Mongolian Group Research Articles

Genetic origins and migration patterns of Xinjiang Mongolian group revealed through Y-chromosome analysis

Genetic origins and migration patterns of Xinjiang Mongolian group revealed through Y-chromosome analysis

Retracted: MtDNA polymorphism analyses in the Chinese Mongolian group: Efficiency evaluation and further matrilineal genetic structure exploration.

Qiong Lan, Tong Xie, Xiaoye Jin, Yating Fang, Shuyan Mei, Guang Yang, Bofeng Zhu. MtDNA polymorphism analyses in the Chinese Mongolian group: Efficiency evaluation and further matrilineal genetic structure exploration. Molec Genet Genom Med 7:e934, 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.934). The above article, published online on 3 September 2019 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Suzanne Hart, and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following publication of this article, concerns were raised by a third party regarding consent and ethical approval for the research undertaken and reported in the article. The publisher and representatives of the journal's editorial board undertook a review of the consent documentation provided, against the research performed and reported in the article. The review uncovered inconsistencies between the consent documentation and the research reported; the documentation was not sufficiently detailed to resolve the concerns raised. As a result, the parties have made the decision to retract the article. In addition, consent documentation did not give approval for data associated with this article to be shared publicly. The associated data for this article has been withdrawn from the publication record following a concern that the data could be used to identify those who have participated in the research. Qiong Lan, Xiaoye Jin, and Bofeng Zhu responded on behalf of all the authors, who disagree with the retraction.

Retraction: Forensic characteristics and genetic affinity analyses of Xinjiang Mongolian group using a novel six fluorescent dye-labeled typing system including 41 Y-STRs and 3 Y-InDels.

Liu Y., Yu T., Mei S., Jin X., Lan Q., Zhou Y., Fang Y., Xie T., Huang J., Zhu B. (2020). Forensic characteristics and genetic affinity analyses of Xinjiang Mongolian group using a novel six fluorescent dye-labeled typing system including 41 Y-STRs and 3 Y-InDels. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 8(2), e1097. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.1097 The above article, published online on 26 December 2019 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Suzanne Hart, and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following publication of this article, concerns were raised by a third party regarding consent and ethical approval for the research undertaken and reported in the article. The publisher and representatives of the journal's editorial board undertook a review of the consent documentation provided, against the research performed and reported in the article. The review uncovered inconsistencies between the consent documentation and the research reported; the documentation was not sufficiently detailed to resolve the concerns raised. As a result, the parties have made the decision to retract the article. In addition, consent documentation did not give approval for data associated with this article to be shared publicly. The associated data for this article has been withdrawn from the publication record following a concern that the data could be used to identify those who have participated in the research. Yanfang Liu, Xiaoye Jin, and Bofeng Zhu replied on behalf of all of the authors, who disagree with the retraction.

Systematical explorations of forensic feature and population genetic diversity of the Chinese Mongolian group from northwest China via a self-constructed Multi-InDel panel.

This study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphisms and population characteristics of Chinese Mongolian group from northwest China (NCM) through a self-developed panel including 43 autosomal insertion/deletion (A-InDel) polymorphism genetic markers. Herein, 288 unrelated healthy individuals from the NCM group were employed to obtain the genetic data of 43 A-InDels through multiplex PCR amplification and InDel genotyping using capillary electrophoresis platform. In addition, multiplex population genetic analyses were performed between the NCM group and 27 reference populations. There were no deviations at 43 loci from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the NCM group. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) values ranged from 0.312 8 to 0.559 2, and the combined power of discrimination (CPD) and cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) values in the NCM group were 0.999 999 999 999 999 998 77 and 0.999 814, respectively. The forensic parameter values indicated that this panel was polymorphic and informative in the NCM group and could be used as an effective tool for forensic personal identification. Furthermore, the results of pairwise genetic distances, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, and admixture analysis among the NCM group and 27 reference populations revealed that there were closer genetic relationships between the NCM group and East Asian populations, especially Chinese Hui group (CHH) from the northwest China, which is consistent with the geographical location. These present findings contributed to the ongoing genetic explorations and insights into the genetic architecture of the NCM group.

