Mongolian Tribes Research Articles

Genesis of Mongolian Law and Its Interaction with Chinese Law (13th — early 20th Centuries)

The paper features Mongolian law in context of its interaction with common law of Mongolian tribes of pre-state period, traditions of Mongolian society under Genghis Khan rule, and as part of the Qing dynasty. The main aspect of the research is the legal basis and acts enforced on the modern territory of Inner Mongolia. On the basis of the materials of Russian and foreign researchers unknown to awide academic community, the author identifies six groups of sources of Mongolian Law and providesdetailed characteristics of each. The first group of sources incorporates Yassa as a source of rules and punishments for violating them. The second group of sources represents the so called secondary legal acts enabling to perform administration and other administrative actions including decrees (tchzan) and orders (tchi) of the Great Khan, labels, defters and pajtsze. The third group of sources comprises the laws of the the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) and North Yuan (1368-1691); the fourthincluded Oirat charters (Tsaadzhin-bichik), decrees of Oiratean khans and petroglyphs. The fifth groupof the Mongolian sources included Khalha acts in particular the great semikhoshunn law and Khalkha Jirum. Group six of the sources involves Chinese Law for Mongolia approved after Khalkha and SouthMongolia were included in the Qing dynasty. On the basis of detailed analysis and comparison, theauthor matches the sources and their separate norms, which forms a conclusion that the process ofthe development of Mongolian law differed from the one of neighbor states and even after the loss ofsovereignty, public relations on the territory of Mongolian lands were ruled by special normative acts.

DeitY-TU face database: its design, multiple camera capturing, characteristics, and evaluation

The development of the latest face databases is providing researchers different and realistic problems that play an important role in the development of efficient algorithms for solving the difficulties during automatic recognition of human faces. This paper presents the creation of a new visual face database, named the Department of Electronics and Information Technology-Tripura University (DeitY-TU) face database. It contains face images of 524 persons belonging to different nontribes and Mongolian tribes of north-east India, with their anthropometric measurements for identification. Database images are captured within a room with controlled variations in illumination, expression, and pose along with variability in age, gender, accessories, make-up, and partial occlusion. Each image contains the combined primary challenges of face recognition, i.e., illumination, expression, and pose. This database also represents some new features: soft biometric traits such as mole, freckle, scar, etc., and facial anthropometric variations that may be helpful for researchers for biometric recognition. It also gives an equivalent study of the existing two-dimensional face image databases. The database has been tested using two baseline algorithms: linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, which may be used by other researchers as the control algorithm performance score.

몽골어 성서 번역의 특징 : 한국어 성서 번역과의 비교 연구

A dozen of new Bible translations in Mongolic languages have emerged in recent two decades, in tandem with the rise of Christian churches and believers among Mongolian tribes, from Kalmykia in the west through Buryatia and (outer) Mongolia to Inner Mongolia in the east. This study aims to explore the features of Mongolian Bible versions, particularly the two most popular versions: the MUBS version in Outer Mongolia and the MNT in Inner Mongolia, in comparison with Bible versions in Korean, a language which has been traditionally classified under the same Altaic group with Mongolian. <BR> The controversy seems ebbing away in regard to the Mongolian term for God, now that “Burkhan (Бурхан)” has been chosen as the best word to describe Biblical God by the translators of most popular Bible versions as well as by majority of churches, whether in Outer or Inner Mongolia, Kalmykia or Buryatia. In contrast, none of the other alternatives has won a major support even in one of the four key regions where the Mongolic speakers dwell. The most popular version, using “Burkhan” for God, is also the version most literal in its translation style (like in Korea) compared with other versions following dynamic equivalence or paraphrased translation, both in Inner Mongolia and in Outer Mongolia.<BR> Biblical key terms in the Mongolian versions are rather independent from foreign influences, compared with those in Korean or Japanese versions which had to import vast majority of the key terms from ‘hanzi’, the Chinese characters.<BR> Mongolian Bible translations, compared with Korean counterparts, reflect not only cultural advantages arising from nomadic traditions akin to Hebrew nomadism, but also some grammatical advantages such as a rich stock of suffixes to express tenses and aspects as well as more freedom to use honorific second singular pronoun.<BR> In recent years Mongolian translators are showing an unprecedented ardor in the translation of Biblical poetry, to apply Mongolian rhythms (characterized in particular by alliteration), which penetrates deeply into Mongolian idioms and literature.<BR> Despite the short experiences and the current shortage of translation experts as well as concerns over diminishing number of Mongolic-language speakers out of Mongolia, Mongolian Bible translations today seem to be gaining momentum in parallel with the waxing of Christianity at home and the surge of Mongol students learning Bible translation abroad, getting ready to make inroad into minor Mongolic-speaking tribes with no Scriptures yet in their own language.

