Money Ethic Research Articles

FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF TAX EVASION

This study aims to examine the factors that influence students' perceptions of ethical tax evasion actions. The population of this study were students majoring in accounting and tax administration at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. Sampling was carried out based on purposive sampling with the type of judgment. The stages in this study were carried out by collecting data through questionnaires distributed to accounting and tax administration students who had taken taxation courses and continued with data analysis. The data of this study are primary data and were analyzed using validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, multicollinearity tests, heteroscedasticity tests and multiple linear regression analysis tests. The results of this study indicate that the taxation system and money ethic have a positive and significant effect on the ethical perception of tax evasion. While the variables of fairness and tax sanctions have a negative effect on the ethical perception of tax evasion. The results of this study also show that the four variables together can influence the ethical perception of tax evasion actions.

Mampukah Moralitas Memoderasi Determinan Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor?

The study aims to determine the effect of morality in moderating tax awareness, tax literacy, and money ethics on motor vehicle tax compliance at the SAMSAT Special Region of Yogyakarta. The variables used in this study are tax awareness, tax literacy, money ethics, and morality which in this case are the moderating variables. The selection of the research sample used a purposive sampling method and 75 respondents were obtained. The analysis tool used multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of data analysis show that tax awareness and tax literacy have a positive effect on tax compliance. Meanwhile, money ethics has no influence on tax compliance. In addition, it was found that morality is able to moderate taxpayer awareness in a negative direction. However, morality is not able to moderate tax literacy and money ethics towards compliance in paying motor vehicle taxes.
 Keywords: Tax Compliance; Tax Awareness; Tax Literacy; Money Ethic; Morality.

The Sacred Exchange: Creating a Jewish Money Ethic

The Sacred Exchange: Creating a Jewish Money Ethic

The effect of money ethic on life satisfaction

Present study aimed to investigate the effects dimensions of monetary ethics (budget, corruption, justice, success and motivator) on life satisfaction. In this descriptive-correlational study based on Structural Equation Modeling, professors and employees of Yazd University were selected by proportional-stratified random sampling method in 2018-19 academic years. Tang and Whiteside (1997) monetary ethics questionnaires and Diener et al. (1985) life satisfaction questionnaires were used for data collection Data were analyzed using SPSS24 and Pls2 statistical softwares. The results of the study showed that the motivator factor with high score predict changes in life satisfaction in both the professor and employee groups, in other words, people who are more motivated by money are more satisfied with their lives. For employees, in addition to the motivator factor, equity factor and a success factor were predictors of life satisfaction, so that the success factor with a high score caused less satisfaction from life and the justice factor with a high score caused more satisfaction from life.

Psychological analysis of the relationship of monetary installations and strategies of a person financial behavior

The article presents study results of the relationship between monetary attitudes and strategies of a person's financial behavior. Factor analysis of the questionnaire by L. P. Tang «Money Ethic Scale» (MES) carried out on the Russian sample allowed identifying 5 agreed factors characterizing the respondent monetary attitudes: «Good», «Freedom», «Power», «Evil», «Budget». The structure of attitudes includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. The study reveales that Russian respondents are characterized by a contradictory and extremely emotional attitude towards money: along with the predominance of monetary values and attitude towards money as a supreme good and a symbol of freedom, at the same time there is a perception of money as an absolute evil, and a conviction of their harm to human life. The data obtained in the study indicate the prevalence of consumer, savings and debt models of financial behavior among the respondents, which can be explained by the peculiarities of the respondents' monetary attitudes among other things. The study results indicate the presence of a relationship between monetary attitudes and strategies of financial behavior, low efficiency of these strategies determined by the super emotional and irrational attitude towards money dominated in the modern Russian society. Prospects for further research are the analysis of the whole complex of factor, including individual-psychological characteristics influencing people's attitude to the material conditions of their own life and the choice of behavioral strategies in the economic sphere of life. In addition, the authors believe that to develop training and correctional programs contributed to raising the level of financial literacy, forming a rational attitude towards money, constructive strategies for financial behavior and effective economic and psychological adaptation of people in modern socio-economic conditions are promising and of practical importance.