Systematically exploring the performance of a self-developed Multi-InDel system in forensic identification, ancestry inference and genetic structure analysis of Chinese Manchu and Mongolian groups

The insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphism has promising applications in forensic DNA analysis. However, the insufficient forensic efficiencies of the present InDel-based systems restrict their applications in parentage testing, due to the lower genetic polymorphism of the biallelic InDel locus and the limited number of InDel loci in a multiplex amplification system. Here, we introduced an in-house developed system which contained 41 polymorphic Multi-InDel markers (equivalent to 82 InDels in total), to serve as an efficient and reliable tool for different forensic applications in the Manchu and Mongolian groups. We demonstrated that the new system exhibited potential efficiencies for personal identification, parentage testing, two-person DNA mixture interpretation and ancestry inference of intercontinental populations. Meanwhile, we explored the genetic backgrounds of the Manchu and Mongolian groups by conducting a series of population genetic analyses. We showed that the Manchu and Mongolian groups shared closer genetic relationships with East Asian populations, especially Han Chinese populations in northern China. Moreover, more similar genetic compositions were detected between the Manchu group and the northern Han populations in this study, suggesting that the Manchu group had higher genetic affinities with northern Han populations than the Mongolian group. Overall. this study provided the necessary evidence that these Multi-InDel genetic markers could play an important role in forensic applications.

Баоаньский язык: история изучения и место в классификации монгольских языков

Introduction. The Baoan language (Chinese 保安语 Bao'an, Baonan) is the language of the Baoan people, belonging to the Mongolian group of the Altaic language family. For many centuries, speakers of Bao'an have been isolated from other Mongolian nationalities, and the language has absorbed a large number of Chinese loanwords and has been influenced by Chinese in speech and grammar. Materials and methods. The materials are scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists who have studied Mongolian languages and dialects. Descriptive and comparative methods were used in the work. Analysis. The study of existing classifications, on the basis of which scholars have highlighted the principles for attributing Baoan language to the Southern Mongolian group. The history of the issue was analyzed, as well as the main methods of classification of Mongolian languages and dialects. Results. Up until the 1950s, Mongolian studies lacked complete data on the Baoan language, and Baoan was more often treated as a dialect or not included in the classification at all. There are no complete and systematic studies on Baoan language in domestic studies. Despite the many existing classifications, there is still no universally accepted classification of Mon- golian languages. The isolated position of Baoan language has influenced the classification structure of Mongolian languages, making it difficult to belong to a particular group. The problem is that the language is still considered understudied, so existing classifications need to be clarified. The aim is to describe Baoan language in the general classification of Mongolian languages, as well as the main stages of its study. The article gives a brief overview of studies on the Baoan language by both national and foreign scholars. The article presents some data on the history of the study of the Baoan language, as well as information about national and foreign researchers who include the Baoan language in the classification of Mongolian languages.

A set of novel multi-allelic SNPs for forensic application developed through massively parallel sequencing and its examples of population genetic studies.

Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology allows to simultaneously type multitudinous molecular genetic markers for many samples in one run with the feature of high detection resolution, andthereby arouses the increasing attention from forensic science. Herein, multiple allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (multi-allelic SNPs) were screened for personal identification and parentage testing, and then were genotyped using MPS platform. Unrelated individuals of Chinese Mongolian and Kazakh groups were investigated to further estimate forensic effectiveness and applicability of these multi-allelic SNPs. The results of sequencing efficiency estimations and forensic genetic statistical parameters demonstrated that this MPS panel of multi-allelic SNPs was expected to be work for forensic applications. Subsequently, the exploration of population genetic variation patterns among the two investigated groups and other 26 reference populations revealed that these Chinese Mongolian and Kazakh groups had the similar population genetic patterns with the populations from East Asian, but European ancestral composition in the Kazakh group was higher than that in the Mongolian group. Currently, the present results were the preliminary research to scrutinize genetic information of these two ethnic minority groups employing multi-allelic SNPs.

Next generation sequencing of a set of ancestry-informative SNPs: ancestry assignment of three continental populations and estimating ancestry composition for Mongolians.

