Moniliophthora Roreri Research Articles

Comparative analysis of beneficial fungi in the management of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) at in vitro level

Comparative analysis of beneficial fungi in the management of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) at in vitro level

Application of Biplot Techniques to Evaluate the Potential of Trichoderma spp. as a Biological Control of Moniliasis in Ecuadorian Cacao

Cocoa, a crop with great socioeconomic impact in Ecuador, faces continuous challenges that undermine the quality and yield of the crops. Moniliasis, a phytosanitary problem that is difficult to control, is the main limiting factor in cocoa production. This disease is caused by the phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri, which causes premature maturation and necrosis of the ears. In this study, 50 strains of Trichoderma spp. in two-culture media, PDA and MEA, were used to evaluate the mycelial characteristics and antagonistic capacity of the strains in individual situations and in circumstances of confrontation against the phytopathogens Moniliophthora roreri (MRCP) and Moniliophtora roreri (MMCA). The data from the parameters obtained in the in vitro experimental practice were subjected to the multivariate PCA biplot method; the results indicated that five strains exhibited a notable antagonism capacity against the two specific strains of M. roreri: strain E22 grown on PDA medium, and the other four (E25, E29, E30, E39) cultivated on MEA medium. The open field trial showed that all treatments based on Trichoderma spp. improved productive performance compared to control plantations to which no biopreparation was applied. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were reported for all treatments. The efficiency of the biopreparations ranged between 51.26% and 72.46% with yields of 677.86 kg/ha to 976.90 kg/ha, respectively. The Trichoderma strain E29 showed the greatest potential for the biological control of M. roreri under field conditions. The findings validate the effect of diversified Trichoderma biopreparations in the biological control of moniliasis, providing concrete data on the efficacy of the biopreparation under real cultivation conditions and supporting its practical viability.

Diversity and functional assessment of indigenous culturable bacteria inhabiting fine-flavor cacao rhizosphere: Uncovering antagonistic potential against Moniliophthora roreri

The Peruvian Amazonian native cacao faces ongoing challenges that significantly undermine its productivity. Among them, frosty pod rot disease and cadmium accumulation result in losses that need for effective and environmentally safe strategies, such as those based on bacteria. To explore the biological resources in the cacao soil, a descriptive study was conducted to assess the diversity of culturable bacteria across three production districts in the Amazonas region: La Peca, Imaza, and Cajaruro. The study also focused on the functional properties of these bacteria, particularly those related to the major issues limiting cacao cultivation. For this purpose, 90 native bacterial isolates were obtained from the cacao rhizosphere. According to diversity analysis, the community was composed of 19 bacterial genera, with a dominance of the Bacillaceae family and variable distribution among the districts. This variability was statistically supported by the PCoA plots and is related to the pH of the soil environment. The functional assessment revealed that 56.8% of the isolates showed an antagonism index greater than 75% after 7 days of confrontation. After 15 days of confrontation with Moniliophthora roreri, 68.2% of the bacterial population demonstrated this attribute. This capability was primarily exhibited by Bacillus strains. On the other hand, only 4.5% were capable of removing cadmium, highlighting the biocontrol potential of the bacterial community. In addition, some isolates produced siderophores (13.63%), solubilized phosphate (20.45%), and solubilized zinc (4.5%). Interestingly, these traits showed an uneven distribution, which correlated with the divergence found by the beta diversity.Our results revealed a diverse bacterial community inhabiting the Amazonian cacao rhizosphere, showcasing crucial functional properties related to the biocontrol of M. roreri. The information generated serves as a significant resource for the development of further biotechnological tools that can be applied to native Amazonian cacao.

Application of microencapsulated Trichoderma spp. against Moniliophthora roreri during the vegetative development of cocoa

