Mongolian Women Research Articles

Течение родов у монгольских женщин при переношенной беременности

Течение родов у монгольских женщин при переношенной беременности

Features of Morphometric Parameters of the Placenta in Post-Term and Normal Pregnancy in Mongolian Women, Taking into Account the Placental-Fetal Ratio

Features of Morphometric Parameters of the Placenta in Post-Term and Normal Pregnancy in Mongolian Women, Taking into Account the Placental-Fetal Ratio

Investigation and Follow-up of HPV Infection on Married Mongolian Women in Hulunbuir.

The aim of the study was to determine the high-risk factors of Mongolian human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Hulunbuir area and to explore the guiding role of HPV16 viral load change in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1). The HPV qualitative results of 963 married women of Mongolian nationality aged 21 - 65 were screened using real-time PCR in the Hulunbeir area, logistic analysis statistics was used to judge the high-risk factors of infection, and the χ2 test was the analysis method of the count data; hybrid capture was used. II technology was used to detect the changes of HPV DNA content of CIN I outpatients before treatment, 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment. At the same time the change trend of vaginal secretions and thinprep cytologic test (TCT) was observed. The measurement data between the two groups by was compared using t-test. The positive rate of HPV infection was 22.31% in Mongolian married women in Hulunbuir area. Drinking habits and the number of sexual partners were the common infection factors of all high-risk types. Infection factors of HPV16, 18, and other high-risk types also included number of marriages. There was a significant difference between the content of HPV DNA in CIN I patients before treatment and the two groups at 12 and 18 months after treatment (p < 0.05). The number of patients with degree III or IV of cleanliness and TCT showed that the number of patients with low-grade atypical hyperplasia decreased with the treatment time, which was consistent with the change of HPV DNA content. In the Hulunbuir area, the number of Mongolian women with HPV infection is higher than that of the Han nationality, so we should strengthen the popularization and propaganda of the knowledge about HPV infection in the Mongolian population settlement. The change of DNA content of high-risk HPV can be used as the observation index of CIN I treatment evaluation.

«Сверхтекст» Е.И. Замятина о деве-воительнице. Статья первая

This article deals with Yevgeny Zamyatin’s “hypertext” about the female warrior, i.e. with the totality of her manifestations in the works of the writer and the semantic continuum that they form. This type of character is defined as a heroine with outstanding physical abilities (such as strength, horse-riding and shooting skills, etc. – and also great beauty), a strong, proud personality, persistence, ability to fight back, determination to gain the upper hand, to win at all costs – especially in the game of power and armed conflict with the male character that is in love with the heroine and/or is loved by her. The author identifies Zamyatin’s works in which the woman warrior appears, analyzes the plot functions and the characteristic motif complex associated with this image. The author demonstrates that the female warrior represents a very frequent type of heroine in Zamyatin’s works: the image appears at the beginning of his career as a writer, in the short story “Kryazhi” (1915), and accompanies him until the end, manifesting itself in the screenplays written in the 1930s. The author reveals that a specific variant of the plot featuring the female warrior is implemented in Zamyatin’s works: the heroine is shown as equal in strength with the male character, and the test of power happens, in particular in the form of a literal duel. Whatever its outcome is and whoever wins, the storyline usually finishes with the death of one or both characters – either during the combat or as its remote consequence. While the type of the plot is usually the same, the female character itself shows a wide variety: there are Valkyrie-like heroines (Ildegonda in the play Atilla), polenitsas from Russian bylina songs (such as Nastasya Mikulishna in the screenplay “Dobrynya” or Marya in “Kryazhi”), Mongolian women warriors (Bortè, Ulek), and even contemporary heroines of this type (Zinaida in the screenplay “The God of Dance”). Usually such characters are attributed in Zamyatin to the legendary epic past or rooted in “folk archaics”; they belong to the rural world, to the Russian village. The constant topoi and the evolution of the female warrior in Zamyatin’s artistic works are revealed; in particular, such motifs as love–hate, test of strength (in the form of a duel or a competition), mutual intendedness of two “strong ones” and their tragic non-encounter are considered. The author notes that the supervalue of the female warriors in Zamyatin’s works is love, while for some other writers of the Silver Age, for instance, for Marina Tsvetaeva or Lyubov Stolitsa, such values were female agency, independence, control over one’s life, freedom, or even spiritual salvation. The play Atilla and its heroine Ildegonda are analyzed particular detail; the sources of this image are revealed.

