Monetary Returns Research Articles

Social Capital and Its Effect on Labour Market (Mis)match: Migrants\u2019 Overqualification in Germany

If a person is overqualified in the sense that an employee’s level of training exceeds the job requirements, then some human capital lies idle and cannot be converted into appropriate (monetary and non-monetary) returns. Migrants are particularly at risk of being overqualified in their employment; however, this phenomenon cannot be fully explained by differences in human capital or socio-economic characteristics. This paper examines whether social capital plays a decisive role in migrants’ risk of overqualification in Germany. Using data from the German IAB-SOEP Migration Sample, we analyse the job search process of migrants to determine whether social networks influence their risk of being employed below their acquired educational level. We estimate logistic regression models and find that social capital influences the adequacy of migrants’ jobs: We show that migrants are at a greater risk of overqualification if they use only informal job search strategies such as relying on friends or family members. Moreover, we find that homophilous migrant networks and jobs in employment niches are risk factors for overqualification. We conclude that the combination of informal job search modes and homophilous migrant networks leads to a comparably high risk for migrants of being overqualified in their employment in the German labour market.

Empirical Analysis of Return to Distance Higher Education in Different Disciplines

Few empirical studies have analyzed the return to distance higher education in different academic disciplines. This study used quantitative methods, data from a nationwide survey, and Mincerian earnings function to analyze the return to distance higher education among different disciplines in China’s labor market. Results were compared with the return to face-to-face higher education and showed that the returns to face-to-face higher education were higher than those to distance higher education. Returns to the disciplines of economics and management were at a high level in both face-to-face and distance education; returns to the disciplines of literature, as well as education and law, were at a low level in both face-to-face and distance education. The returns to the disciplines of science and engineering were higher in face-to-face education than in distance education. This paper proposes several recommendations. Adults who do not have higher education degrees should invest in distance higher education to obtain considerable monetary returns, particularly in the disciplines with higher returns such as management and economics. China’s distance education institutions should improve the quality of teaching in science and engineering education and find ways to provide high-quality experimental teaching practices. At the same time, they should scale back on instruction of literature, as well as education and law.

Assessment of Crop Water Productivity in an Intensively Cultivated Watershed of Peninsular India

Background: India is facing high water stress and it is amongst those with the most fragile and uncertain water resource countries in the world. Crop productivity depends on quality of input supply including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and supported by irrigation facilities. In India, ground water irrigates more than 61% of net cropped area and much of water being used for irrigating rice crop. The disproportionate water uses for crop production results in poor water productivity. The planning of water resources could be achieved by knowing the crop water requirements in different seasons and productivity of water. Hence, study was taken up to assess the water use and productivity of crops under intensively ground water irrigated watershed.Methods: A study conducted to assess the water use and productivity of different crops grown in Kothakunta sub watershed (having 206 working bore wells with cultivated area of 203.5 ha) in Siddipet district of Telangana, India during kharif and rabi season of 2008 to 2012, data were collected from 147 farmers on rice, maize, cotton, potato, flora beans and tomato crops grown under irrigation. The water applied to crops was measured by fixing water meters at the end of water delivery pipe and recorded the quantity of water applied each time. For rice crop four plots were taken and for other crops two plots were taken for measuring the water. The water use and productivity were assessed by using standard procedure. Result: The water productivity was found to be higher to vegetables, which ranged between 2.43 kg of potato, 1.57 kg of beans and 1.26 kg of tomato than cereals (0.79 kg for maize and 0.39 kg for rabi rice) per cubic meter of irrigation water consumed. Water productivity in terms of monetary return (₹) per cubic meter of water consumed was higher with beans (₹ 17.20) in contrast to potato (₹ 16.12). Rice equivalent yield (REY) calculated per cubic meter of irrigation water consumption was very similar to economic return (₹ per cubic meter of water).

