimizing the distance between the emitters and the surface quencher, a cyanine dye. As a proof-of-concept, the optimal nanoprobe was utilized to detect SO2 water derivatives, bisulfite ions, exhibiting a linear luminescence increase in the range of 1 nM to 10 nM. Furthermore, we assembled the cyanine-modified upconversion nanoparticles onto a test paper, and used a smartphone-based detection platform to achieve portable and visual detection of SO2. The test paper showed a strong luminescence stability, homogeneity and good anti-interference. The limit of detection for SO2 gas was found to be 1 ng L-1. This novel upconversion test paper was also demonstrated to directly monitor the concentration of SO2 gas in atmosphere.

The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world\u2019s subaerial volcanoes

Volcanoes are the main pathway to the surface for volatiles that are stored within the Earth. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of particular interest because of its potential for climate forcing. Understanding the balance of CO2 that is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the Earth’s interior, hinges on accurate quantification of the long-term emissions of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere. Here we present an updated evaluation of the world’s volcanic CO2 emissions that takes advantage of recent improvements in satellite-based monitoring of sulfur dioxide, the establishment of ground-based networks for semi-continuous CO2-SO2 gas sensing and a new approach to estimate key volcanic gas parameters based on magma compositions. Our results reveal a global volcanic CO2 flux of 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg CO2/y (11.7 × 1011 mol CO2/y) for non-eruptive degassing and 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg/y for eruptive degassing during the period from 2005 to 2015. While lower than recent estimates, this global volcanic flux implies that a significant proportion of the surface-derived CO2 subducted into the Earth’s mantle is either stored below the arc crust, is efficiently consumed by microbial activity before entering the deeper parts of the subduction system, or becomes recycled into the deep mantle to potentially form diamonds.

Using meteorological normalisation to detect interventions in air quality time series

Interventions used to improve air quality are often difficult to detect in air quality time series due to the complex nature of the atmosphere. Meteorological normalisation is a technique which controls for meteorology/weather over time in an air quality time series so intervention exploration (and trend analysis) can be assessed in a robust way. A meteorological normalisation technique, based on the random forest machine learning algorithm was applied to routinely collected observations from two locations where known interventions were imposed on transportation activities which were expected to change ambient pollutant concentrations. The application of progressively stringent limits on the content of sulfur in marine fuels was very clearly represented in ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2) monitoring data in Dover, a port city in the South East of England. When the technique was applied to the oxides of nitrogen (NOx and NO2) time series at London Marylebone Road (a Central London monitoring site located in a complex urban environment), the normalised time series highlighted clear changes in NO2 and NOx which were linked to changes in primary (directly emitted) NO2 emissions at the location. The clear features in the time series were illuminated by the meteorological normalisation procedure and were not observable in the raw concentration data alone. The lack of a need for specialised inputs, and the efficient handling of collinearity and interaction effects makes the technique flexible and suitable for a range of potential applications for air quality intervention exploration.

Pollutant monitoring in tail gas of sulfur recovery unit with statistical and soft computing models

In this article, data-driven models are developed for real time monitoring of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the tail gas stream of sulfur recovery unit (SRU). Statistical [partial least square (PLS), ridge regression (RR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR)] and soft computing models are constructed from plant data. The plant data were divided into training and validation sets using Kennard-Stone algorithm. All models are developed from the training data set. PLS model is designed using SIMPLS algorithm. Three different ridge parameter selection techniques are used to design the RR model. GPR model is designed using four hyper parameter selection methods. The soft computing models include fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy models. Prediction accuracy of all models is assessed by simulation with validation dataset. Simulation results show that the GPR model designed with marginal log likelihood maximization method has good prediction accuracy and outperforms the performance of all other models. The developed GPR model is also found to yield better prediction accuracy than some other models of the SRU proposed in the literature.