Property Relations of Mongolian Women during the Qing Period

Abstract This study considers the historical importance of the dowry, or inǰe, in outer Mongolia during the Qing period (1636–1911), focusing on the developments of the legal system towards women’s rights over their dowry using archival legal case documents from the Mongolian archives. Previous studies argue that the dowry system was of little importance among the steppe populations; however, the Mongolian archival documents make it clear that the dowry played a very important role in society for establishing prestige and for acquisition of property for families during the Qing period. They also show that the courts in Mongolia consistently ruled in favour of women, particularly in the case of their ownership and compensation for dowry livestock during divorce cases, including livestock born from dowry livestock, demonstrating that pre-modern Mongol women were considered autonomous social agents with distinct personal rights, and not thought of as property.

Association of Menopausal Symptoms with Body Composition Pattern and Body Mass Index Across Menopausal Age Among Mongolian Women

Objectives: To investigate the correlation of body fat distribution pattern and body mass index (BMI) on the prevalence and clinical manifestation of menopausal symptoms across the menopausal stage among Mongolian women. Methods: A survey was conducted amongst a total of 1084 women aged 40-65 years Ulaanbaatar city and selected provinces representing five main remote regions of Mongolia. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socioeconomic data. Menopause related characteristics were evaluated using the Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire. Further, measurements were recorded to determine waist-to-hip-ratio and body mass index (BMI). Pearson's Chi-Square test was used to correlate. Results: Using the waist-to-hip-ratio, 84.4% of participants had the android type, and 15.6% were of the gynoid type. As for BMI, 38.4% were overweight, and 28.8% were obese. In multiple regression analysis, BMI had significant relationships with psychosocial and sexual problems (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, BMI and menopause status were independent risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. Postmenopausal obese and overweight women were 1.6 times more likely to have cardiovascular disease than women in the perimenopausal status (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Overweight and obese perimenopausal women have a lower quality of life due to the prevalence of sexual and psychosocial symptoms. Obese postmenopausal Mongolian women are at significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

A single dose of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is immunogenic and reduces HPV detection rates in young women in Mongolia, six years after vaccination

BackgroundEmerging observational evidence suggests a single-dose of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine may be protective against vaccine-targeted HPV infection and associated cervical dysplasia. We aimed to demonstrate whether a single dose of quadrivalent HPV (4vHPV) vaccine was immunogenic and reduced HPV detection rates in young women in Mongolia. We also assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV and the HPV vaccine. MethodsA retrospective paired cohort study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a single dose of 4vHPV, given at age 11–17 years in 2012, on HPV detection rates, when compared with unvaccinated women. Real time PCR was performed on self-administered vaginal swabs for HPV detection. An immunological analysis detecting neutralising antibodies (NAb) to high-risk HPV (HRHPV) genotypes 16 and 18 was performed on sera from a subset of 58 participants. Questionnaires evaluated knowledge, attitudes and self-swab acceptability. FindingsA total of 475 women (mean age 20.4 years ± 1.6) were recruited; 118 vaccinated and 357 unvaccinated women. The prevalence of vaccine-targeted HRHPV16 and 18 was reduced by 92% (95%CI 44–99%) in the vaccinated (1·1%) compared with the unvaccinated (15.4%) group. The percentage of non-vaccine HPV genotypes was similar between vaccinated (26.5%) and unvaccinated (26.7%) groups. Approximately 90% and 58% of vaccinated women remained seropositive after six years for HRHPV16 and 18, respectively, with neutralising antibody levels 5- and 2-fold higher than unvaccinated women (p < 0.001). InterpretationOne dose of 4vHPV vaccine reduces vaccine-targeted HPV genotypes, six years following vaccination, with high levels of HR genotype seropositivity among young Mongolian women.

Maternal Pregnancy Hormone Concentrations in Countries with Very Low and High Breast Cancer Risk.