An investigation of financial literacy, money ethics and time preferences among college students

PurposeFinancial literacy has a strong influence on financial well-being, and it is a concept especially important for college students who start to develop their financial habits. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial literacy, money attitudes and time preferences among Turkish university students.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 1,443 university students from 14 campuses in Turkey. Structural equation modeling methodology is employed to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results suggest that students with higher financial knowledge scores have more favorable financial attitudes and exhibit more desirable financial behaviors. It is also demonstrated that financial attitude is positively related to financial behavior. Furthermore, a significant and negative relationship between the affective dimension of the money ethic construct and financial behavior is found. In contrast, the relationship between the behavioral dimension of money ethic and financial behavior is positive. It is further demonstrated that a present orientation leads to more negative financial attitudes.Originality/valueThis study will reveal the interrelationships among dimensions of financial literacy, money ethics and time preferences in an emerging economy with a relatively little experience with formal financial systems and unstable macroeconomic conditions.

Peran religionsity sebagai pemoderasi hubungan money ethics terhadap upaya tax evasion

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the influence of money ethic, intrinsic and extrinsic religionsity against tax evasion. In addition to test and analyze the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religionsity as moderating the relationship between money ethics against tax evasion. The theory rooted in selfishness that tax evasion action is not considered a violation because the act of self is not an ethics violation. While different views in the Theory of Ethics Teonom that, tax evasion is an act of abuse of religion because religion is recommended to give us what we have to help others poeple. Metode study is a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to 113 individual taxpayers at the Tax Office in Semarang. The sampling technique used is convenience sampling. While data analysis technique used in this research is regression test moderation absolute difference using SPSS. The results showed that money ethics and intrinsic religionsity influence on tax evasion, while the extrinsic religionsity no effect on tax evasion. While variable intrinsic religionsity in this study proved to be moderate the relationship money ethics against tax evasion. But diferrent result showed extrinsic religionsty not moderate the relationship money ethics against tax evasion

Money is Power: Monetary Intelligence—Love of Money and Temptation of Materialism Among Czech University Students

In this study, we develop a theoretical model of monetary intelligence (MI), explore the extent to which individuals’ meaning of money is related to the pursuit of materialistic purposes, and test our model using the whole sample and across college major and gender. We select the 15-item love of money (LOM) construct—Factors Good, Evil (Affective), Budget (Behavioral), Achievement, and Power (Cognitive)—from the Money Ethic Scale and Factors Success and Centrality and two indicators—from the Materialism Scale. Based on our data collected from 330 university students in Czech Republic, we provide the following findings. First, our formative models are superior to our reflective models. Second, for the reflective model, money represents Power, Good, Achievement, and not Evil, in the context of materialism. Our formative model suggests that those who pursuit materialism cherish Achievement (vanity) but Budget their money poorly. Third, multi-group analyses illustrate that humanities students (62.4 % female) consider money as Evil and Budget their money poorly, while those in natural sciences (37.6 % female) do not. Further, men are obsessed with Achievement, whereas women do not Budget their money properly, suggesting reflective temptation for males and impulsive temptation for females. Our novel discoveries shed new lights on the relationships between LOM and materialism and offer practical implications to the field of consumer behavior and business ethics.

Leisure Ethic, Money Ethic, and Occupational Commitment among Recreation and Park Professionals: Does Gender Make a Difference?

We developed a model and investigated the relationship between (1) leisure ethic, money ethic and (2) occupational commitment. We collected data from 397 professionals in the public sector using a stratified random sample of National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) professionals in the USA. Results suggested that females had high leisure ethic, low money ethic, and low continuance commitment. Career tenure was associated with high leisure ethic and all three components of commitment. After controlling for gender and tenure, leisure ethic was positively related to affective commitment; but money ethic was negatively related to affective commitment. Moreover, for males, leisure ethic was positively related to affective commitment; whereas money ethic was negatively related to affective commitment, but positively related to continuance commitment. Males with affective occupational commitment had high leisure ethic and low love of money; those with continuance occupational commitment had high love of money. For females, these results failed to exist. Females do not stay in the profession due to their values and interests in leisure activities. Managers need to develop different strategies to attract, retain, and motivate male and female professionals in the public sector.

Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: The Roles of Money, Religiosity and Attitude toward Business

This article presents the results of a study that investigated the roles that one’s money ethic, religiosity and attitude toward business play in determining consumer attitudes/beliefs in various situations regarding questionable consumer practices. Two dimensions of religiosity – intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness – were studied. A global scale of money ethic was examined, as was a global measure of attitude toward business. Results indicate that both types of religiosity as well as one’s money ethic and attitude toward business were significant determinants of at least some types of consumer ethical beliefs.