Ecuador is one of the leading producers of fine aroma cocoa worldwide, involving around 100,000 producer families. On the American continent, the largest producer is Brazil, with 18%, followed by Ecuador and Colombia, and it is estimated that more than 20 million people depend directly on this crop. Moniliophthora roreri, the causal agent of frost pot rot, has been a cause of great concern due to the production losses it has caused, which in 2022 amounted to 80% in different cocoa-producing provinces of Ecuador and worldwide losses of 30% performance they are estimates. This study aimed to determine the biological control potential of microcapsules made with Trichoderma spp spore solution against M. roreri. The In vitro evaluation of the microcapsules did not show significant results in the percentage of inhibition, and this was not the case in the direct evaluation on the farm, where the severity in the 15-day-old fruits showed 0% external and internal affectation with the use of microcapsules in its liquid presentation. Additionally, the evolution of the microcapsules in 28-day-old fruits was observed in severity from 1 to 25% with intercalated applications. Beneficial fungi were applied first, followed by pathogens; though, when the pathogen was applied first, and then the beneficial fungus, the increased severity of external and internal disease was 26-75% and 80-100%, respectively. In conclusion, using microcapsules based on Trichoderma strains at the early ages of the fruits generates protection against M. roreri throughout the vegetative development of the fruit.

Presence of endophytic fungi in cacao plantations (Theobroma cacao L.), in the state of Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: the present work was done with the objective of identifying endophytic fungi associated with Theobroma cacao L. in Centro, Cunduacán and Comalcalco, locations in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. The molecular identity used was the region of the Internal Transcribed Spaces (ITS), ITS 1 and ITS 4. Design/methodology/approach: the study identified 15 fungal strains, grouped into 13 different species, belonging to the Ascomycota phylum, distributed in three different classes: Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomicetos and Sordariomycetes. It is important to mention that it is the first record of Endomelanconiopsis endophytica and freycinetiae found in cacao in Tabasco. In addition, we also identified Aspergillus foetidus, fischeri, delicatus arcoverdensis; Thielaviopsis ethacetica, Cophinforma atrovirens, Neurospora udagawae, Diaporthe miriciae, Nodulisporium indicum, Cophinforma atrovirens; Colletotrichum tainanense y hebeiense. Findings/conclusions: Many of these endophytic fungi produce secondary metabolites and antioxidants that can be used in the medical industry or for biological control of phytopathogenic diseases, such as Moniliophthora roreri.

Comparative RNA-seq Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Theobroma cacao Fruits in Response to Infection with Frosty Pod Pathogen (Moniliophthora roreri)

Frosty pod rot (FPR), caused by Moniliophthora roreri (MR), is one of the most important diseases of cacao, causing losses of up to 90% in areas where it is present. A limited number of resistant clones have been identified, but additional sources of disease resistance are being sought by breeding programs. RNA sequencing was used to identify differences in constitutive (mock-inoculated) and pathogen-induced gene expression in cacao pods from trees resistant and susceptible to MR. The greatest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) ( n = 2,039) was identified in susceptible material following inoculation with MR (7 days postinoculation), with the most common pathway categories being cell growth/death ( n = 102), signaling ( n = 308), and carbohydrate metabolism ( n = 141). Resistant material showed little overall change in gene expression (five DEGs) following pathogen inoculation, suggesting that infection had not become established. For this reason, differences in constitutive gene expression are likely to provide the most relevant information on FPR resistance in this study. In the absence of the pathogen, 144 genes were expressed at a higher level in the resistant material and 265 at a higher level in the susceptible material. The genes most highly upregulated in resistant material encode for disease resistance proteins in the leucine-rich repeat family and cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinases. Ten DEGs were located within quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 2, 7, and 9 previously associated with FPR resistance in this population. This study provides the first analysis of constitutively expressed genes contributing to FPR resistance and identifies significant genes within known disease resistance quantitative trait loci. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

Viability of Moniliophthora roreri on Cocoa Beans Under Microfermentation and Long-Term Survival on Carrier Materials.

The viability of Moniliophthora roreri inoculum was evaluated during the microfermentation process of diseased and healthy pulp-seed masses and on a range of carrier materials: aluminum, cloth, glass, paper, plastic, raffia, and rubber tire. Fungal survival was assessed before the microfermentation (0 h) and every 24 to 96 h by the growth of colonies in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and sporulation in seed shells. Colonies of M. roreri and sporulation on seed shells were observed from seeds not submitted to microfermentation. No growth was recovered from diseased cocoa beans after 48 h under the microfermentation. The viability of M. roreri spores recovered from carrier materials was evaluated at 7, 15, 30, 45, and 100 days after inoculation (DAI) by collecting spores and plating them on Sabouraud dextrose yeast extract agar amended with chloramphenicol (50 mg l1). The viability was determined by counting germinated and ungerminated spores under a light microscope (40×) after incubating in a moist chamber at 26 ± 2°C for 72 h. Spores maintained long-term viability on all tested carrier materials toward the end of the experiment (overall 26%) with significant differences (<0.05) among them. Maximum spore viability occurred at 7 and 15 DAI, with cloth and plastic carrier materials considered at high risk of acting as vehicles for the fungal spread. Mathematical models of spore viability over time were fit to the data using the Bayesian information criterion. Findings confirmed the importance of the fermentation process to hamper M. roreri growth and the potential of carrier materials for fungal dispersal.