Background: Breast cancer rates in Asia are much lower than in Europe and North America. Within Asia, rates are lower in Mongolia than in neighboring countries. Variation in pregnancy exposure to endogenous hormone concentrations may explain the differences, but data are lacking. Methods: We measured maternal serum progesterone, prolactin, estradiol and estrone concentrations in the second half of pregnancy in a cross-sectional study of urban (n = 143–194 depending on the analyte) and rural (n = 150–193) Mongolian women, and U.S. women from Boston (n = 66–204). Medical records provided information on maternal and perinatal factors. Geometric mean hormones were estimated from standard linear models with the log-hormone as the dependent variable and country as the independent variable adjusted for maternal and gestational age at blood draw. Results: Mean concentrations of prolactin (5722 vs. 4648 uIU/mL; p < 0.0001) and estradiol (17.7 vs. 13.6 ng/mL; p < 0.0001) were greater in Mongolian than U.S. women, while progesterone (147 vs. 201 ng/mL; p < 0.0001) was lower. Mean hormone concentrations were similar in rural and urban Mongolian women. Results were generally similar, with additional adjustment for gravidity, parity, height, body mass index at blood draw, education and alcohol use during pregnancy, and when stratified by offspring sex or parity. Conclusions: Mongolian women had greater concentrations of prolactin and estrogen and lower concentrations of progesterone than U.S. women, while hormone concentrations were similar in rural and urban Mongolian pregnancies. Impact: These data do not support the hypothesis that estrogen concentrations in pregnant women are lower in Mongolian compared with Caucasian women.

Maternal Pregnancy Hormone Concentrations in Countries with Very Low and High Breast Cancer Risk

Background: Breast cancer rates in Asia are much lower than in Europe and North America. Within Asia, rates are lower in Mongolia than in neighboring countries. Variation in pregnancy exposure to endogenous hormone concentrations may explain the differences, but data are lacking. Methods: We measured maternal serum progesterone, prolactin, estradiol and estrone concentrations in the second half of pregnancy in urban and rural Mongolian, and U.S. women from Boston. Medical records provided information on maternal and perinatal factors. Geometric mean hormones were estimated from standard linear models with the log-hormone as the dependent variable and country as the independent variable adjusted for maternal and gestational age at blood draw. Results: Mean concentrations of prolactin (5722 vs. 4648 uIU/mL; p<0.0001) and estradiol (17.7 vs. 13.6 ng/mL; p<0.0001) were greater in Mongolian than U.S. women, while progesterone (147 vs. 201 ng/mL; p<00001) was lower. Mean hormone concentrations were similar in rural and urban Mongolian women. Results were generally similar with additional adjustment for gravidity, parity, height, body mass index at blood draw, education and alcohol use during pregnancy, and when stratified by offspring sex or parity. Conclusions: Mongolian women had greater concentrations of prolactin and estrogen and lower concentrations of progesterone than US women, while hormone concentrations were similar in rural and urban Mongolian pregnancies. Funding Statement: This research was supported by funding from the intramural program at the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Declaration of Interests: None of the authors has a conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by ethical review boards at Mongolia’s Ministry of Health, the National University of Mongolia, and in the United States (U.S.) at the National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health), and the Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. All participants provided written, informed consent.

Comparison of seasonal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among pregnant women in Mongolia and Boston

Adequate vitamin D status during pregnancy is important for developing fetal bone strength and density and may play a role in preventing a range of skeletal and non-skeletal diseases in both mothers and children. We previously identified Mongolian women of reproductive age to have the lowest vitamin D levels yet observed in any population globally, which renders this population uniquely important in vitamin D research. In this study, we measured the seasonal distribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in 390 healthy third trimester pregnant women living in urban and rural Mongolia using DiaSorin LIAISON and compared this distribution to that of 206 third trimester women living in Boston, USA. Also, we analyzed seasonally-independent associations between (25(OH)D) levels and selected predictors in both groups using quantile regression. Mean 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher and less seasonal in Boston (seasonal range: 27.1 ± 7.0–31.5 ± 7.7 ng/ml) than in Mongolia (seasonal range: 11.2 ± 3.9–19.2 ± 6.7 ng/ml). Adjusting for month of blood draw, higher 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with older age, lower gravidity, lower BMI, and lack of a college or university degree among Boston participants, however, only gravidity was robust to multivariable adjustment. No assessed characteristics were independently predictive in Mongolia, likely due to universally low 25(OH)D levels and a resulting lack of between-person variation. In conclusion, vitamin D status among pregnant Mongolians is severely depressed throughout the year and should be addressed through fortification and supplementation, while in the U.S., deficiency is associated with specific characteristics targetable through supplementation.

