Expenditure Of Money Research Articles

Application Driven Theory: Rigorously Combining Applied and Basic Research Relevant To Accounting and Marketing

Application Driven Theory: Rigorously Combining Applied and Basic Research Relevant To Accounting and Marketing

Determinants of euro-dollar exchange rate: an empirical analysis

This study investigates the determinants of euro-dollar exchange rate since the inception of euro in January 1999. Initial results show that relative changes in consumer confidence in the USA and the Eurozone (CCI), relative consumer price index (CPI), unemployment rate (UMP), and money supply (M1) are important in explaining the value of the euro relative to the US dollar. When accounted for autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the data, vector autoregression/vector error correction models (VAR/VECM) show that the euro-dollar exchange rate is impacted by only CCI and M1.

Max Weber in America by Lawrence A. Scaff (review)

Book Reviews 143 society. Ghosh argues that Weber did know it and in this way proves how useful such scrupulously historicist reading can be: 'Here then is further confirmation of what we know of Weber's sympathies for both Jews and for "Puritan" America; equally importantly, it reminds us that, even in an author whom we may suppose to be well-documented, there is a great deal of subterranean life of which we are hardly aware, and that any discussion of Weber's intellectual evolution must take account of this fact.' It will be most interesting and promising to see the eventual results of the transla tion-project of Peter Ghosh—one of several one-man enterprises in the international Weber research. His strategy of 'translation as a conceptual act' might lead to a very new understanding of the PE. His forthcoming publication of the translation, as also this collection of essays, cannot be without effect on the two relevant of the MWG, which have been announced for (too) many years. In particular, the accurate histori cal reading of these momentous texts—which are today an unquestionable part of the intellectual canon, and not only in social science—can be taken also as a test of German Weber scholarship, especially when one considers that one of its principal components is a major research project that started almost 40 years ago and is run at an enormous expenditure of money and personnel. It should be remembered that Max Weber himself deliberately avoided profes sional discussion with his contemporary colleagues in history. When he was invited to present his PE studies at the Stuttgart assembly of the German historians in February 1906 and to defend them, he cried off and referred instead to the 'expert', his friend and theologian Ernst Troeltsch. After the tragic death of Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1930-2004), who had played the critical role of the historian within the MWG, it seems fortunate that through the work of Peter Ghosh we are reminded once more that the bar has risen higher than ever before. One of his most incisive footnotes makes it clear what Ghosh intends in the end: 'theory plus a dash of history (the reading of a canonical author from the past according to a present-day theoreti cal agenda) does not produce history.' Dirk Kaesler Philipps-Universität Marburg Lawrence A. Scaff, Max Weber in America (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton Univer sity Press, 2011), pp. 326. ISBN 978-0-69114-779-6. $35.00 (cloth). In the preface to his book, Lawrence Scaff promises to address the 'American dimension to Weber's work and experience'. The author accomplishes this task in a beautifully written and masterfully crafted study that provides illuminating insights into Weber's thought, as well as, on a more limited scale, new information about the reception of Weber in the United States. The well-measured tone of the narrative and its deliberate presentation are indicative of the author's strategy to seek a readership beyond academic scholars by pitching the book to an educated public without in-depth knowledge of the subject matter. Whether made solely by the author, or perhaps under consideration of the publisher's concerns as well, this choice greatly decreases the chances of the book ending up in the dustbin of obscure Weber scholarship; however, for Weber aficionados it may have a few drawbacks as well.© Max Weber Studies 2012. 144 Max Weber Studies The study essentially contains two books in one. The first book comprises a series of topic-driven mini-studies of Weber's engagement with the early twentieth century American experience, based on his 1904 American journey. More or less all of these mini-studies chart new territory and could stand on their own as self-contained analy ses with a rich texture. In contrast, the second book within the book, titled part 2, 'The work in America,' is more of an unfinished, technical, booklet-sized assessment of the beginnings of Weber's recognition as a scholar in the United States and the develop mental history and early impact of Talcott Parson's translation of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism on sociology and...

