Monitoring Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

A prospective study on prognostic value of hypocholestrolemia in sepsis

Background: Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in adult, non-coronary intensive care units (ICUs) and holds significant clinical importance. Multicentre prospective surveys have shown that 1% of hospitalized patients experience bacteraemia, with 0.3% suffering from bacteraemia with severe sepsis. These rates increase eightfold and thirtyfold, respectively, when ICU admissions are considered. Approximately 10% of ICU patients have sepsis, 6% have severe sepsis, and 2-3% experience septic shock. Aim: This study aimed to assess the dynamic changes in serum cholesterol levels in sepsis patients and evaluate whether these cholesterol levels correlate with prognosis using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted over 18 months on 115 patients with sepsis. SOFA scores and lipid profiles were collected at ICU admission (day 0) and day 3. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their total cholesterol: Group A (<160 mg/dl) and Group B (>160 mg/dl). Statistical analysis was performed to examine differences. Results: The study found that 56.5% of patients had cholesterol <160 mg/dl (Group A) and 43.5% had >160 mg/dl (Group B). Significant differences in cholesterol and SOFA scores between groups were observed on days 0 and 3 (p < 0.001). Mortality was higher in Group B, indicating that hypocholesterolaemia is associated with increased mortality risk. Conclusion: This study suggests that monitoring cholesterol levels can serve as a prognostic tool in sepsis. An increasing cholesterol trend may indicate a better disease outcome.

Non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor: Electrochemical sensing based on peptide-polylactic acid thin film

Cholesterol is a fundamental lipid prevalent in eukaryotic cell membranes and circulating in the bloodstream bound to lipoproteins. It serves as a precursor to steroid hormones and is regarded as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease and other metabolic disorders. Numerous cholesterol detection methods predominantly rely on enzymes, which suffer from instability, leading to non-cost-effective biosensors with low sensitivity and poor reusability. Therefore, monitoring cholesterol levels with a feasible, rapid, and stable biosensor is critical for diagnosing and treating various disorders. This study aimed to develop a non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor based on a selected cholesterol recognition peptide as the detection element. Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) modified with biocompatible poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) porous nanomembranes (NMs) were utilized as support for the covalent immobilization of the peptide. Data obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated the peptide's effective binding affinity towards cholesterol, paving the way for its implementation. The determination of cholesterol with the proposed biosensor exhibited a low limit of detection of 6.31 μM with linear responses ranging from 2–15 μM and 20–40 μM. These findings present an alternative method for cholesterol sensing by integrating novel peptides as biorecognition motifs with biocompatible polymeric materials, potentially useful as biocompatible and future point-of-care sensors.

Improvement of Non-invasive Blood Sugar and Cholesterol Meter with IoT Technology

In checking blood sugar levels, patients often feel uncomfortable because invasive blood sampling must be done and if done to patients who have a history of high glucose, it can cause wounds that are difficult to heal and can be operated on. This study aims to non-invasively monitor cholesterol levels, reducing discomfort and pain for patients by eliminating the need for invasive procedures. The method used in this research is the MAX30102 sensor will detect blood sugar through the patient's finger, the data will be processed in ESP8266 as monitoring will connect to the OLED LCD as a viewer and IoT as data storage with Wi-Fi connected. In this study, the greatest accuracy value was obtained 99.03% with the largest error value of 10.52% and the smallest accuracy value was 89.48% with the smallest error value of 0.97%. From all measurement results, the average accuracy value is 93.974% and the average error is 6.026%. It can be concluded that the development of a non-invasive method for monitoring blood sugar levels by utilizing the MAX30102 sensor with this accuracy value shows that this non-invasive method is reliable for monitoring blood sugar levels. In future studies, researchers are expected to use more accurate sensors and take more data to get a better average value.

Sex differences in cholesterol and triglyceride levels among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders.