Prioritisation of quarantine pest list for the Caribbean using a multi-criteria decision approach

Quarantine plant pests are socially, economically and environmentally important due to their impact on food security, human health, global trade and crop production costs. The increase in global trade and tourism, frequent occurrence of natural disasters and climate changes have exacerbated the rate of entry, establishment and spread of plant pests regionally and globally. It has, therefore, become exigent to develop a list of pests of quarantine importance at the regional and national levels to prioritise and allocate the limited available resources to manage the associated risks. In the present study, the Technical Committee on the Formulation and Prioritisation of a Regional Priority Pest List for the Caribbean, in collaboration with the National Plant Protection Organisation of the Caribbean countries and the United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS), developed and prioritised a quarantine pest list using a multi-criteria decision-making approach. The technical committee successfully evolved the process in 2014 and 2018 and developed a list of the top 10 pests of quarantine importance for the Caribbean Region, employing the Delphi Technique (DT) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) through the assignment of criteria that are relevant to the region. The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), listed as top quarantine pest threats, were subsequently detected in the region. This exercise guided the authorities in advance to allocate resources and to develop response plans including capacity building for surveillance and detection of priority pests. This has demonstrated the significance and appropriateness of the multi-criteria decision approach to determine priority pest lists and prepare the region for development of better management practices.

Exploring the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities of manganese peroxidase for lignocellulose deconstruction

BackgroundA cost-effective pretreatment and saccharification process is a necessary prerequisite for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) in biofuel and biomaterials production. Utilizing a multifunctional enzyme with both pretreatment and saccharification functions in a single step for simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification process (SPS) will be a green method of low cost and high efficiency. Manganese peroxidase (MnP, EC 1.11.1.13), a well-known lignin-degrading peroxidase, is generally preferred for the biological pretreatment of biomass. However, exploring the role and performance of MnP in LCB conversion will promote the application of MnP for lignocellulose-based biorefineries.ResultsIn this study, we explored the ability of an MnP from Moniliophthora roreri, MrMnP, in LCB degradation. With Mn2+ and H2O2, MrMnP decomposed 5.0 g/L carboxymethyl cellulose to 0.14 mM of reducing sugar with a conversion yield of 5.0 mg/g, including 40 μM cellobiose, 70 μM cellotriose, 20 μM cellotetraose, and 10 μM cellohexaose, and degraded 1.0 g/L mannohexaose to 0.33 μM mannose, 4.08 μM mannotriose, and 4.35 μM mannopentaose. Meanwhile, MrMnP decomposed 5.0 g/L lichenan to 0.85 mM of reducing sugar with a conversion yield of 30.6 mg/g, including 10 μM cellotriose, 20 μM cellotetraose, and 80 μM cellohexose independently of Mn2+ and H2O2. Moreover, the versatility of MrMnP in LCB deconstruction was further verified by decomposing locust bean gum and wheat bran into reducing sugars with a conversion yield of 54.4 mg/g and 29.5 mg/g, respectively, including oligosaccharides such as di- and tri-saccharides. The catalytic mechanism underlying MrMnP degraded lignocellulose was proposed as that with H2O2, MrMnP oxidizes Mn2+ to Mn3+. Subsequently, it forms a complex with malonate, facilitating the degradation of CMC and mannohexaose into reducing sugars. Without H2O2, MrMnP directly oxidizes malonate to hydroperoxyl acetic acid radical to form compound I, which then attacks the glucosidic bond of lichenan.ConclusionThis study identified a new function of MrMnP in the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, suggesting that MrMnP exhibits its versatility in the pretreatment and saccharification of LCB. The results will lead to an in-depth understanding of biocatalytic saccharification and contribute to forming new enzymatic systems for using lignocellulose resources to produce sustainable and economically viable products and the long-term development of biorefinery, thereby increasing the productivity of LCB as a green resource.

GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics

The species Zanthoxylum caribaeum belongs to the Rutaceae family, from which several chemical nuclei are known, including alkaloids and coumarins. In addition, its essential oil has been characterized, showing differences in composition and various antimicrobial activities. In the present study, the essential oil of Z. caribaeum collected in the department of Tolima, central Colombia, was characterized by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). The essential oil showed a composition of about 43 compounds (including major and minor), whose main components, according to their abundance, are the following: germacrene D (228.0 ± 1.6 mg/g EO), (E)-β-farnesene (128.0 ± 1.5 mg/g EO), β-elemene (116.0 ± 1.6 mg/g EO) and (E)-nerolidol (74.0 ± 2.2 mg/g EO). This oil was tested against microorganisms that affect cocoa production in Colombia and in tropical countries where the production of this commodity is very important for the economy. The antifungal tests were performed on the fungal species Moniliophthora roreri and showed promising and significant activity, inhibiting growth by more than 95% at concentrations of 50 µL/mL and 100 µL/mL. This remarkable antifungal activity could be due to the presence of major and minor compounds that synergistically enhance the activity.

Clonal reproduction of Moniliophthora roreri and the emergence of unique lineages with distinct genomes during range expansion.

The basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri causes frosty pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in the western hemisphere. Moniliophthora roreri is considered asexual and haploid throughout its hemibiotrophic life cycle. To understand the processes driving genome modification, using long-read sequencing technology, we sequenced and assembled 5 high-quality M. roreri genomes out of a collection of 99 isolates collected throughout the pathogen's range. We obtained chromosome-scale assemblies composed of 11 scaffolds. We used short-read technology to sequence the genomes of 22 similarly chosen isolates. Alignments among the 5 reference assemblies revealed inversions, translocations, and duplications between and within scaffolds. Isolates at the front of the pathogens' expanding range tend to share lineage-specific structural variants, as confirmed by short-read sequencing. We identified, for the first time, 3 new mating type A locus alleles (5 in total) and 1 new potential mating type B locus allele (3 in total). Currently, only 2 mating type combinations, A1B1 and A2B2, are known to exist outside of Colombia. A systematic survey of the M. roreri transcriptome across 2 isolates identified an expanded candidate effector pool and provided evidence that effector candidate genes unique to the Moniliophthoras are preferentially expressed during the biotrophic phase of disease. Notably, M. roreri isolates in Costa Rica carry a chromosome segment duplication that has doubled the associated gene complement and includes secreted proteins and candidate effectors. Clonal reproduction of the haploid M. roreri genome has allowed lineages with unique genome structures and compositions to dominate as it expands its range, displaying a significant founder effect.

Optimization of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 Application as a Biocontrol Agent for Phytophthora tropicalis and Moniliophthora roreri in Cacao-Growing Fields in Chiapas, Mexico.

In Mexico, cacao production is endangered by pathogenic fungi, such as Phytophthora spp. and Moniliophthora rorei, that cause black pod rot and moniliasis, respectively. In this study the biocontrol agent Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 was tested in cacao fields against the previous diseases. The treatments applied were shade management, inoculation of the bacterial strain with or without an adherent, and use of chemical control. The statistical analysis showed that the incidence of black pod rot in tagged cacao trees diminished when the bacterium was applied (reduction of 44.24 to 19.11%). The same result was observed with moniliasis when the pods were tagged (reduction of 66.6 to 27%). The use of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 with an integrated management might be a solution to cacao diseases and to having a sustainable production of cacao in Mexico.

Bioactive compounds against Moniliophthora roreri (Cif &amp; Par) identified in locally produced liquid amendments (Biols)

The use of liquid organic amendments (biols) is a common practice for farmers due to the multiple benefits in the management and production of their crops, including the control of pests and diseases. The present study analyzes the chemical composition of the pure compound C1 and fractions F2 and F3 of local biols produced in two provinces of Ecuador and their antifungal activity against Moniliophthora roreri (Cif &amp; Par). This work incorporates the use of Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and in vitro inhibition assays for sample analysis. C1 was identified as Mannitol. The percentage of inhibition against M. roreri in F2 and F3 was 44.37% and 8.34%, respectively; and, for C1, 28.63%. The values of the median lethal dose (LD50) obtained corroborate that the F2 fraction was the one with the highest controlling activity against the pathogen. The 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester compound was the main compound in F2 (30.88%) and the Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester in F3. Finally, all compounds obtained from the biol fractions were identified and it was determined that the fermentative process was suitable for producing bioactive compounds of interest to inhibit the growth of Moniliophthora roreri.