Burdens on Research Imposed by Institutional Review Boards: The State of the Evidence and Its Implications for Regulatory Reform

Federal regulations mandate independent review and approval by an "institutional review board" (IRB) before studies that involve human research subjects may begin. Although many researchers strongly support the need for IRB review, they also contend that it is burdensome when it imposes costs that do not add to the protections afforded to research participants and that this burden threatens the viability of research. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently announced its intention to reform the regulations governing IRB review. We used a search of the PubMed database, supplemented by a bibliographic review, to identify all existing primary data on the costs of IRB review. "Costs" were broadly defined to include both expenditures of time or money and constraints imposed on the scope of the research. Burdensome costs were limited to those that did not contribute to greater protections for the participants. Evidence from a total of fifty-two studies shows that IRBs operate at different levels of efficiency; that waiting to obtain IRB approval has, in some instances, delayed project initiation; that IRBs presented with identical protocols sometimes asked for different and even competing revisions; and that some decisions made (and positions held) by IRBs are not in accord with federal policy guidance. While the evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is burden associated with IRB review, it is too limited to allow for valid estimates of its magnitude or to serve as the basis for formulating policies on IRB reform. The single exception is multicenter research, for which we found that review by several local IRBs is likely to be burdensome. No mechanism currently exists at the national level to gather systematic evidence on the intersection between research and IRB review. This gap is of concern in light of the changing nature of research and the increasingly important role that research is envisioned to play in improving the overall quality of health care.

Myths and facts about electricity in the U.S. South

This paper identifies six myths about clean electricity in the southern U.S. These myths are either propagated by the public at-large, shared within the environmental advocacy culture, or spread imperceptibly between policymakers. Using a widely accepted energy-economic modeling tool, we expose these myths as half-truths and the kind of conventional wisdom that constrains productive debate. In so doing, we identify new starting points for energy policy development. Climate change activists may be surprised to learn that it will take more than a national Renewable Electricity Standard or supportive energy efficiency policies to retire coal plants. Low-cost fossil generation enthusiasts may be surprised to learn that clean generation can save consumers money, even while meeting most demand growth over the next 20 years. This work surfaces the myths concealed in public perceptions and illustrates the positions of various stakeholders in this large U.S. region.

How safe is safe enough?

How safe is safe enough?

Managing Regulatory Risks from Changing Climate Policy

Significant business risk derives from the likelihood that the policy and legal environment with respect to climate change will change quickly, imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters and other businesses with large carbon footprints. Advice on how to manage this kind of risk is written largely on a tabula rasa; there is precious little on climate change, conflicting signals on where law and policy will go next, and little guidance or signals from government on what to do to prevent or prepare for climate change. This short paper discusses management of the legal and regulatory risks posed by changes in law or policy for Canadian businesses. It does so in three areas of law in which the risks appear to be the most specific: (a) Canadian federal law and policy, (b) British Columbia provincial law and policy, and (c) securities disclosures law in the United States and Canada. The most dangerous policy risk faced by Canadian businesses stems ironically from the Canadian federal government's desire to avoid imposing costs from climate policy. The problem is that in this environment of policy uncertainty, Canadian businesses will still have to make decisions on capital expenditures, and prudent decision-making may still cause them to bet on a continued lack of Canadian federal seriousness on climate policy. In fact, the current proposed regulation requiring carbon capture and storage technology for coal-fired power plants nudges them towards making a bad bet on future policy. The regulation's unambitious carbon capture target of 30% ensures that money spent on carbon capture technology will be poorly spent on technology that will quickly become obsolete.Truly prudent business planning requires Canadian businesses to anticipate a future global policy environment in which greenhouse gas reductions will be taken much more seriously and will involve a carbon price, and that foreign pressures will force Canada to follow suit. This is still an ambitious proposition for publicly-traded companies that must justify capital expenditures to investors. As a result, the Canadian federal policy of trying to insulate Canadian businesses from geo-political realities with respect to climate change enables and encourages not only greenhouse gas-emitting behavior, but also the ultimately wasteful expenditure of money on capital investments that will prove ineffective in a post-climate change economy.