When traditional short tandem repeat profiling fails to provide valuable information to arrest the criminal, forensic ancestry inference of the biological samples left at the crime scene will probably offer investigative leads and facilitate the investigation process of the case. That is why there are consistent efforts in developing panels for ancestry inference in forensic science. Presently, a 30-plex next generation sequencing-based assay was exploited in this study by assembling well-differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms for ancestry assignment of unknown individuals from three continental populations (African, European and East Asian). And meanwhile, relatively balanced population-specific differentiation values were maintained to avoid the over-estimation or under-estimation of co-ancestry proportions in individuals with admixed ancestry. The principal component analysis and STRUCTURE analysis of reference populations, test populations and the studied Mongolian group indicated that the novel assay was efficient enough to determine the ancestry origin of an unknown individual from the three continental populations. Besides, ancestry membership proportion estimations for the Mongolian group revealed that a large fraction of the ancestry was contributed by East Asian genetic component (approximately 83.9%), followed by European (approximately 12.6%) and African genetic components (approximately 3.5%), respectively. And next generation sequencing technology applied in this study offers possibility to incorporate more single nucleotide polymorphisms forindividual identification and phenotype prediction into the same assay to provide as many as possible investigative cluesin the future.

Forensic characteristics and genetic affinity analyses of Xinjiang Mongolian group using a novel six fluorescent dye-labeled typing system including 41 Y-STRs and 3 Y-InDels.

BackgroundY‐chromosomal genetic marker haplotypes of individuals can define the paternal kinship or genealogies to which they belong and further provide clues for forensic individual identifications. Studying the genetic structure of the Mongolian group will help to bring to light the Mongolian ethnic origin, and explicate the genetic affinities among the studied and compared populations. Some forensic scientists have studied the genetic background of the Mongolian group based on different molecular genetic markers. These studies were of very great reference significance for the Mongolian group genetic research, whereas the investigation of Y‐STR haplotype data in the Xinjiang Mongolian group is still insufficient.MethodsGenetic characteristics of 182 unrelated healthy male Mongolian individuals were revealed by 41 Y‐chromosomal short tandem repeat and 3 insertion/deletion molecular genetic markers. Furthermore, analyses of molecular variance programs, multi‐dimensional scaling plots, and phylogenetic tree reconstructions were operated to explore the genetic relationships of the Xinjiang Mongolian group with comparative 23 populations from China and 33 populations from worldwide nations.ResultsThe genetic diversity values ranged from 0.0641 (rs771783753) to 0.9502 (DYF387S1). A total of 165 distinct haplotypes were identified, of which 150 (90.91%) were unique. The discrimination capacity, match probability, and haplotype diversity of 44 loci were 0.9066, 0.0067, and 0.9988, respectively. Additionally, the Mongolian group had the most intimate relationship with Gansu Dongxiang (R ST = 0.0165), followed by HulunBuir Mongolian (R ST = 0.0187), Inner Mongolia Daur (R ST = 0.0202) as well as other three minority ethnic groups from the Xinjiang region (R ST < 0.05) in all compared Chinese populations, and clustered together with the majority of Asian populations in a worldwide scale.ConclusionsConsequently, the 44 loci could be well applied in forensic applications of the Mongolian group. The haplotypes available in here made new contributions to the existing population genetic information and would be of great value in population studies.

Detection of Ancestry Information of Urumqi Mongolians Based on the AIM-InDels Loci Multiplex System.

Objective To explore the genetic background and structure of Urumqi Mongolians, the previously developed 39-AIM-InDels panel for ancestry inference was utilized in the present study. Methods The blood samples of 145 unrelated healthy Urumqi Mongolian individuals were collected and genotyped. The compositions of ancestry information of Urumqi Mongolians were studied with 17 different populations from three continents （East Asia, Europe and Africa） as reference populations. Then, multiple population genetics and bioinformatics analysis methods were applied, the Fst and DA values between matched populations were compared and analyzed, PCA analysis was performed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The proportions of ancestry information components of Urumqi Mongolians were analyzed with Structure software, etc. Results The ancestry information components of Urumqi Mongolian group in different intercontinental populations accounted for 89%, 7%, and 3% of East Asian, European, and African populations, respectively. Compared with other intercontinental populations, Urumqi Mongolian group and East Asian populations have lower Fst and DA values, and they were in the same cluster in PCA analysis as well. In a phylogenetic tree, the Urumqi Mongolian group was in the same branch as East Asian populations. Conclusion Urumqi Mongolian group had relatively close genetic relationships with East Asian populations, and the proportion of its East Asian ancestry was about 89%.