The Spread of Buddhism among Western Mongolian Tribes between the Thirteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. By Baatr U. Kitinov. Lewiston, N.Y.: The Edwin Mellon Press, 2010. 324 pp. $139.95 (cloth).

The Spread of Buddhism among Western Mongolian Tribes between the Thirteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. By Baatr U. Kitinov. Lewiston, N.Y.: The Edwin Mellon Press, 2010. 324 pp. $139.95 (cloth).

An Ester Extract of Cochinchina Momordica Seeds Induces Differentiation of Melanoma B16 F1 Cells via MAPKs Signaling

Cochinchina momordica seeds (CMS) have been widely used due to antitumor activity by Mongolian tribes of China. However, the details of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we found that an EtOAc (ethyl ester) extract of CMS (CMSEE) induced differentiation and caused growth inhibition of melanoma B16 F1 cells. CMSEE at the concentration of 5-200 μg/ml exhibited strongest anti-proliferative effects on B16 F1 cells among other CMS fractions (water or petroleum ether). Moreover, CMSEE induced melanoma B16 F1 cell differentiation, characterized by dendrite-like outgrowth, increasing melanogenesis production, as well as enhancing tyrosinase activity. Western blot analysis showed that sustained phosphorylation of p38 MAP accompanied by decrease in ERK1/2 and JNK dephosphorylation were involved in CMSEE-induced B16 F1 cell differentiation. Notably, 6 compounds that were isolated and identified may be responsible for inducing differentiation of CMSEE. These results indicated that CMSEE contributes to the differentiation of B16 F1 cells through modulating MAPKs activity, which may throw some light on the development of potentially therapeutic strategies for melanoma treatment.

Phylogenetic Analysis of mtDNA from the Ancient Human of Yuan Dynasty in Inner Mongolia in China

A study of the genetic structure of an ancient human excavated from the Yikeshu site of Yuanshangdu ancient city in Inner Mongolia and the relationships between the ancient population and the extant populations was carried out. Sequences of the control region and coding region of mtDNA from the ancient human were analyzed by using direct sequencing and restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Phylogenetic analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis were also performed on the mtDNA data of the ancient population and 12 extant populations. These results show that the ancient individuals of Yikeshu site can be assigned to D, G, B and Z haplogroups that are prevalent in Duars and Mongolians from Inner Mongolia. The ancient population is also closer to Duar and Mongolian populations in genetic distance than other compared populations. This study reveals that the ancient population from Yikeshu site in the Yuan Dynasty shares a common ancestor with Mongolic-speaking Daur and Mongolian tribes.

Population origins in Mongolia: Genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA

In the present study, nuclear (autosomal and Y-chromosome short tandem repeats) and mitochondrial (hypervariable region I) ancient DNA data previously obtained from a 2,300-year-old Xiongnu population of the Egyin Gol Valley (south of Lake Baikal in northern Mongolia) (Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2003 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:247-260) were compared with data from two contemporary Mongolian populations: one from the same location (Egyin Gol Valley plus a perimeter of less than 100 km around the valley), and one from the whole of Mongolia. The principal objective of this comparative analysis was to assess the likelihood that genetic continuity exists between ancient and present-day Mongolian populations. Since the ancient Xiongnu sample might have been composed of some of the ancestors of the present-day Yakuts, data from a present-day Yakut population, as well as published data from Turkish populations, were also included in the comparative analysis. The main result of our study was the genetic similarity observed among Mongolian samples from different periods and geographic areas. This result supports the hypothesis that the succession over time of different Turkic and Mongolian tribes in the current territory of Mongolia resulted in cultural rather than genetic exchanges. Furthermore, it appears that the Yakuts probably did not find their origin among the Xiongnu tribes, as we previously hypothesized.