Parental behaviours, but not parental smoking, influence current smoking and smoking susceptibility among 14 and 15 year‐old children

To explore whether parental behaviours related to smoking socialisation and parenting are associated with smoking susceptibility and current smoking in 14-15 year old students. Data were sourced from the New Zealand 2006 Year 10 In-depth Survey, a school-based survey of 3,189 students. Outcome measures were susceptibility to smoking and current smoking. Potential determinants were second-hand smoke exposure in the home, parental smoking, parental anti-smoking expectations, anti-smoking rules, pocket money, monitoring of pocket money expenditure, general rule setting and monitoring, and concern about education. Analysis used logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding factors. Exposure to second-hand smoke and lack of parental anti-smoking expectations were independently associated with smoking susceptibility and current smoking. Parental smoking was not independently associated with current smoking or susceptibility. Receiving pocket money and an absence of monitoring of expenditure were associated with smoking susceptibility and current smoking. Lack of parental rule setting was associated with smoking susceptibility. Findings were similar whether or not one or more parents were smokers. Not allowing smoking in the home, communicating non-smoking expectations to children, monitoring pocket money, and setting rules to guide behaviour are strategies which are likely to reduce risk of smoking uptake. The study provides evidence to inform the development of parent-focused interventions to reduce the risk of smoking initiation by children.

A Comparison of Physician Pre-Adoption and Adoption Views on Electronic Health Records in Canadian Medical Practices

Background There is a major campaign involving large expenditures of public money to increase the adoption rate of electronic health record (EHR) systems in Canada. To maximize the chances of success in this effort, physician views on EHRs must be addressed, since user perceptions are key to successful implementation of technology innovations.Objective We propose a theoretical model comprising behavioral factors either favoring or against EHR adoption and use in Canadian medical practices, from the physicians’ point of view. EHR perceptions of physicians already using EHR systems are compared with those not using one, through the lens of this model.Methods We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in both English and French among medical practitioners across Canada. Data were collected both from physicians using EHRs and those not using EHRs, and analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques.Results We collected 119 responses from EHR users and 100 from nonusers, resulting in 2 valid samples of 102 and 83 participants, respectively. The theoretical adoption model explained 55.8% of the variance in behavioral intention to continue using EHRs for physicians already using them, and 66.8% of the variance in nonuser intention to adopt such systems. Perception of ease of use was found to be the strongest motivator for EHR users (total effect .525), while perceptions of usefulness and of ease of use were the key determinants for nonusers (total effect .538 and .519, respectively) to adopt the system. Users see perceived overall risk associated with EHR adoption as a major obstacle (total effect –.371), while nonusers perceive risk only as a weak indirect demotivator. Of the 13 paths of the SEM model, 5 showed significant differences between the 2 samples (at the .05 level): general doubts about using the system (P = .02), the necessity for the system to be relevant for their job (P < .001), and the necessity for the system to be useful (P = .049) are more important for EHR nonusers than for users, while perceptions of overall obstacles to adoption (P = .03) and system ease of use (P = .042) count more for EHR users than for nonusers.Conclusions Relatively few differences in perceptions about EHR system adoption and use exist between physicians already using such systems and those not yet using the systems. To maximize the chances of success for new EHR implementations from a behavioral point of view, general doubts about the rationale for such systems must be mitigated through improving design, stressing how EHRs are relevant to physician jobs, and providing substantiating evidence that EHRs are easier to use and more effective than nonusers might expect.