MtDNA polymorphism analyses in the Chinese Mongolian group: Efficiency evaluation and further matrilineal genetic structure exploration.

BackgroundProfiling of mitochondrial DNA is surely to provide valuable investigative clues for forensic cases involving highly degraded specimens or complex maternal lineage kinship determination. But traditionally used hypervariable region sequencing of mitochondrial DNA is less frequently suggested by the forensic community for insufficient informativeness. Genome‐wide sequencing of mitochondrial DNA can provide considerable amount of variant information but can be high cost at the same time.MethodsEfficiency of the 60 mitochondrial DNA polymorphic sites dispersing across the control region and coding region of mitochondrial DNA genome was evaluated with 106 Mongolians recruited from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, and allele‐specific PCR technique was employed for mitochondrial DNA typing.ResultsAltogether 58 haplotypes were observed and the haplotypic diversity, discrimination power and random match probability were calculated to be 0.981, 0.972, and 0.028, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup affiliation exhibited an exceeding percentage (12.26%) of west Eurasian lineage (H haplogroup) in the studied Mongolian group, which needed to be further verified with more samples. Furthermore, the genetic relationships between the Xinjiang Mongolian group and the comparison populations were also investigated and the genetic affinity was discovered between the Xinjiang Mongolian group and the Xinjiang Kazak group in this study.ConclusionIt was indicated that the panel was potentially enough to be used as a supplementary tool for forensic applications. And the matrilineal genetic structure analyses based on mitochondrial DNA variants in the Xinjiang Mongolian group could be helpful for subsequent anthropological studies.

The excavation of the Neolithic site and its social situation

본 연구는 신석기시대에 확인된 인골 81개체와 29개群의 피장자 중심으로 연구를 진행하였다. 우선 매장주체에 대한 분석을 진행하였다. 형질적 분석이 확인되는 인골 중 성별과 연령은 어느 한쪽으로 치우쳐 있지 않고 다양하게 확인된다. 이는 신석기시대의 유적들이 전쟁이나 질병과 같은 특수한 상황에서 구성된 묘역이 아닌 것을 알 수 있었고, 생활유적의 범주에서 형성된 유적임을 알 수 있었다. 매장자세의 분석으로 신석기시대의 주된 자세는 신전장임을 알 수 있었으며, 굴장은 지역적 특색을 나타내는 것이 아닐까 추측해 볼 수 있었다. 비계측적 특징 대한 분석을 진행하였으며, 그 결과 신석기시대도 몽골리안의 범주에 속하는 집단으로 판단되며, 그들의 생활이 농경에 의지하는 사회가 아니라 수렵ㆍ채집ㆍ어로를 중심으로 한 사회였던 것을 알 수 있었다. 신석기시대 유적에서 확인되는 부장품을 분석한 결과 청동기ㆍ철기 시대와 같이 계층이나 계 급의 분화가 보이지 않으며 유물이 위세품으로 부장된 것은 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 결과를 통해 인골자료가 많이 확인되는 신석기시대 전기 사회는 서비스(E. R. Service)가 말한 사회발전단계 중 무리사회(Band)로 추정할 수 있었다.This research was conducted based on 81 human bones and 29 buried people in the Neolithic era. Primarily, we analyzed the subjects who had been buried. We identified both sex and age of the human remains of which traits had been ascertained were various and assorted. It suggested that the Neolithic ruins belonged to the cultural sites rather than being created by exceptional occasions such as wars or diseases. The people of the Neolithic times were buried from entombment with extended burial which was found the most and we could infer that flexed burial would represent the characteristics of locality. Shovel-shaped teeth, enamel hypoplasia, dental calculus, and caries were studied through non metric cranial traits analysis. According to the result of non metric cranial traits analysis, it was assumed that the man from the Neolithic Age was also a member of the family of Mongolian group (the man from the Neolithic Age had similar ethnicity to Mongolian group) and it was shaped by hunter-gatherer context not farmer context. The analysis of burial accessories from the sites of the Neolithic ruins showed there was no differentiation of social stratification or class so that the relics of them did not seem to be entombed as items that reflected authority and power. As a result of this study, we estimate the society of Neolithic site in Janghang was “Band” which E. R. Service named as one of the stages of social development.