HPV genoprevalence and HPV knowledge in young women in Mongolia, five years following a pilot 4vHPV vaccination campaign

BackgroundIn a 2012 pilot, 9111 Mongolian girls aged 11–17 years received three doses of the quadrivalent (4vHPV) vaccine, Gardasil®. This is the first study to measure early vaccine effectiveness and assess knowledge and attitudes of young women in Mongolia in relation to the human papillomavirus (HPV), the vaccine and cervical cancer. MethodsA cohort of women vaccinated in 2012 (n = 726) and an unvaccinated cohort (n = 790) provided self-administered vaginal swabs for detection of high-risk HPV genotypes 16, 18/45, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 five years following vaccination. Participant knowledge and attitudes were assessed through a questionnaire. ResultsA total of 1882 questionnaires and 1516 self-administered vaginal swabs were analyzed. The prevalence of any HRHPV was 39.5% among both cohorts. The prevalence of vaccine-targeted HPV types was significantly lower in the vaccinated cohort than unvaccinated: 4.8% and 17.2% respectively. The 4vHPV was shown to be protective against HRHPV 16, 18/45 with 75% vaccine effectiveness. Participant knowledge was low. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the 4vHPV is associated with reduced vaccine-targeted HPV detection rates in young Mongolian women. The questionnaire results highlight a need for awareness-raising initiatives in Mongolia on HPV, the vaccine and cervical cancer.

Randomized trial of three doses of vitamin D to reduce deficiency in pregnant Mongolian women.

BackgroundIn winter in Mongolia, 80% of adults have 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations <25 nmol/l (<10 ng/ml) and 99% have <50 nmol/l (<20 ng/ml). The vitamin D dose to avert deficiency during pregnancy in this population is unknown.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of daily 600, 2000, or 4000 IU vitamin D3 for pregnant women in Mongolia (Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT02395081). We examined 25(OH)D concentrations at baseline (12–16 weeks' gestation), 36–40 weeks' gestation and in umbilical cord blood, using enzyme linked fluorescent assay. Sample size was determined to detect 0.4 standard deviation differences in 25(OH)D concentrations with 80% power.Findings119 pregnant women were assigned 600 IU, 121 assigned 2000 IU and 120 assigned 4000 IU from February 2015 through December 2016. Eighty-eight percent of participants took ≥80% of assigned supplements. At baseline, 25(OH)D concentrations were similar across arms; overall mean ± standard deviation concentration was 19 ± 22 nmol/l; 91% were < 50 nmol/l. At 36–40 weeks, 25(OH)D concentrations increased to 46 ± 21, 70 ± 23, and 81 ± 29 nmol/l for women assigned 600, 2000, and 4000 IU, respectively (p < 0.0001 across arms; p = 0.002 for 2000 vs. 4000 IU). Mean umbilical cord 25(OH)D concentrations differed by study arm (p < 0.0001 across arms; p < 0.0001 for 2000 vs. 4000 IU) and were proportional to maternal concentrations. There were no adverse events, including hypercalcemia, attributable to vitamin D supplementation.InterpretationDaily supplementation of 4000 IU during pregnancy is safe and achieved higher maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D concentrations than 2000 IU. Daily 600 IU supplements are insufficient to prevent vitamin D deficiency in Mongolia.FundAnonymous foundation and Brigham and Women's Hospital.