‘The Role of Money and Religiosity in Determining Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs’

This article presents the results of a study that investigated the roles that religiosity and ones money ethic play in determining consumer attitudes/beliefs in various situations regarding questionable consumer practices. One dimension of religiosity – intrinsic religiousness – was studied. Four separate dimensions of a money ethic scale were initially examined, but only one was used in the final analyses. Results indicated that both intrinsic religiousness and one’s money ethic were significant determinants of most types of consumer ethical beliefs.

Money ethic, moral conduct and work related attitudes

PurposeThis study aims to investigate perception of ethical and moral conduct in the public sector in Swaziland, specifically, the relationship among: money ethic, attitude towards business ethics, corruption perception, turnover intention, job performance, job satisfaction, and the demographic profile of respondents.Design/methodology/approachThe study was a survey using self‐administered questionnaires. Using stratified sampling technique in selected organisations, usable data were collected from 83 public sector employees in Swaziland.FindingsResults indicated significant relationship among money ethic, attitude towards business ethics, turnover intention and job performance. The importance of money as a motivator was also demonstrated. Respondents hold that civil servants' involvement in corruption is high and that bribery and corruption is widespread in Swaziland.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size was small and hence limits generalisation of findings, but provides preliminary information for a larger study. The need to enrich future studies with in‐depth follow‐up interviews was noted.Practical implicationsThe respondents' perception of widespread corruption calls for a reinvigoration of government anti‐graft efforts and the need to promote ethical consciousness in the country.Originality/valueThis paper has demonstrated the importance of ethical awareness, the importance of money as a motivator and the state of corruption in another cultural setting – Swaziland.

The Value of Money and Leisure and College Student's Choice of Major

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the potential differences in the value of leisure and money among students majoring in recreation and leisure services, education, or business administration. Data was collected during fall semester 2002 in courses within the three disciplines. A self-administered survey instrument consisting of the Money Ethic Scale (MES) (Tang, 1992, 1995), Leisure Ethic Scale (LES) (Crandall & Slivken, 1978, 1980), and select demographic variables were utilized. Although few meaningful differences were found overall, the recreation and leisure services students valued leisure more than the other two groups. This group and the teacher education group were less likely to value money than the business administration group. Moreover, the relationships found between leisure and money ethic for each of the three student groups were relatively insignificant suggesting little to no relationship between leisure and money across the sample population. Implications for practitioners and academicians are addressed.

Identifying Exogenous Cultural Variables in Ethical Decision Making in Negotiation: A Qualitative Study of Differences Between Australia and China

While the importance of situational variables on ethical decision making is well established in the business ethics literature (Randall & Gibson, 1990) and the cultural psychology literature emphasises differences in how situational context is understood across cultures (Markus, Kitayama, & Heiman, 1996, Smith & Bond, 1993) the process of identifying the important situational variables that affect ethical decision making in cross-cultural negotiation has only just begun with recent studies by Volkema & Fleury, (2002) and Zarkada-Fraser & Fraser, (2001). This study seeks to expand understanding of which variables are important in negotiation by integrating the findings of the business ethics literature and the cross-cultural ethics literature with the ideas of negotiators in the People's Republic of China and Australia who were interviewed in an exploratory qualitative study. A model is proposed that identifies differences in the nature of situational variables and how they are understood in the two cultures. The variables identified are the legal environment, organisational values/policies, organisational goals/objectives, the money ethic and the perception of the other party. Future research directions to test the relationships in the model are discussed.

Income, money ethic, pay satisfaction, commitment, and unethical behavior: Is the love of money the root of evil for Hong Kong employees?

This study examines a model involving income, the love of money, pay satisfaction, organizational commitment, job changes, and unethical behavior among 211 full-time employees in Hong Kong, China. Direct paths suggested that the love of money was related to unethical behavior, but income (money) was not. Indirect paths showed that income was negatively related to the love of money that, in turn, was negatively related to pay satisfaction that, in turn, was negatively associated with unethical behavior. Pay satisfaction was positively related to organizational commitment. Thus, the love of money is the root of evil, but money is not.