Shamanic Sports: Buryat Wrestling, Archery, and Horse Racing

This paper presents the religious aspects of the historical and present forms of the traditional sports competitions of the Buryats—a Mongolian ethnic group settled in Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and North-Eastern China. Both historically and in our time, their traditional sports have been closely linked to shamanic rituals. This paper provides insights into the functions of these sports competitions for Buryat shamanic rituals—why they have been, and still are, an inevitable part of these rituals. They are believed to play an important role in these rituals, which aim to trick and/or please the Buryats’ spirits and gods in order to get from them what is needed for survival. The major historical changes in the Buryats’ constructions of their relationship to their imagined spiritual entities and the corresponding changes in their sports competitions are described. The effects of both economic changes—from predominantly hunting to primarily livestock breeding—and of changes in religious beliefs and world views—from shamanism to Buddhism and from Soviet Communist ersatz religion to the post-Soviet revival of shamanism and Buddhism—are described. Special attention is given to the recent revival of these sports’ prominent role for Buddhist and shamanist rituals.

Genetic distribution and forensic evaluation of multiplex autosomal short tandem repeats in the Chinese Xinjiang Mongolian group.

To further enrich the genetic data of the Chinese Xinjiang Mongolian group, the genetic distribution and forensic parameters of 19 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) were investigated. Altogether, 249 alleles were observed in these 19 STRs. The mean values of the polymorphism information content (PIC), match probability (MP), discrimination power (DP), and probability of exclusion (PE) for these 19 STRs were 0.7775, 0.0699, 0.9301, and 0.6085, respectively. Additionally, the cumulative DP and PE values obtained in the Mongolian group were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 995 67 and 0.999 999 992 163, respectively. Furthermore, population genetic analysis of the Mongolian group and 20 published populations was conducted based on the population data of 15 overlapping STRs. Genetic distances indicated that the Mongolian group had closer genetic similarities with the Uyghur, Xibe, and other Chinese populations rather than the other continental populations. Multidimensional scaling analysis further revealed that the Mongolian group possessed similar genetic distributions as most Chinese populations. To sum it all up, these STRs could be used as an extremely efficient tool for forensic applications in the Xinjiang Mongolian group.

Prevalence of Candida albicans and its relationship with early childhood caries among children of three ethnic groups (Han, Uygur, Mongolian) in Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Objective: To investigate the distributions of Candida albicans (Ca), which are closely associated to early childhood caries (ECC) of young children, in 3-5-year-old children of Mongolian, Uygur and Han ethnic groups in Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Urgur Autonomous Region, so as to provide scientific basis for the early prediction and prevention of caries locally. Methods: Totally 1 089 healthy children aged 3 to 5 years old (Mongolian 136, Uygur 403 and Han 550; 568 males and 521 females) were randomly selected by stratified and cluster sampling method. The children in early childhood caries group were 786 and in caries free group were 303. Dental plaque samples were collected from the carious tooth tissues and supragingival sites, respectively. Samples were isolated and cultured by different media. Ca were identified by Gram stain, germ tube test, PCR method and internal transcribed spacer region sequencing methods. Ca isolated were further typed by using PCR-25SrDNA genotype method. Pearson χ(2) test and Spearman rank correlation were used to analyze the differences in genotypes of Ca amongst three ethnic groups and the relationship between decayed missing filled tooth (dmft) classification and detection of Ca. Results: The Ca was significantly higher in the ECC group [14.4% (113/786)] than in the caries free group [7.6% (23/303)] (P=0.002). The identified rate of Ca in Mongolian group was [11.8% (16/136)], which was significantly lower than that of Uygur group [17.9% (72/403)] and higher than that of Han group [8.7% (48/550)] (χ(2)=10.192, P=0.006). Among the male children, the identified rate of Ca in Mongolian group was [10.0% (8/80)], which was significantly lower than that of Uygur group [21.7% (44/203)] and higher than that of Han group [8.4% (24/285)] (χ(2)=18.887, P=0.000). Among the female children, the detection rates of Ca were [14.3% (8/56)] in Mongolian group, [14.0% (28/200)] in Uygur group and [9.1% (24/265)] in Han group. There were no significant differences among the three ethnic groups (χ(2)=3.206, P=0.201). The identification rates of oral Ca in Uygur and Han ECC groups were correlated with the decayed, missing and filled teeth (Uygur r=0.195, P=0.001; Han r=0.145, P=0.004). Totally 136 Ca samples were divided into 3 types by PCR-25SrDNA method, and the predominant type was type A [55.1% (75/136)]. Conclusions: The distribution of oral Ca among children were ethnically different. Uygur male children carrying Ca were more susceptible to dental caries. Ca might be a risk factor for ECC. There was no specific cariogenic genotype in Ca isolated. There were no associations between ethnic factors and the genotypes of Ca isolated.