Monitoring of Sulfur Dioxide, Carotenoid Contents and Bacillus cereus Contamination of Dried Sweet Potato in Circulating Dried Agricultural Products

Monitoring of Sulfur Dioxide, Carotenoid Contents and Bacillus cereus Contamination of Dried Sweet Potato in Circulating Dried Agricultural Products

High Time-Resolution Monitoring of Free-Tropospheric Sulfur Dioxide and Nitric Acid at the Summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan

This is the first paper that describes the atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric acid (HNO3) monitored with a good time-resolution at the summit (3776 m a.s.l.), which is located in the free troposphere, and southeastern foot (1284 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Fuji. Japan. During the summer of 2012, two analytical systems consisting mainly of a parallel-plate wet denuder and ion chromatograph operated simultaneously at both the sampling sites. All the samples collected at both the sampling sites contained detectable levels of sulfate from gas-phase SO2 while the nitrate from gas-phase HNO3 was detectable in 97.8% of air samples at the southeastern foot and 88.4% at the summit. The average concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were, respectively, 0.061 ± 0.071 and 0.031 ± 0.020 ppbv at the summit (n = 672), and 0.347 ± 0.425 and 0.146 ± 0.070 ppbv at the southeastern foot (n = 1344) of Mt. Fuji. Both the acidic gases at the southeastern foot and the HNO3 at the summit showed a diurnal pattern with daytime maxima and nighttime minima. Meanwhile, the SO2 at the summit did not show a distinct shift, which indicates the SO2 concentrations at the summit would be principally controlled by the advection of air parcel in the free troposphere.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on the pi-stacked graphene oxide and cyanine dye for sensitive detection of bisulfite

The sensitive and selective analytical methods for real-time monitoring of sulfur dioxide and its derivatives are significant for human health, pollution-control and food safety. Herein, we report a new nanocomposite (Hex-FGO-DPS) consisting of cyanine dye and fluorescent graphene oxide with unique reactive properties for ratiometric fluorescent detection of bisulfite. The ratiometric fluorescence of Hex-FGO-DPS in aqueous solution can be sensitively, selectively and efficiently tuned by bisulfite through a specific nucleophilic addition reaction. In the presence of bisulfite, the ratiometric fluorescence intensity of Hex-FGO-DPS (F470nm/F580nm) changes up to 25 folds, accompanied by a distinct color change from yellow to blue which can be visually identified. The detection limit was measured to be 0.44μM. The probe can be further applied for sensing intracellular bisulfite through the ratiometric fluorescence imaging analysis in living cells. In addition, the probe Hex-FGO-DPS also can be used for selective determination of gaseous sulfur dioxide in atmosphere and aqueous solution. The simple, sensitive and effective strategy reported here could facilitate the development of portable and reliable sensor for visual identification applications.

Effect of charge carrier transport on sulfur dioxide monitoring performance of highly porous polyaniline nanofibres

Polyaniline nanofibres (NFs) with controlled diameters were synthesized using a template-free method, with ammonium peroxidisulfate (APS) or ferric chloride (FeCl3) as oxidants. Porosity studies reveal that NFs prepared with FeCl3 possess higher effective surface area and larger pore volume compared to NFs prepared with APS. The FeCl3-assisted NFs show around twofold enhanced sensing response (ca 4.5%) towards 5 ppm of SO2 at room temperature compared to APS-assisted NFs (ca 2%). The enhancement can be attributed to the lower diameter, higher effective surface area and larger porosity of FeCl3-assisted NFs. To further explain this enhanced sensing response, the conduction mechanism was studied. NFs possessing a smaller diameter (ca 10 nm) are found to follow the one-dimensional variable range hopping (VRH) model, whereas NFs with larger diameter (ca 100 nm) follow the conventional three-dimensional VRH model. This can be due to the restriction of charge carrier transport into only one direction due to quantum size effects. Furthermore, the calculated Mott parameters suggest that the NFs prepared using FeCl3 provide a better pathway for charge transport of charge carriers as compared to NFs prepared using APS in terms of shorter hopping distance, lower activation energy and lower hopping energy, and weaker localization of charge carriers.

Fabrication of chemiresistive gas sensors based on multistep reduced graphene oxide for low parts per million monitoring of sulfur dioxide at room temperature

The proposed multistep reduction of graphene oxide includes two-step reduction process. The graphene oxide is reduced by hydrazine hydrate followed by further reduction with low energy nitrogen ion beam implantation technique. From the Raman spectra, reduction of graphene oxide samples has been estimated on the basis of Tuinstra and Koenig relation. FT-IR studies have shown the removal of oxygen functional groups such as epoxy, hydroxyl and carboxylic on reduction. Ion implantation has enhanced electrical conductivity and specific surface area of graphene oxide on reduction. Besides reduction, the second step has modified the surface morphology of the samples making them more appropriate for gas adsorption. The sample with higher implantation dose (1015ions/cm2) exhibits promising potential for room temperature chemiresistive SO2 gas sensor at ppm levels as low as 5ppm with reasonable response, selectivity and stability.