Energy use and leisure consumption in Norway: an analysis and reduction strategy

This article discusses the environmental impacts of leisure activities. Calculations are presented for the time-use, money expenditure and energy use involved in leisure services and goods consumed by Norwegians in 2001. The paper draws upon a two-year project financed by the Research Council of Norway. Leisure consumption represented around 23% of the total energy use within private and public consumption in Norway. The energy intensity of leisure consumption, measured in energy use per amount of expenditure, was 20% lower than that of everyday household consumption but 380% times higher than that of public consumption. Surveys show that around half of Norwegian leisure time is spent at home, with considerable use of electronic goods, but that the major energy users are holidays, outdoor recreation and second homes. Growing mobility in leisure patterns is a dominating problem. Leisure consumption is growing rapidly and energy-intensive forms of leisure consumption are growing fastest. A 10-point strategy for reducing the environmental impacts of leisure consumption is presented, including strategies for changing leisure production, changing patterns of leisure consumption, changing the volume of leisure consumption and utilising leisure as an educational arena.

"An Acceptable Refreshment": The Meaning of Food and Drink in the Hudson Valley, 1780-1860

The North American cornucopia is supposed to have removed the worry about nourishment from everyday concerns by 1800. However, close scrutiny of foodways, only possible at the grassroots level, uncovers a stratified society in which hunger remained a preoccupation. It also reveals the coherence of the organizing principles behind the workings of a local society. The belief that nature would inevitably foil human efforts led the population of the Hudson Valley to search for ways to achieve food security. Provisioning bore the mark of an economy of expenditures, and vegetable and fruit gardens supplied culinary variety. They also fostered the circulation of foods and contributed to a barter economy in which foodstuffs served as a currency equivalent. Closely linked to collective work efforts that always ended with a shared meal, foodstuffs lubricated social relations. They constructed and integrated the neighborhood. Strangers found themselves excluded from such networks. Heavy ritual expenditures in kind and money proved necessary because the cooperative spirit between neighbors had its limits. The transformation of rural society in the nineteenth century not only failed to weaken, but probably reinforced, the most common function of meals: that of marking boundaries between insiders and outsiders, and hence that of inculcating social norms.

Časoprostorové a infrastrukturní aspekty procesu sociální exkluze

Researchers who have studied the living conditions of Roma (Gypsy) communities since the collapse of state socialism in Eastern Europe tend to emphasise two dimensions of the growing degree of social exclusion of the Roma: the economic dimension (the decline in socio-economic status) and the spatial dimension (the growing levels of residential segregation). This article aims to study how spatial exclusion and involuntary residential segregation ‘function’, that is, how they operate on the social micro level as a ‘generator’ of social and economic disadvantage. Certain types of objective obstacles arise in the living environment of excluded people and they continuously have to overcome these obstacles on an everyday basis. The author analyses how spatial exclusion acts on the excluded by requiring relatively high expenditures of money and time for them to overcome exclusion. He then examines the infrastructural dimensions of spatial exclusion, describing infrastructural exclusion as a dimension of disadvantage in which the excluded have limited access to infrastructures and through them resources otherwise commonly accessible in the dominant socio-economic system. Access to these infrastructures and resources can be regarded as an indicator of social integration and as an essential precondition for equal and meaningful social and economic participation in the life of the dominant socio-economic system. In conclusion, the author discusses the conflicting or almost contradictory relationship between the generation of spatial and infrastructural exclusion on the one hand and social integration projects on the other.

Demand side management of electrical energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in India