Performance of Basmati rice as influenced by green manuring and sulphur fertilization

Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is mainly confined to the Himalayan foothill belt of Indo-Gangetic plains owing to its specific climatic requirement for its quality. Green manuring and sulphur fertilization play an essential role for sustaining productivity and maintaining grain quality. A two-year field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, during kharif (June-November) 2018-19. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with two green manure crops such as dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and control in the main-plot and sulphur fertilization such as 20 kg S/ha to rice, 40 kg S/ha to rice, 20 kg S/ha to wheat, 40 kg S/ha to wheat, 20 kg S/ha both to rice and wheat, 40 kg S/ha both to rice and wheat, and control (no sulphur) in the sub-plots with three replications. Dhaincha green manuring recorded the highest yield attributes with 47 more effective tillers/m2, panicle length by 1.50 cm, panicle weight by 0.21 g, and numbers of filled grains by 7 compared to control. It was also recorded 22% more grain yield and higher monetary returns with a higher B:C ratio of 1.27. Application of 40 kg S/ha both to rice and wheat showed maximum Basmati rice yield attributes, higher productivity, which was statistically at par with 40 kg S/ha to rice. However, from an economic point of view 40 kg S/ha was recorded more monetary returns and average two-year extra-net returns of ₹11.784 × 103/ha than control and higher B:C ratio 1.21. Applying sulphur at 40 kg/ha to Basmati rice is recommended to harvest more yield and fetch additional monetary returns.

Time Allocation between Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women: An Empirical Study of Indian Villages

The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on women’s farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging women’s participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.

Effect of weed management practices on growth, yield and economics of chickpea

The field experiment conducted during Rabi season of the year 2017 at the Instructional Farm, Swami Vivekanand University, Sagar Madhya Pradesh. The nine weed control treatments comprising of three as pre-emergence viz., Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1, Oxyfluorfen @ 0.100 kg a.i. ha-1 and Metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 and three as post–emergence viz., Imazethapyr @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1., Propaquizafop @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 and Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.40 kg a.i. ha-1, hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 DAS, weed free and weedy check, were laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications. The results indicated that among herbicides, application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence recorded higher values of growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, dry weight per plant, No. of nodules and weight of nodules, yield attributes viz., number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, biological yield/plot, seed yield/plot and straw yield/plot, straw yield (3205.60 kg ha-1), gross monetary returns (117667 Rs. ha-1), net Monetary returns (90902 Rs. ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (4.53) were recorded under application of Oxyfluorfen @ 0.100 kg a.i. ha-1 as compared to rest of the treatments.

Seed Priming: A Low Cost Input for Yield Maximization of Rainfed Chickpea

Background: Moisture availability is the major abiotic limitation in rainfed areas of the country. Reduced germination, weak seedlings and poor plant population are the major causes of low productivity of chickpea in rain fed area. Inadequate soil moisture has adverse effect on seedling emergence, germination, vegetative growth as well as reproductive growth and seed yield.Methods: The experiments were conducted at the Agriculture Research Station (Dr. PDKV), Buldana, Maharashtra, India during 2016-17 to 2019-20 (four years). The experiment consisted of 12 treatments of seed priming replicated three times in randomized block design.Result: Based on the results of four years pooled analysis it was observed that seed priming with 0.5 and 1.0% potassium nitrate resulted in higher plant population and recorded higher grain yield of chickpea crop. Seed priming with potassium nitrate for four hours resulted in the higher gross monetary returns, net monetary returns and B:C ratio.

Food Culture Integration in Menu Plan for a Sustainable Homestay Business

Other than providing overnight stays and local activities, the provision of food and beverage is an important aspect in the homestay business. The food and beverage aspect of a homestay has the potential of being a crucial contributing factor towards a guest’s experience whilst ensuring optimal monetary return to the homestay operators. This paper presents the findings on meal offerings provided by four homestay operators at Mantanani Island, an island off the Kota Belud coast of Sabah. This study also highlights the importance of food as an element of local culture and as an expression of the history, habits and traditions of a community. Discussions are pinned on rationalising the differences in meal offerings among operators and how this would implicate the operators’ profit margins, as well as how the local culture reflects the menu offered by the homestay participants. Finally, recommendations for improvement on meal plans are proposed to enhance the economic benefits of these operators without compromising guest experience