To determine sex differences in cholesterol and triglyceride levels among adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of eating disorders. A retrospective electronic medical record review of patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical stabilization, between 2012 and 2020, was conducted. Non-fasting total cholesterol and triglycerides were collected; however, LDL and HDL levels were not available. Among 83 males and 441 females, mean ± SD age was 15.5 ± 2.8 years, 64.1% had anorexia nervosa, and admission percent median body mass index was 87.3 ± 13.9. The proportion of males and females with high total cholesterol (13.3% vs. 18.1%, Cramer's V = 0.05, p = .28) and high triglyceride levels (9.6% vs. 8.1%, Cramer's V = 0.02, p = .63) did not differ. Mean total cholesterol levels were higher in females compared to males (F 169.6 ± 41.1 mg/dL vs. M 154.5 ± 45.1 mg/dL, Cohen's d = 0.36, p = .003), although a majority were within the normal range. In adjusted linear regression models, male (compared to female) sex (B = -14.40, 95% CI -24.54, -4.27) and higher percent median body mass index (B = -0.33, 95% CI -0.60, -0.06) were associated with lower total cholesterol levels in adjusted models (R2 = 0.04). Building on prior work showing equally severe complications of eating disorders in males compared to females, we did not find sex differences in those presenting with high total cholesterol or triglycerides. Future research is needed to understand the pathophysiology and role of dyslipidemia in acute malnutrition, and the impact of nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration. We found that the proportion of male and female adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of an eating disorder with high total cholesterol did not significantly differ. Although average total cholesterol levels were higher in female compared to male patients with eating disorders, a majority of these levels remained within the normal range. Patients with more severe malnutrition had a higher risk of elevated total cholesterol levels. Clinicians should consider monitoring cholesterol levels in young people hospitalized for restrictive eating disorders.

MONITORING OF THE ELDERLY CHOLESTEROL LEVELS OF SUMBERSONO VILLAGE, MOJOKERTO REGENCY, EAST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Parties who become partners in community service activities are the village community of Sumbersono, Mojokerto Regency. Based on the 2017 health profile in Mojokerto District, there are 117,309 elderly people. The Mojokerto district government has a health program for the elderly, namely the Elderly Health Service (Usila). Usila is a health service according to the standards in the elderly guidelines in a health facility in one work area and time period. Examination of the elderly programmed by the Mojokerto district government has been carried out at the Puskesmas that serves the elderly, but the elderly need more routine checks to monitor cholesterol levels. Another thing that is a problem is the relatively expensive cholesterol examination so that there are limitations in the self-examination by the community. Cholesterol examination methods for community service were using POCT and interviews related to health complaints from community service participants. There were 44 community service participants, not only from the elderly but from middle age. Of the 27 elderly, 10 elderly have normal cholesterol levels while 17 elderly have high and very high of cholesterol levels. Of the 17 middle age participants, 7 of them had normal cholesterol levels and 10 people had high and very high cholesterol levels. The interviews showed that almost all participants had health complaints that resembled complaints due to high cholesterol level. It is recommended to perform other health examination and not be limited to the elderly.

Atorvastatin-induced anemia accompanied by elevated serum LDH levels

A 68-year-old woman consulted us because of anemia and elevated LDH serum levels >1,000 U/l. No particular disease was observed by various screening tests. Since she was taking atorvastatin despite low cholesterol level, we discontinued the drug, which improved her complaints. We later experienced similar patients with hyperlipidemia induced by other drugs, such as rosuvastatin and pravastatin. These drugs are widely used in patients with hyperlipidemia and more recently in tyrosine kinase inhibitor users. It is important to monitor cholesterol levels and discontinue the drug use when they are unnecessarily administered.