Comparative proteome profile of ungerminated spores and mycelium of the fungus Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of frosty pod rot disease in cacao

AbstractMoniliasis caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri is one of the most destructive cacao diseases in tropical America. In 2021, the presence of the pathogen was confirmed in cacao plantations in Brazil. This is the first proteomic study of the M. roreri protein profile of ungerminated spores and mycelium compared by 2D SDS‐PAGE (Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis) associated with mass spectrometry. A total of 446 spots were detected on ungerminated spores gels and 402 spots on M. roreri mycelial gels. A total of 29 proteins were identified from the ungerminated spores, 21 of them were exclusive, and 53 were identified in the mycelium, 16 of them were exclusive. Most of the identified proteins at both development stages were categorized as being involved in metabolic processes, reduction/oxidation processes, and protein synthesis and folding. The interaction networks observed expand the known interactions of these proteins, resulting in eight functional clusters for proteins identified in ungerminated spores and seven clusters for mycelial proteins. In addition, a biological model of ungerminated spores and mycelium with cell location of proteins was constructed. The results contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms of M. roreri during dormancy and vegetative development, which can support future studies for strategies to control moniliasis.

Chemical Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Cocoa Pathogens.

Ecuador is one of the major cocoa producers worldwide, but its productivity has lately been affected by diseases. Endophytic biocontrol agents have been used to minimize pathogenic effects; however, compounds produced by endophytes are minimally understood. This work presents the chemical characterization of the Trichoderma species extracts that proved inhibition against cocoa pathogens. Solid-liquid extraction was performed as a partitioning method using medium with the fungal mycelia of Trichoderma reesei (C2A), Trichoderma sp. (C3A), Trichoderma harzianum (C4A), and Trichoderma spirale (C10) in ethyl acetate individually. The extract of T. spirale (C10) exhibited the growth inhibition (32.97-47.02%) of Moniliophthora perniciosa at 10 µg/mL, while a slight stimulation of Moniliophthora roreri was shown by the extracts of T. reesei (C2A) and T. harzianum (C4A) at higher concentrations. The inhibitory activity could be related to alkaloids, lactones, quinones, flavonoids, triterpenes, and sterols, as indicated by chemical screening and antifungal compounds, such as widdrol, β-caryophyllene, tyrosol, butyl isobutyrate, sorbic acid, palmitic acid, palmitelaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extracts, particularly T. spirale (C10), have the potential as biocontrol agents against witches' broom disease; however, further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.

Genome Sequence of the Cacao Pathogen Moniliophthora roreri Belonging to the Invasive A1B1 Mating Type: A Resource for Genomic Efforts in Cacao Pathology

We sequenced the genome of the cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri MCA2952, which harbors mating type A1B1 and is the first instance of the fungus identified in Mexico. This draft genome consists of 59.68 Mb on 254 scaffolds; it is 95.8% complete based on the analysis of Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO v.2 with the Basidiomycota odb9 database), and it is by far the most contiguous genome generated for the genus Moniliophthora. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Eco-Friendly Biocontrol of Moniliasis in Ecuadorian Cocoa Using Biplot Techniques

Cocoa is the main crop in Ecuador’s agricultural sector and is the most important to the country’s economy. This crop is mainly threatened by moniliasis caused by Moniliophthora roreri and Moniliophthora perniciosa. Monialisis is a disease that causes the watery rot of cocoa beans, causing serious yield losses at crop harvest and great economic losses. In this research, we used 50 Trichoderma spp. cultivated in two culture media, PDA and MEA, to demonstrate mycelial growth and antagonistic capacity against two cacao-crop pathogens: M. roreri and M. perniciosa. Multivariate methods, namely a PCA biplot and a GGE biplot, indicated that four strains of Trichoderma spp. (17, 33, 42 and 44) cultivated on the PDA medium had the highest mycelial characteristic values and antagonistic capacities against Moniliophthora perniciosa. The experimental test showed that the lowest incidence of moniliasis and highest yield of cocoa occurred when using the treatments based on the Trichoderma spp. The results obtained in this study allow the use of strain 42 to control moniliasis in cocoa, avoiding economic losses.