Electricity has a peculiar characteristic that it cannot be economically stored in large quantities. Electricity demand is the fastest growing form of energy consumed worldwide and it is predicted that the world's net electricity consumption will double by 2030. Therefore its generation and consumption need to be matched at all times. Demand side management (DSM) refers to the ability to alter end user electrical consumption in response to system conditions. It aims at improving energy efficiency through reduction of Kilowatt hours of energy consumption for the same service or activity. Other benefits of DSM could include higher end-use energy efficiency, improvement in quality and reduction in cost of power. Energy-efficiency improvements can slow the growth in energy consumption, save consumers money and reduce capital expenses for energy infrastructure. Innovative and efficiency improvements through DSM programmes have been carried out in a more open energy market. At the same time, government intervention has also been strengthened by the worsening of environmental situation and the need to significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. DSM programmes are used to eliminate or reduce the need for additional peak or base load generating capacity and/or distribution facilities. Losing this opportunity to build efficiency into new economies would have serious financial, environmental and social consequences in the future. India is the world's sixth largest energy consumer. The power generating capacity increased from 66086 MW to 97846 MW during 1990-91 to 1999-2000 at an annual rate of 4.5%. The installed capacity of the power sector increased 60 fold between 1950 and 2000 at an annual growth rate of 8.5%. The per capita electricity consumption in India increased from 354.75 kWh in 1999-2000 to nearly 704.00 kWh in 2007-2008. The CO2 production in India has been showing an increasing trend in the new millennium in consonance with the rate of growth of Indian economy. Emissions per unit of electricity supplied from fossil fuels are estimated at 167 tonnes of carbon per GWh in 2005. In India power plants burn mostly coal with approximately 10-30% excess air. The national inventory of green house gases indicates that 55% of the total emissions in India come from energy sector. While public is interested in using energy more efficiently, there are several market barriers that prevent it from making rational investments in efficient technologies and practices. As the economy develops, households switch over from traditional fuels to modern and cleaner energy. Hence it is certain that household consumption of electricity is expected to increase rapidly with the increase in the growth of the economy and rise in per capita income. Urbanisation and increased flow of income call for ever-expanding sets of diverse needs. If those appliances are used efficiently, they will augment electric supply. Energy conservation potential for the economy as a whole has been assessed as 23% with maximum potential in industrial and agricultural sectors. At present new rare-earth phosphors have been developed to provide a warm light that is close in quality to the light of an incandescent. The new phosphors improve the colour of fluorescents with the same efficiency. Electricity for lighting represents approximately 34% of Indian peak power and roughly 17% of the electrical energy consumed. Incandescent lighting is estimated to constitute at least 17% of the peak demand, and roughly 10% of the national electricity consumption (135 TWh in 1984-85). Experts suggest that transferring subsidies from electricity to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is a good proposition. Energy labelling provides information in a form that is objective and easy to understand for customers. The specified products are required to supply and declare energy data that has been determined when tested to the relevant Standard. The operating cost is also known as the 'second price tag,' and can help customers choose between models. Both energy labelling and standards stimulate technological change or innovation. This paper aims to examine electricity production and consumption at the All-India level and analyse the social and environmental aspects of electricity in the household sector.

Demand side management of electrical energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in India