The Transition from Arid Farming Systems to Agroforestry Systems in Pakistan: A Comparison of Monetary Returns

The Thal desert is the third-largest desert in Pakistan, a major part of which consists of dunes. In recent years, a large portion of the Thal farmers has shifted from conventional farming to tree cultivation and border cropping on the dunes. In this study, we compared household income generated from conventional farming and agroforestry. Data on the farming type and various inputs, as well as the demographic characteristics of the farmers, was collected from 382 farm households in the Bhakkar district of Punjab, Pakistan which is one of the six districts of the Thal region. Both OLS-based and endogeneity-adjusted copula correction method (CMM)-based estimates indicated that household income generated from agroforestry (both tree cropping and border cropping) was about three higher than the income generated from conventional farming. However, border cropping being the costliest of all types of farming in terms of input costs, only a small minority of farmers in the Thal desert presently used this farming system. Government interventions such as subsidies and credit facilities can significantly improve the socioeconomic conditions of the farmers by promoting agroforestry in general and border cropping in particular.

الجامعة المستنصرية / كلية الادارة والاقتصاد

This study deals with the relationship between the flexible exchange rate system and the return on the monetary issue, in other words, it tries to clarify the extent of the impact of adopting the flexible exchange rate system on the monetary return that the government can get. Therefore, this study came divided into three sections, the first topic dealt with the concept of the flexible exchange rate, while the second topic dealt with the concept of the return on the cash issue and methods of measuring it, and the third section reviews the size of the return on the cash issue achieved by the government if it follows the flexible exchange rate system. Keywords: yield on the cash issue, flexible exchange rate system, inflation tax, opportunity cost.

Optimal Witnessing of Healthcare IoT Data Using Blockchain Logging Contract

Verification of data generated by wearable sensors is increasingly becoming of concern to health service providers and insurance companies. There is a need for a verification framework that various authorities can request a verification service for the local network data of a target IoT device. In this paper, we leverage blockchain as a distributed platform to realize an on-demand verification scheme. This allows authorities to automatically transact with connected devices for witnessing services. A public request is made for witness statements on the data of a target IoT that is transmitted on its local network, and subsequently, devices (in close vicinity of the target IoT) offer witnessing service. Our contributions are threefold: (1) We develop a system architecture based on blockchain and smart contract that enables authorities to dynamically avail a verification service for data of a subject device from a distributed set of witnesses which are willing to provide (in a privacy-preserving manner) their local wireless measurement in exchange of monetary return; (2) We then develop a method to optimally select witnesses in such a way that the verification error is minimized subject to monetary cost constraints; (3) Lastly, we evaluate the efficacy of our scheme using real Wi-Fi session traces collected from a five-storeyed building with more than thirty access points, representative of a hospital. According to the current pricing schedule of the Ethereum public blockchain, our scheme enables healthcare authorities to verify data transmitted from a typical wearable device with the verification error of the order 0.01% at cost of less than two dollars for one-hour witnessing service.

Effect of nutrient management levels on economics of soybean based cropping sequence