Model of cultural control of the cacao frosty pod rot disease (Moniliophthora roreri (CIF &amp; Par) Evans et al.)1

The Cacao Frosty Pod Rot (Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. &amp; Par.) Evans et al)1 is a disease with the greatest impact on cacao crop yields in Central and South America. It was recently detected in the state of Acre, Brazil. Although its control has been proven in various ways, cultural control has been checked to be the most effective and economical. The proposed model is based on the recognition of the critical states of the fruits as sources of infection, the disease cycle, the timely removal of diseased fruits and their free disposal on the soil.

Potential use of Siparuna guianensis essential oil for the control of Moniliophthora roreri in cacao

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a crop of globally importance on whose production around 20 million people depend directly. The crop is threatened due to the incidence of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi such as Moniliophthora roreri, causing losses of more than 80 % of the annual production. For this reason, in this study, a natural product such as the essential oil (EO) obtained from Siparuna guianensis was evaluated as a control alternative. The chemical composition of the EO, as well as the antifungal effect in vitro and in vivo on M. roreri, the causal agent of moniliasis frosty pod rot, were determined in the cacao pods located in a commercial plantation in southern Huila, Colombia. 28 compounds were detected, predominating: D-Germacrene (26.5 %), (E)-nerolidol (21.5 %), β-caryophyllene (9.3 %), elemol (8.0 %), bicyclogermacrene (7.5 %), δ-elemene (3.5 %), β-elemene (3.0 %), and α-pineno (2.4 %). At a concentration of 1000 μg ml-1 of EO in vitro, an inhibitory effect of 98 % on the mycelial growth of M. roreri was obtained. In the in vivo test at concentrations of 1000 μg ml-1 and 750 μg ml-1, a direct relationship in the decrease of the incidence, external gravity, and internal gravity of M. roreri in cocoa pods was observed, using EO as fungicide. It was concluded that S. guianensis EO represents a great potential for the control of frosty pod rot.

Integrating the serum proteomic and fecal metaproteomic to analyze the impacts of overweight/obesity on IBD: a pilot investigation

BackgroundInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of chronic relapsing disorders which include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The incidences of IBD and overweight/obesity are increasing in parallel. Here, we investigated alterations in proteomic in serum and metaproteomic in feces of IBD patients with overweight/obesity and aimed to explore the effect of overweight/ obesity on IBD and the underlying mechanism.MethodsThis prospective observational study (n = 64) comprised 26 health control subjects (HC, 13 with overweight/obesity) and 38 IBD patients (19 with overweight/obesity) at a tertiary hospital. Overweight/obesity was evaluated by body mass index (BMI) and defined as a BMI greater than 24 kg/m2. The comprehensive serum proteomic and fecal metaproteomic analyses were conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap Exploris 480 mass spectrometry.ResultsUC and CD presented similar serum molecular profiles but distinct gut microbiota. UC and CD serum exhibited higher levels of cytoskeleton organization- associated and inflammatory response-related proteins than the HC serum. Compared the serum proteome of UC and CD without overweight/obesity, inflammatory response-associated proteins were dramatically decreased in UC and CD with overweight/obesity. Fecal metaproteome identified 66 species in the feces. Among them, Parasutterella excrementihominis was increased in CD compared with that in HC. UC group had a significant enrichment of Moniliophthora roreri, but had dramatically decreased abundances of Alistipes indistinctus, Clostridium methylpentosum, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Schizochytrium aggregatum. In addition, overweight/obesity could improve the microbial diversity of UC. Specifically, the UC patients with overweight/obesity had increased abundance of some probiotics in contrast to those without overweight/obesity, including Parabacteroides distasonis, Alistipes indistincus, and Ruminococcus bromii.ConclusionThis study provided high-quality multi-omics data of IBD serum and fecal samples, which enabled deciphering the molecular bases of clinical phenotypes of IBD, revealing the impacts of microbiota on IBD, and emphasizing the important role of overweight/obesity in IBD.