한국인과 몽골인의 주름 패턴분석

In today’s society, where people look younger than their chronological age due to improvements in the quality of life, there is a gaining interest in anti-aging and how people compare to those in the same age group. We evaluated the wrinkle index, which is the most important attribute amongst skin parameters, to evaluate external age (wrinkle age). The wrinkles of the whole face were scored by divided 8 areas (forehead, glabella, nasal root, upper eyelid, lower eyelid, crow’s feet, nasolabial groove and perioral skin) and analyzed the correlation between chronological age and skin parameters. 206 subjects (Korean female, n = 105 and Mongolians female, n = 101) were enrolled. Subjects were divided into four groups by ages: 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s. Wrinkle scores of 8 areas were evaluated and developed a calculation formula based on the wrinkle scores. Skin characteristic parameters were measured about skin elasticity, pore, wrinkle, sebum secretion. There was no difference between the calculated ages and the chronological ages in Korean women. On the other hand, Mongolian looked older than chronological age by 9 years. The correlation between the facial wrinkle ages and skin physiology parameters was presented in the order of skin elasticity > pore or crow’s feet > skin tone > sebum secretion in both countries. Skin elasticity represented the most related parameter with the facial wrinkle ages. This study identified the skin wrinkle patterns of Korean and Mongolian women and the wrinkle age calculation formula developed from this study can be used as a tool for calculating the facial wrinkle ages in cosmetic studies.

Human papillomavirus genotyping among women with cervical abnormalities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

ObjectivesFew studies on human papillomavirus (HPV) have been conducted in Mongolia. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalent HPV genotypes and their associations with cytology and demographic and behavioral characteristics in Mongolian women with cervical abnormalities. MethodsExfoliated cell samples of 100 women who had a previous history of cervical abnormality were collected. Cytological interpretation was conducted microscopically and HPV genotyping was performed using the Roche Linear Array test. Study questionnaires were completed. ResultsOverall, 25 HPV genotypes were detected in 47% of participants, and the most prevalent were HPV 16, 52, 58, and 33. Cytological examination revealed 12% of participants had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 8% had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 7% had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and 14% had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while 59% of women had a normal cytology. HPV 16 was the most common type among women with a normal cytology and cervical cancer. However, women with cervical abnormalities including LSIL and HSIL were predominantly infected with HPV 52. Moreover, women aged <35 years had a significantly higher risk of HPV infection than those in the other age groups (p<0.05). ConclusionsThe prevalent trend of HPV genotypes observed in this cohort differs from that reported previously in Mongolia. These data may contribute to developing an effective strategy for cervical cancer prevention in Mongolia.

Use of Double Test Biomarkers to Predict Fetal Nuchal Translucency Thickness in the Diagnosis of Trisomy 21: A Compromise between Sensitivity and Specificity

Objectives: The aim of study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of screening for fetal trisomy 21 in the first trimester of pregnancy using a combination of maternal serum biomarkers and ultrasonography. The objectives of this study were to first duplicate and confirm within the Mongolian population, the results of other similar studies. Our results corroborated closely with those of other studies and further allowed us to draw conclusions and recommendations unique to Mongolia. A second objective was to apply these results to everyday obstetric practices within Mongolia and advance the state of prenatal care for all Mongolian women. Methods: Obstetric History: The obstetric history was recorded, and serum biomarkers were measured in 415 pregnancies.The degree of risk for trisomy 21 and other fetal aneuploidy were calculated using maternal age, the results of maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, free beta human chorionic gonadotropin, and fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Grouping of Test Subjects: Using a cut-off risk estimate of 1 in 300, the women were grouped into positive and negative screening groups. Sensitivity and specificity of the screening method were calculated from the available data. Results: Sensitivity of the screening test for fetal trisomy 21 was 66.6% and for all fetal aneuploidy was 83%. Specificity of the screening test for fetal trisomy 21 was 87.5% and for all fetal aneuploidy was 97.8% and the false positive rate was 2.2%. Our results are consistent with the results obtained in other international studies. Conclusions: Our study is unique in that it is the first such scientific examination of mothers at risk for congenital abnormalities in Mongolia. This study provides empirical evidence that the combination of the double test, maternal age, and fetal nuchal translucency thickness is an effective prenatal screening method for fetal aneuploidy pregnancy outcomes in Mongolia.