Electricity has a peculiar characteristic that it cannot be economically stored in large quantities. Electricity demand is the fastest growing form of energy consumed worldwide and it is predicted that the world's net electricity consumption will double by 2030. Therefore its generation and consumption need to be matched at all times. Demand side management (DSM) refers to the ability to alter end user electrical consumption in response to system conditions. It aims at improving energy efficiency through reduction of Kilowatt hours of energy consumption for the same service or activity. Other benefits of DSM could include higher end-use energy efficiency, improvement in quality and reduction in cost of power. Energy-efficiency improvements can slow the growth in energy consumption, save consumers money and reduce capital expenses for energy infrastructure. Innovative and efficiency improvements through DSM programmes have been carried out in a more open energy market. At the same time, government intervention has also been strengthened by the worsening of environmental situation and the need to significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. DSM programmes are used to eliminate or reduce the need for additional peak or base load generating capacity and/or distribution facilities. Losing this opportunity to build efficiency into new economies would have serious financial, environmental and social consequences in the future. India is the world's sixth largest energy consumer. The power generating capacity increased from 66086 MW to 97846 MW during 1990-91 to 1999-2000 at an annual rate of 4.5%. The installed capacity of the power sector increased 60 fold between 1950 and 2000 at an annual growth rate of 8.5%. The per capita electricity consumption in India increased from 354.75 kWh in 1999-2000 to nearly 704.00 kWh in 2007-2008. The CO2 production in India has been showing an increasing trend in the new millennium in consonance with the rate of growth of Indian economy. Emissions per unit of electricity supplied from fossil fuels are estimated at 167 tonnes of carbon per GWh in 2005. In India power plants burn mostly coal with approximately 10-30% excess air. The national inventory of green house gases indicates that 55% of the total emissions in India come from energy sector. While public is interested in using energy more efficiently, there are several market barriers that prevent it from making rational investments in efficient technologies and practices. As the economy develops, households switch over from traditional fuels to modern and cleaner energy. Hence it is certain that household consumption of electricity is expected to increase rapidly with the increase in the growth of the economy and rise in per capita income. Urbanisation and increased flow of income call for ever-expanding sets of diverse needs. If those appliances are used efficiently, they will augment electric supply. Energy conservation potential for the economy as a whole has been assessed as 23% with maximum potential in industrial and agricultural sectors. At present new rare-earth phosphors have been developed to provide a warm light that is close in quality to the light of an incandescent. The new phosphors improve the colour of fluorescents with the same efficiency. Electricity for lighting represents approximately 34% of Indian peak power and roughly 17% of the electrical energy consumed. Incandescent lighting is estimated to constitute at least 17% of the peak demand, and roughly 10% of the national electricity consumption (135 TWh in 1984-85). Experts suggest that transferring subsidies from electricity to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is a good proposition. Energy labelling provides information in a form that is objective and easy to understand for customers. The specified products are required to supply and declare energy data that has been determined when tested to the relevant Standard. The operating cost is also known as the 'second price tag,' and can help customers choose between models. Both energy labelling and standards stimulate technological change or innovation. This paper aims to examine electricity production and consumption at the All-India level and analyse the social and environmental aspects of electricity in the household sector.

The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor: An obituary

The High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) has exerted a peculiar attraction over nuclear engineers. Despite many unsuccessful attempts over half a century to develop it as a commercial power reactor, there is still a strong belief amongst many nuclear advocates that a highly successful HTGR technology will emerge. The most recent attempt to commercialize an HTGR design, the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), was abandoned in 2010 after 12 years of effort and the expenditure of a large amount of South African public money. This article reviews this latest attempt to commercialize an HTGR design and attempts to identify which issues have led to its failure and what lessons can be learnt from this experience. It concludes that any further attempts to develop HTGRs using Pebble Bed technology should only be undertaken if there is a clear understanding of why earlier attempts have failed and a high level of confidence that earlier problems have been overcome. It argues that the PBMR project has exposed serious weaknesses in accountability mechanisms for the expenditure of South African public money.

AGING: U.S. Lives: Longer but Sicker?

Contrary to society’s assumptions that good health will increase with each generation, Americans are living longer but enjoying fewer healthy years. “We do not appear to be moving to a world where we die without experiencing disease, functioning loss, and disability,” says Eileen M. Crimmins, a professor of gerontology at the University of Southern California (USC). According to an analysis1 by Crimmins and USC postdoctoral fellow Hiram Beltran-Sanchez, between 1970 and 2005 the probability that a person aged 65 would live 20 more years doubled to 40%, primarily because of decreases in death from cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, average years spent living with morbidity2 also increased. The analysis showed that a man who was 20 years old in 1998 could expect to live about 55 additional years, spending about 10 of those years with serious disease and 3.8 with limited mobility. In contrast, a man who was 20 years old in 2006 could expect to live longer still (56.1 additional years) but spend more time with disease (12.3 years) and lack of mobility (5.8 years). Women’s average life spans, although still about 5 years longer those of men, increased at a slower rate than men’s, while their years of morbidity increased at a higher rate.1 The United States lags behind many countries in increasing longevity. In 2010 the country ranked just 49th among world countries in life expectancy at birth.3 Crimmins and Beltran-Sanchez note that recent increases in length of life in the United States have been caused more by improvements in treatments for disease than in disease prevention.1 For example, age-adjusted incidence of diagnosed diabetes4 doubled between 1980 and 2008 for both men and women.5 The authors state that only delaying the onset of disease through preventive care will lead to longer disease-free lives.1 However, “the reality is that prevention is not always easy and not always the best expenditure of money,” cautions David O. Meltzer, chief of hospital medicine at the University of Chicago. “Extensions of life expectancy lead to cost. We need to keep this in mind when evaluating cost-effectiveness. If we don’t, we may invest too much in things that extend the length of life and not enough on things that improve quality of life.” Avoiding difficult conversations about such matters, he adds, means “we will make mistakes, and we will be less healthy for it.” Reducing exposure to pollutants may be one way to decrease morbidity and mortality. Crimmins and colleagues are analyzing the health impacts of exposure to air pollution, which Crimmins says is a clear risk factor for heart disease and cognitive loss. According to a study by the World Health Organization (WHO), exposure to coarse particulate air pollution above the WHO guideline of 20 μg/m3 annual mean caused an estimated 40,600 U.S. deaths in 2006.6 “At a time when we are all concerned about reducing climate change, it is remarkable that in many cities it is cheaper and more efficient to drive to work than to use public transport,” says Carlos Corvalan, a coauthor of the WHO analysis and a senior advisor on risk assessment and global environmental change for the Pan American Health Organization. “Addressing this single issue would go a long way in reducing emissions that cause air pollution and respiratory diseases in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.”