Association study of rs3846662 with Alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort: the Cache County Study

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is associated with monitoring cholesterol levels. The presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3846662 introduces alternative splicing at exon 13; the exclusion of this exon leads to a reduction in total cholesterol levels. Lower cholesterol levels are linked to a reduction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. The major allele of rs3846662, which encourages the splicing of exon 13, has recently been shown to act as a preventative allele for AD, especially in women. The purpose of our research was to replicate and confirm this finding. Using logistic regressions and survival curves, we found a significant association between AD and rs3846662, with a stronger association in individuals who carry the APOE e4 allele, supporting previously published work. The effect of rs3846662 on women is insignificant in our cohort. We confirmed that rs3846662 is associated with reduced risk for AD without gender differences; however, we failed to detect association between rs3846662 and delayed mild cognitive impairment conversion to AD for either of the APOE e4 allelic groups.

Laboratory Medicine is Faced with the Evolution of Medical Practice.

SummaryLaboratory medicine and clinical medicine are co-dependent components of medicine. Laboratory medicine functions most effectively when focused through a clinical lens. Me dical practice as a whole undergoes change. New drugs, treatments and changes in management strategies are introduced. New techniques, new technologies and new tests are developed. These changes may be either clinically or laboratory initiated, and so their introduction requires dialogue and interaction between clinical and laboratory medicine specialists. Treatment monitoring is integral to laboratory medicine, varying from direct drug measurement to monitoring cholesterol levels in response to treatment. The current trend to »personalised medicine« is an extension of this process with the development of companion diagnostics. Technological innovation forms part of modern laboratory practice. Introduction of new technology both facilitates standard laboratory approaches and permits introduction of new tests and testing strategies previously confined to the research laboratory only. The revolution in cardiac biomarker testing has been largely a laboratory led change. Flexibility in service provision in response to changing clinical practice or evolving technology provides a significant laboratory management challenge in the light of increasing expectations, shifts in population demographics and constraint in resource availability. Laboratory medicine practitioners are adept at meeting these challenges. One thing remains constant, that there will be a constant need laboratory medicine to meet the challenges of novel clinical challenges from infectious diseases to medical conditions developing from lifestyle and longevity.

Electromagnetic Simulation for the Diagnosis of Lipoprotein Density in Human Blood, a Non-Invasive Approach

With the rise in prevalence of Type II diabetes throughout the world, an increasing need for a portable monitoring system for both blood glucose and lipoprotein concentrations is in demand. Recent work has led to non-invasive wearable devices for monitoring changes in blood glucose concentrations using electromagnetic (EM) waves. However, this still fall short as a means of monitoring cholesterol levels in diabetic patients. The EM study on human tissues emphasized here may also relate to the safety guidelines applied to cellular communications, power lines, and other EM applications. The specific absorption rate (SAR) for the power of the non-ionizing frequency must not exceed a threshold as it impacts DNA and can lead to cancerous tissues. In this study, we used COMSOL software for the investigation of the viability of using EM within the frequency range of 64 MHz-1 GHz as a means of monitoring the transmission properties of human blood and lipoprotein. In this approach, wave equations were solved within blood and lipoprotein boundaries. Research parameters, including frequency range, Power input (SAR), and lipoprotein densities, were investigated. The transmission properties, produced by the electrical and thermal characteristics of these physiological parameters, have led to proper diagnosis of lipoprotein density. Within the frequency range of 64 MHz to 1 GHz, and for a power range of 0.1 to 0.6 SAR, lipoprotein density from 1.00 g/mL to 1.20 g/mL was considered. A 2D model, with an antenna source that supplied the electromagnetic waves to human tissues, was created for the simulations. These were used for the study of the transmission properties of the EM energy into the blood and lipoprotein tissues. While the range of magnetic flux values between simulations varies only slightly or not at all, the distribution of these values is impacted by given parameters. As such, a device capable of comparing magnetic flux values and penetration depths could easily distinguish between samples of different lipoprotein densities. The results obtained in this study can be accommodated non-invasively by human tissues, and can be produced in a practical model using wearable devices. A practical model is proposed for future consideration.