Genetic polymorphisms and forensic efficiency of 19 X-chromosomal STR loci for Xinjiang Mongolian population.

AimX-chromosomal short tandem repeat (X-STR) loci are playing an increasingly important role in some complex kinship cases in recent years. To investigate the forensic efficiency of X-STRs of Mongolian minority group from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, and further depict the genetic relationship among Xinjiang Mongolians and other populations, 267 blood samples from unrelated healthy Xinjiang Mongolians were amplified by an AGCU X-19 STR kit.ResultsNo deviations for all 19 X-STR loci were observed from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (p > 0.0026) in female samples. The most frequent allele was allele 10 at locus DXS10164 with the frequency 0.5663. The polymorphism information content values of the 19 X-STR loci were more than 0.5 with the highest polymorphism at the locus DXS10135. The cumulative power of discrimination were 0.99999999999999999999988761005481 in females and 0.999999999999903 in males, respectively; and the cumulative mean exclusion chances were 0.9999999969738068321121 in duos and 0.999999999998952 in trios, respectively. The seven linkage groups were extremely informative, with all the haplotype diversities greater than 0.9487. No linkage disequilibrium was observed for a significance level of 0.00029 (p = 0.05/171) after Bonferroni correction. The DA distances, multidimensional scaling plot and phylogenetic tree based on the 11 overlapping X-STR loci all presented that the Xinjiang Mongolian population was genetically different from other Asian populations, including the Mongolian population from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.ConclusionThis study indicated that the 19 X-STR multiplex PCR system was of high utility value for both forensic practices and population genetic research in Xinjiang Mongolian group.

Analysis of M.Swadesh 200 core words in Mongolian language group

Analysis of M.Swadesh 200 core words in Mongolian language group

Research on the Mechanism of Mongolian Medical Warm Acupuncture in Alleviating Insomnia by Increasing the BCL-2/BAX Ratio and Decreasing the Hormones Related to the Central HPA Axis of the Stress Response

Abstract Background Mongolian medical warm acupuncture is efficacious in treatment of insomnia but the mechanism still remains unclear. There is no research on the effect on the changes in expression of mRNA in the receptors of 5HT, DA, 5HT1α, 5HT2α, and DRD2 and the levels of hormones related to the central HPA axis in the stress response. Objective To further explain the mechanism of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture in insomnia treatment and its role in protecting cerebral neurons, elaborate the effect of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture on the changes in expression of 5HT, DA, 5HT1α, and 5HT2α at different sites in the brains of the PCPA-induced insomnia model rats and the levels of hormones related to the central HPA axis in the stress response. Method 72 Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, Mongolian medical warm acupuncture group, and diazepam group of 18 each. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with PCPA (400 mg/kg) for 2 consecutive days to induce insomnia. The sleep latency and sleep duration before and after treatment were observed. The content of 5HT in the hypothalamus and hippocampus was measured with the ELISA method. The content of mRNA in the 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors in the hypothalamus and hippocampus with the qPCR technique. The content of DA in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum was determined with the ELISA method. The content of ELISA in the hypothalamus and the content of ACTH in the serum of the insomnia rats were determined with the ELISA method. The changes in content of the BCL-2 and BAX proteins in the hippocampus were observed with the immunohistochemical method. Result PCPA intraperitoneal injections were able to prolong the sleep latency of the rats and shorten the sleep duration (P&lt;0.05) when compared with the blank group. Mongolian medical warm acupuncture was able to alleviate the tendency of decreasing weight gain arising from insomnia (P&lt;0.05). Mongolian medical warm acupuncture was able to decrease the levels of CRH and ACTH in the hormones related to central HPA axis in the stress response (P=0.017, P=0.015) and alleviate the overexciting state of the HPA axis arising from insomnia. Mongolian medical warm acupuncture group was able to up-regulate the expression of the BCL-2 protein in the hippocampus, down-regulate the expression of the BAX protein, and increase the BCL-2/BAX ratio (P=0.011). Mongolian medical warm acupuncture was able to protect the hippocampal neurons by changing the content of the apoptosis factors (P=0.024). Conclusion Mongolian medical warm acupuncture decreases the levels of CRH and ACTH in the hormone related to the HPA axis, up-regulates the expression of the BCL-2 protein in the hippocampus, and down-regulates the expression of the BAX protein for improving rat insomnia by influencing the expression of 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.