Монетарное поведение субъектов с бесконфликтным ценностно-смысловым отношением к деньгам

In article tsennostno-semantic relations of the person to money are defined, typesfrictionless and components (motivational, когнитивный, emotional, конативный) tsennostno-semantic relations to money are considered. Definition of monetary behavior, its kinds (expenditure, accumulation and reception of money) is made. Characteristics of monetary behavior are offered: spatial, time, impulsiveness/rationality. Results of empirical research of features of monetary behavior of respondents with the frictionless tsennostno-semantic relation to money are resulted.

International Mobile Roaming: Progress and Challenges in African Markets

The persistence of high prices for international mobile roaming services, in contrast to falling national mobile prices, has been a recognised item on the global regulatory agenda for half a decade. In Africa, there have been studies and discussions about regulatory options in regional economic groups and in the various networks of national regulators. As yet, there has been no transnational regulatory action. Yet the initiative of one large operator saw the introduction of transnational tariff schemes (ie without a surcharge for roaming), forcing competitors to collaborate in order to respond, if they wished to attract and to retain customers. This has both saved money for consumers and greatly reduced the need for regulatory interventions that might have proved counterproductive. In some countries this type of offer remains impossible, because international gateways are a monopoly, having yet to be opened to competition.

Alternative Futures of Global Economy: A Challenge to Co-Operation Against Global Syndromes

In the 21st century it is expected that global syndromes will be appeared in the human society. The global issues seem likely to confront with every country around the world co-existing on the planet Earth. Development policy in the globalized world should be modified in coping with such historical trends toward sustainable global economy. Integrated progress of science & technology and human mind will be desirable in the human society where consists of a globally interdependent complex system.In the globalized world, globally interdependent system structures are getting more and more complex so that no body might easily precept cause and effect relationships at a first glance. Therefore, policy makers should largely depend on scientific computer simulations of policy exercises.The FUGI (Futures of Global Interdependence) global modeling system has been developed as a policy modeling and future simulation tools of providing global information and finding out possibilities of policy co-ordinations.to achieve sustainable development of the global economy coexisting on the planet Earth in the ever changing universe. The FUGI model classified the world into 200 countries/regions where each country/regional model is global interdependent.Each national/regional model has nine subsystems as population, foods, energy, environment, economic development, peace and security, human right, healthcare and quality of life. This is a super complex dynamic system model using integrated multidisciplinary systems analysis where number of structural equations is over 170,000. Economic model as a core includes major economic variables such as production of GDP employment, expenditure of GDP, income distribution, prices, money, interest rates and financial assets, government finance, international balance of payments, international finance, foreign exchange rates and development indicators.The purpose of this e-book is twofold, namely to provide information on a new frontier of economic science: global model simulation as well as appropriate policy exercise for sustainable development of the interdependent global economy. The world economy is facing green energy revolution to change from fossil to create alternative energy and energy saving technology against sky rocketing higher oil prices. Japan not only closely involved in the Asian community but also in the global community should take a lead in the field of technology innovation. Under such circumstances, Japan should take an initiative to create a new peaceful world as a sole nation suffered from nuclear weapons during the World War II. Through not only harmonized adjustments of the Japanese policy but also wise cosmic mind to promote human solidarity with ever changing nature will be desirable to adjust orbit of fluctuated global economy. Japan should challenge to alternative futures of global economy inducing a new strategy for accelerating technology innovations to induce higher economic growth rates by CO2 reducing investment improving unemployment and quality of life reducing labor hours against global syndromes.