ティムール朝史書『歴史集成』所載の部族誌について

The historian Hafez Abru (died in 1430) of the Timurid Dynasty period wrote the historical work Magma' al-Tawdrix (“Historical Collection”), which consists of four parts. In the tribal records of the third volume of this work, information concerning the history of the Timurid Dynasty, which cannot be seen in other historical materials, has been confirmed. This paper will discuss and analyze a manuscript of Magma' al-Tawdrix containing nine tribal records concerning the Timurid Dynasty, which is kept in the library of the Topkapi Saray Museum of Istanbul. As a result, it is clear that Hafez Abru wrote the tribal records in the year A. H. 829 (1425/26), with the following two types of tribes in mind:(1) tribes which have marital relations with the Timurid family(2) new tribes of the 14th century formed from various Mongolian tribes

Inner Mongolia-Chinese, Japanese or Mongol?

S UMMARIZING in December number of PACIFIC AFFAIRS recent study, by Mr. Ch'ien Shih-fu, of Basis and Solution of Inner Mongolian Problem, Chen Han-seng points out that original articles mark an important renewal of serious research on problems have been disastrously neglected since great creative period in which Chinese nationalism was led by Sun Yat-sen. I agree; and it is because of importance of his work that I want partly to criticize and partly to develop views put forward by Mr. Ch'ien. He speaks a little too confidently, I think, of ameliorating relations between Chinese and Mongols by promoting spread of agriculture in Inner Mongolia and a better use of its mineral resources, with safeguards against exploitation by Chinese that will give all advantages to Mongol toilers. He is quite right, however, in criticizing Chinese official policy for ignoring those parts of Mongol problem which are most acutely important to Mongols themselves, and for attempting to do no more than keep its Mongol territory under name of Chinese Republic. The heart of problem, he points out, is the real liberation of Mongol people. Or rather there are two problems. There is Mongol problem of liberation, and there is Chinese problem of whether to compete with Japan in conquest and exploitation of Mongols, or to work toward a relation mutually beneficial to Chinese and Mongolstoward Sun Yat-sen's ideal of a Chinese Republic containing such national minorities as Mongols, but not oppressing or exploiting them. Both of these problems are complicated by Japanese conquest of Manchuria, containing eastern half of Inner Mongolia, and threatened conquest of Chahar and Suiyfian, containing rest of Inner Mongolia proper, and of Ninghsia, containing tribes of West-Mongol (016t) origin, whose situation is almost same as that of true Inner Mongolian tribes. For a really clear understanding of both problems it is necessary first to consider relation within Mongol society of princes, lamas and commoners, and then to take up wider questions of relation of Chinese people as a

Mongolian Proverbs: A Study in the Kalmuck Colloquial

The great division of the Mongol race which passes under the generic term Kalmuck, is composed of many different tribes and subsections. The name “Kalmuck” is accidental; like many of the terms employed in connexion with Mongolian dialects and tribes, it is a Russian convention. Those Mongols who took up their abode in Europe were of the Khalimak division; this word in Russian mouths soon became Kalmuck.

Art. XV.—Notes on the old Mongolian Capital of Shangtu.

On February 9th, 1874, I read a paper before the Royal Geographical Society entitled, “Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China,” made by the Hon. T. G. Grosvenor and myself in the autumn of 1872, including an account of a visit to the ruins of the city of Shangtu, the ancient northern capital of the Yuan Dynasty, described in such glowing terms by Marco Polo, who was there in the reign of its founder, the famous Kublai Khan. They are situate on the northern bank of the Lan-ho—the Shangtu River—about twenty-five miles to the north-west of Dolonnor, the populous city founded by the Emperor Kang-hi, as a trading mart between the Chinese and the Mongolian tribes. These ruins were identified by the existence of a marble memorial tablet, with an inscription of the reign of Kublai, in an ancient form of the Chinese character. A more detailed account of the history of the city so frequently referred to by mediaeval travellers, derived from Chinese and other sources, has been drawn up; and a plan of the ruins, with a facsimile and translation of the inscription, added, in the hope that it may prove of some interest to the Members of your Society.