Endorsement of the money ethic, income, and life satisfaction

The present study investigated the money ethic scale among full‐time employees, part‐time employed students, and non‐employed university students. Confirmatory factor analyses results showed that there was a good fit between the three‐factor model and research data for full‐time employees and non‐employed students and a weaker fit for part‐time employees and the whole sample. Further, factors success and evil were predictors of income for full‐time employees. Money attitudes were not related to pay satisfaction. Factor budget was associated with life satisfaction for full‐time employees and non‐employed students. Full‐time employees in this sample tended to be older, male, and have higher education than part‐time employees and students. Non‐employed students tended to have higher life satisfaction, lower protestant work ethic, less type A behavior pattern, and think more strongly that money does not represent their success, that they budget money carefully, and that money is not evil than part‐time employees.

From Welfare to Work: The Endorsement of the Money Ethic and the Work Ethic among Welfare Recipients, Welfare Recipients in Training Programs, and Employed Past Welfare Recipients

This is a cross-sectional study of demographic and work-related variables (the Money Ethic Factors — Good and Evil, Achievement/Respect/Power, and Budget; and the Protestant Work Ethic, self-esteem, and locus of control) among three groups of individuals that represent the three from-welfare-to-work steps: Group 1, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) welfare recipients; Group 2, AFDC welfare recipients in various training programs; and Group 3, employed past welfare recipients. Results showed that employed past welfare recipients (Group 3) tended to have higher education levels, more income, more months off AFDC, longer job tenure, fewer children, and fewer fathers missing from the household than welfare recipients (Group 1) and welfare recipients in training programs (Group 2). Group 3 had the highest scores on Factors of the Money Ethic (Good, Respect, Power, Budget), the Protestant Work Ethic, and self-esteem and had the lowest score on Factor Evil. Group 1 had the lowest scores on Factors Good, Respect, Power, Budget, and internal locus of control. Group 2 had the highest internal locus of control. Results are discussed in light of barriers of the from-welfare-to-work program.

A cross cultural comparison of pay differentials as a function of rater's sex and Money Ethic endorsement: the Matthew Effect revisited

Abstract This research extends Tang's [Tang, T. L. P. (1996). Pay differentials as a function of rater's sex, money ethic and job incumbent's sex: a test of the Matthew Effect. Journal of Economic Psychology , 17, 127–144] original study of the Matthew Effect in internal equity to an international setting and examines employees in three countries: Taiwan, the USA and the UK. Results showed that Chinese workers allocated more money to different positions than did their American and British counterparts. Chinese also created a larger pay differential for the top position and smaller pay differentials for the bottom positions than their counterparts. Further, males tended to have a significantly higher top/bottom pay differential (2.44) than females (2.39). For the whole sample, there was a significant difference in pay differentials between male participants with high and low Money Ethic endorsement, supporting the Matthew Effect. This study reveals both culture-specific ( emic ) differences in pay differentials and culture-free ( etic ) findings from all three countries.

Does attitude toward money moderate the relationship between intrinsic job satisfaction and voluntary turnover?

The present study expanded Judge's (1993) study and tested the hypotheses that people's Money Ethic endorsement (Tang, 1992, 1995) would moderate the intrinsic job satisfaction-withdrawal cognitions relationship and the intrinsic job satisfaction-voluntary turnover relationship in a sample of mental health and mental retardation professionals. Results suggested that Money Ethic endorsement was a moderator for both relationships. For employees with high Money Ethic endorsement, their voluntary turnover was high regardless of their intrinsic job satisfaction. Employees with low Money Ethic endorsement and low intrinsic job satisfaction had the lowest voluntary turnover. Thus, in this sample, just a pull (high Money Ethic) is needed to experience turnover. Money Ethic endorsement predicted actual turnover behavior, but withdrawal cognitions did not. Money Ethic endorsement was not a mediator of the intrinsic job satisfaction and turnover relationship. Results are discussed in terms of the small, but growing literature on the psychology of money (Furnham & Argyle, 1998). Future research needs to re-focus on employees' actual turnover behavior, rather than the substitutes or proxies of turnover behavior, such as withdrawal cognitions.

The Meaning of Money among Mental Health Workers: The Endorsement of Money Ethic as Related to Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job Satisfaction, and Commitment

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the measurement and dimensions of the 6-item Money Ethic Scale (MES) using a sample of mental health workers. Results showed that the items of the new Money Ethic Scale had very low and negligible cross-loadings and the inter-factor correlations were small. Thus, the three factors (Budget, Evil, and Success) measured fairly independent constructs. Further, the results of a multivariate multiple regression showed that the linear combination of the Factors Budget, Evil, and Success was a significant predictor of the linear combination of organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.