Genetic polymorphisms of 26 Y-STR loci in the Mongolian minority from Horqin district, China.

To study the population data of Y chromosome STR (Y-STRs) of the Mongolian minority population residing in the Horqin district, we analyzed haplotypes of 26 Y-STRs (DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, DYS635, DYS643, DYS388, DYS449, DYS460, and YGATAH4) in 298 unrelated Chinese Mongolian individuals using the commercially available Goldeneye® DNA ID 26Y system. We also investigated blood stains, saliva spots, semen spots, hair follicles, fingernails, and sweat latent fingerprints from ten healthy males for testing the efficiency of direct amplification of this new Y-STRs system. The calculated average gene diversity values of the Mongolian population ranged from 0.3024 to 0.9510 for the DYS389I and DYS385a/b loci, respectively. The discriminatory capacity was 92.95% with 277 observed haplotypes using 23 Y-STR loci (DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, DYS635, DYS643, and YGATAH4). By adding three more Y-STRs (DYS388, DYS449, and DYS460) to the 26Y system, the discriminatory capacity was increased to 94.63% with a total of 282 observed haplotypes. Population relationships were calculated and compared with seven populations available from the Y chromosome haplotype reference database and data from ten Asian populations published previously. The Mongolian minority population residing in Horqin district is significantly different from other populations. Our results indicated that these 26 Y-STRs were highly genetically polymorphic in the Mongolian group and this contributes greatly to existing Chinese ethnic genetic information. As a result of direct amplification, we have obtained full profile from all blood stains, saliva spots, hair follicles, and fingernails; six semen spots; and one sweat latent fingerprint. It revealed that the 26 Y-STR system was a valuable tool for male sex analysis in forensic field and the kit was highly adaptive to direct amplification of various samples including blood stain, saliva spot, hair follicle, and fingernail.

KIRGIZ SOYLU HOTONLAR. MOĞOLİSTAN’DAKİ «KIRGIZ» ETNONİMLERİ VE TOPONİMLERİ HOTANS OF KYRGYZ ORIGIN: “KYRGYZ” ETHNONIMS AND TOPONIMS IN MONGOLIA1 ХОТОНЫ – ПОТОМКИ КЫРГЫЗОВ. АРЕАЛ ЭТНОНИМИЧЕСКИХ И ТОПОНИМИЧЕСКИХ НАЗВАНИЙ “КЫРГЫЗ” В МОНГОЛИИ

A small Turkish-speaking group, called Hoton, live in Ulangom region in Mongolia, today. Originally they regard themselves close to the Kyrgyz people, and they number more than 10.000. They are in a process of Mongolization, but they are still Muslims. Ethnically Hotons cannot be associated with the Uighurs of Hoten region in Eastern Turkistan, because they accept themselves as Kyrgyz: “We are Kyrgyz, grandchildren of Kun-ker”. “Kun-Ker” means “Turk” in Tibetian language. Different from the Oirats of Mongolian origin, Hotons are agriculturalists. According to scientists, Hotons migrated to this territory at the time of the Zhungars (Oirats). The ethnonym of “Kyrgyz” is used as “hirkis” and “herhis” among Halhals, which are the biggest Mongolian group. It is no coincidence that the Hyargas-Nuur Lake in Western Mongolia carries the very name, Hyargas. In the scientific literature, there is an archeological term, hereksur. This term might have been originated from herges-uur meaning “Kyrgyz home” or gerges uur meaning “Kyrgyz graveyard”. Mongols call old graveyards by these names. These issues give information about the ancient ages of the Kyrgyz people and about their influence on the ethno-history of the Oirat-Mongols