Socio-economic status and prevention of cardiovascular disease in Italy: evidence from a national health survey

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in the world. Many cardiovascular risk factors can be prevented. We assessed whether socio-economic factors are associated with individual preventive behaviours in Italy. A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of 47,391 adults aged 40-69 years was undertaken using 2004-05 National Health Interview Survey data. Logistic regression models were developed to assess the association between socio-economic status (SES) and regular monitoring of blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index and glycaemia. SES was estimated according to education and occupation. SES was significantly associated with regular monitoring of risk factors for CVD. The most educated were more likely to monitor cholesterol levels than those with less education [men odds ratio (OR) 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46-1.86; women OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.19-1.55]. Individuals in the highest occupational class controlled weight more frequently than those disadvantaged with an OR of 1.24 (95% CI 1.04-1.49) for men and an OR of 1.26 (95% CI 1.12-1.42) for women. Socio-economic disparities in the prevention of risk factors for CVD were clearly observed among Italian adults, generally favouring higher socio-economic groups.

Monitoring Cholesterol Levels: Understanding Variance and Finding the Most Useful Data

Monitoring Cholesterol Levels: Understanding Variance and Finding the Most Useful Data

Computational Lipidology: Predicting Lipoprotein Density Profiles in Human Blood Plasma

Monitoring cholesterol levels is strongly recommended to identify patients at risk for myocardial infarction. However, clinical markers beyond “bad” and “good” cholesterol are needed to precisely predict individual lipid disorders. Our work contributes to this aim by bringing together experiment and theory. We developed a novel computer-based model of the human plasma lipoprotein metabolism in order to simulate the blood lipid levels in high resolution. Instead of focusing on a few conventionally used predefined lipoprotein density classes (LDL, HDL), we consider the entire protein and lipid composition spectrum of individual lipoprotein complexes. Subsequently, their distribution over density (which equals the lipoprotein profile) is calculated. As our main results, we (i) successfully reproduced clinically measured lipoprotein profiles of healthy subjects; (ii) assigned lipoproteins to narrow density classes, named high-resolution density sub-fractions (hrDS), revealing heterogeneous lipoprotein distributions within the major lipoprotein classes; and (iii) present model-based predictions of changes in the lipoprotein distribution elicited by disorders in underlying molecular processes. In its present state, the model offers a platform for many future applications aimed at understanding the reasons for inter-individual variability, identifying new sub-fractions of potential clinical relevance and a patient-oriented diagnosis of the potential molecular causes for individual dyslipidemia.

Method and apparatus to monitor cholesterol levels with photoncorrelation spectroscopy

Method and apparatus to monitor cholesterol levels with photoncorrelation spectroscopy

Treatment of hyperlipidemia

The correlation between elevated cholesterol and coronary artery disease (CAD) has emerged slowly, with the strongest statistical links appearing recently. Every major epidemiologic study carried out to date has verified the association between the concentration of serum cholesterol and the risk of CAD. Despite this, much of the medical profession continues to underrate the significance of cholesterol and lipoproteins. Programs to increase physicians' awareness of this problem are essential. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Coronary Primary Prevention Trial showed that diet and drug therapy lower cholesterol by 9% and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 12.5%, on average, in at-risk patients compared with control subjects. CAD death or nonfatal myocardial infarctions were reduced collectively by 19%. Significant decreases also occurred in the incidence of angina pectoris, new positive electrocardiograms and coronary artery bypass surgery. Data from a number of important secondary prevention trials also support lowering cholesterol and LDL to retard the growth of atherosclerotic plaque. The risk from LDL elevations depends on the extent of the increase, the concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and the presence of other major risk factors (e.g., hypertension and smoking). The ratio of total cholesterol or LDL to the high density lipoprotein concentration is the best indicator for CAD risk. Monitoring cholesterol levels should become an annual routine in the physician's office. A simple, economical blood test for cholesterol, which should be widely available soon, will make screening programs possible, but before such screening begins, plans must be in place for follow-up. The identification of high risk persons and their treatment with diet and, when necessary, drugs are essential. Moreover, the means are now available for lowering cholesterol and LDL in the general population.