The People’s Right: Reimagining the Right to Counsel

This Article re-imagines the Sixth Amendment’s right to counsel, which has been treated exclusively as an individual right enforceable through the Due Process Clause, as a collective right of the People. Building on the writings of Anthony Amsterdam and Akhil Amar, this Article argues that there are vital structural protections inherent in the right to counsel that go well beyond an individual’s due process rights. In particular, the Founders of the Constitution, above all else, contemplated a robust system of checks and balances when executive power was exercised. Perhaps the paradigmatic example of the exercise of such power is the arrest and prosecution of an individual. In the world inhabited by the Founders, the primary means by which executive power was to be checked was through the jury system.In the modern crush of criminal justice, however, juries play a statistically insignificant checking power function. In the overwhelming majority of cases prosecuted in state court, defendants are not provided with an attorney who has the capacity to undertake any kind of meaningful investigation into the facts and circumstances of their cases.Courts need to rely on a vital ally when performing their oversight responsibilities. They depend (we depend) on a robust indigent defense system which routinely investigates the underlying facts and circumstances of individual cases as the only truly meaningful check on executive power.In our adversary justice system, judges are constrained from performing more than a very modest investigation into cases. Instead, if investigations are to take place, they will be done by defense counsel or no one outside of the executive branch. Challenges to inadequate indigent defense systems have invariably been brought as Sixth Amendment claims. For the most part, these challenges have failed. Challenges brought on separation of powers claims, however, would have to be considered in entirely new terms. Simply stated, it would assert that those responsible for the failure to provide sufficient funds for an adequate defender system (usually the legislative but sometimes the executive branch as well) have improperly intruded into core judicial branch responsibilities, denying courts the opportunity to perform their essential functions. This shift from an individual’s to society’s loss would change the focus of the inquiry in dramatic ways and would provide courts with the legitimacy to do something that, paradoxically, they are currently denied because of an opposite understanding of the court’s proper place in our system of separation of powers. Specifically, current wisdom has it that courts act beyond their proper authority when they order legislatures to spend more money than they are willing on indigent defense. Because choices concerning the expenditure of public money are properly allocated to the legislative branch, the reasoning goes, such judicial orders would constitute an improper intrusion by the courts into the legislature’s prerogatives.This Article advances the obverse claim. Separation of powers, which has long been a shield preventing courts from overseeing indigent defense systems, is now a sword by which courts are authorized to decide for themselves whether indigent defense systems are adequate to allow courts to do their duty. If courts find they are not, they would be constitutionally empowered to fix the problem by insisting that more money is made available for indigent defense.An indigent defender system is widely understood as necessary to protect and enforce the rights of its clients. But taken as a whole, the indigent system becomes something much bigger. If the individual defense attorney may be seen as a private attorney general enforcing the rights of his or her client, the collective defense system should be seen as the investigative arm of the judiciary providing meaningful oversight on executive power. Without a robust indigent defense system, one with the capacity to investigate cases on a regular basis, the executive branch ends up with a license to act which would have been unthinkable to the Framers of the Constitution who worked so carefully to ensure that executive power would be checked on a regular basis.