Prevalence and risk factors of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among pregnant women in Mongolia

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of smoking and secondhand smoking (SHS) among pregnant women in Darkhan-Uul Province, Mongolia, using urinary cotinine (UC) levels, and clarified the factors related to SHS exposure. It targeted pregnant women who underwent antenatal health check-ups from November 2015 to January 2016. Self-administered questionnaires and urine samples were used to collect data. Using UC levels as the criterion, it was found that the prevalence of smokers (>100 ng/ml) among 493 pregnant women was 11.8%, while SHS exposure (≥5 ng/ml) among nonsmokers was 44.8%. Older and highly educated women had lower odds of SHS exposure (p = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). Furthermore, nonsmoking pregnant women from homes where smoking was permitted had higher odds of SHS exposure compared to women from homes where smoking was not permitted. These results suggest that community guidance programs, such as home smoking cessation that include families, are necessary.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia: A population-based study of a Chinese ethnic minority.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infectious pathogens. Persistent infection has been linked to cancer development, in particular to cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of HPV infection in women in Inner Mongolia of China and to dissect the disparities between the Han and Mongolian ethnic populations. Cervical cell samples from 5655 women (17-68 years old) were collected during routine gynecologic examination. HPV infection was established using the HPV GenoArray kit detecting 21 HPV genotypes. The overall HPV prevalence was 14.5%. HPV16 (5.0%), HPV58 (2.2%), and HPV52 (1.5%) are the most common genotypes. Of the 21 genotypes investigated, high-risk HPV genotypes dominate in all age groups. HPV16 and HPV58 are the most common genotypes in patients with cervical lesions. HPV prevalence among Han women is 11.5% and the most common genotypes are HPV16 (4%) and HPV58 (2.1%). HPV prevalence is significantly higher in Mongolian women (32.6%), with the most common genotypes being HPV16 (10.7%), HPV31 (7.1%), and HPV52 (4.3%). The multiple infection rate in Mongolian participants (14.9%) is also higher than that of Han participants (4.3%). Urbanization, the number of sex partners, and PAP history appear as risk factors for HPV infection in Han, but not in Mongolian participants. HPV infection is highly prevalent in women in Inner Mongolia, China. HPV16 remains the most common genotype in this area. However, there are clear ethnical disparities in respect to the HPV epidemiology between the Han and Mongolian population.

Association of prehypertension and cardiovascular risk factor clustering in Inner Mongolia: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo assess the clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Han and Mongolian adults with prehypertension or hypertension in Northern China.MethodsWe selected 3227 Han and Mongolian participants (20–80 years...

Effect of Mycoplasma hominis and cytomegalovirus infection on pregnancy outcome: A prospective study of 200 Mongolian women and their newborns

In Mongolia, diagnostic tests for the detection of the sexually transmitted mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are currently not routinely used in clinical settings and the frequency of these STIs are enigmatic. The prevalence of these STI pathogens were prospectively evaluated among 200 Mongolian pregnant women and their newborns and correlated with pregnancy outcome. TaqMan PCRs were used to detect bacterial and viral STI pathogens in pre-birth vaginal swabs of the pregnant women and in oral swabs of their newborns. A standardized questionnaire concerning former and present pregnancies was developed and linear regression analysis was used to correlate pathogen detection with pregnancy outcome. Ureaplasmas were the most prevalent of the tested pathogens (positive in 90.5% positive women and 47.5% newborns), followed by mycoplasmas (32.5% and 7.5%), chlamydia (14.5% and 7.5%), trichomonas (8.5% and 4.0%) and gonococcus (0.5% and 0%). CMV was found in 46.5% of the pregnant women and in 10.5% of their newborns, whereas HSV-2 was detected in only two mothers. Multiple regression analyses indicate that colonization of the mothers with U. urealyticum, M. hominis, T. vaginalis or CMV is associated with transmission to newborns and that transmission of M. hominis or CMV from Mongolian pregnant women to offspring is associated with reduced neonatal length and gestational age. Thus, diagnostic tests for their detection should be implemented in the clinical settings in Mongolia.

Gastric Endometriosis

Objectives: First reported in 1950, endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the endometrial cavity. Methods: A forty year old Mongolian woman had symptoms of epigastric and right upper quadrant pain, slow digestion, early satiety, and occasional diarrhea when diagnosed with gastroptosis in 2014. In December 2016, her symptoms became more severe and, at times, dry food would become stuck in her throat. Results: The patient was successfully treated by surgery and has not shown evidence of recurrence, although prolonged observation is necessary. Conclusion: The treatment of choice for extrapelvic endometriosis is surgical resection.