The present experiment entitled “Effect of nutrient management levels on productivity and profitability of soybean-based cropping systems” was conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Agronomy Farm, Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (MS). The soybean-based crop sequences were assessed on the basis of gross, net returns and benefit to cost ratio. Among the cropping sequence, significantly maximum gross monetary returns (3.63, 3.88 and 3.75 Rs. lakh ha-1), net monetary returns (2.56, 2.79 and 2.68 Rs. lakh ha-1) and benefit to cost ratio (3.40,3.56 and 3.48 Rs. lakh ha-1) were realized from soybean-onion cropping sequence as compare to soybean-potato cropping sequence during first year, second year and pooled mean, respectively. Among nutrient management to soybean (kharif), application of 100% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1+ Biofertilizer to soybean recorded significantly higher gross monetary returns (3.64, 3.87 and 3.75 Rs.lakh ha-1), net monetary returns (2.55, 2.75 and 2.65 Rs. lakh ha-1) than application of 50% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1+ Biofertilizer to soybean and 75% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1+ Biofertilizer to soybean in first year and second year. Among the fertilizer levels to onion and potato (rabi crops),the rabi crops supplied with 125% RDF level during rabi season registered significantly higher gross monetary returns (3.68, 3.93 and 3.81 Rs. lakh ha-1) than 100% RDF and 75% RDF levels in first year and second year and on pooled mean basis. The rabi crops supplied with 125% RDF level during rabi season registered significantly higher net monetary returns (2.59, 2.81 and 2.70 Rs. lakh ha-1) than 100% RDF and 75% RDF levels in first year and second year. However, application of 125% RDF and 100% RDF both remained at par and recorded significantly higher net monetary returns as compared to application of 75% RDF on pooled mean basis. The benefit to cost ratio was highest with application of 125% RDF crop in both years and on pooled mean basis

Effect of inorganic and bio-fertilizers on yield attributes, yield and economic of summer groundnut Arachis hypogaea L.

A field experiment entitled, “Effect of inorganic and bio-fertilizers on yield attributes, yield and economic of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was conducted at PG Research Farm, Agronomy Section, R.C.S.M. College of Agriculture, Kolhapur during summer, 2019. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications and nine treatment combinations of three inorganic fertilizer levels viz., F1-75% RDF (18.75:37.5:0 kg ha-1), F2-100% RDF (25:50:0 kg ha-1), F3-125% RDF (31.25:62.5:0 kg ha-1) and three bio-fertilizers levels viz., B1- Control, B2- Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Lignite based), B3- Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Liquid based). The application of 100% of RDF ha-1 was at par with 125% of RDF ha-1 significantly over 75% RDF ha-1 in respect of recording higher value of yield attributes and yield viz., number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1 (g), dry pod yield (q ha-1), dry haulm yield (q ha-1), biological yield (q ha-1), shelling (%), weight of 100 kernels (g), sound mature kernel (%) and harvest index (%). The dual seed inoculation of Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Lignite based) as well as Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Liquid based) in respect of recording higher value of yield attributes and yield viz., number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1 (g), pod yield (q ha-1), dry haulm yield (q ha-1), biological yield (q ha-1), shelling (%), weight of 100 kernels (g), sound mature kernel (%) and harvest index (%). The gross monetary returns and net monetary returns were higher due to application of 125% of RDF ha-1 which was at par with 100% of RDF ha-1 and dual seed inoculation of Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Lignite based) significantly higher over control and at par with dual seed inoculation of Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Liquid based).

In situ green manuring and herbicide on weed biomass, productivity and profitability of upland rice

Field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during Kharif (rainy season) 2019 to develop cost-effective weed management strategy for upland rice in Kerala. Treatments consisted of brown manuring (cowpea) by application of 2,4-D 1.0 kg/ha at 25 days after sowing (DAS); in situ green manuring (cowpea) at 25 DAS; oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha on the day of sowing fb hand weeding (HW) at 30 DAS; oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha on the day of sowing fb bispyribac-sodium 0.025 kg/ha at 20 DAS; pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.03 kg/ha at 6 DAS fb HW at 30 DAS; pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.03 kg/ha at 6 DAS fb bispyribac-sodium 0.025 kg/ha at 20 DAS. Hand weeded control and unweeded control were also maintained. Results revealed that application of oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha on the day of sowing fb hand weeding at 30 DAS recorded lesser weed density and dry matter production, higher grain (2.74 t/ha) and straw (5.89 t/ha) yields and net monetary returns. It was at par with pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.03 kg/ha at 6 DAS fb hand weeding at 30 DAS.

Influence of different irrigation scheduling through micro sprinkler on growth and yield of chickpea

A Field experiment entitled, “Influence of different irrigation scheduling through micro-sprinkler on growth and yield of chickpea” was conducted at the farm of All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Pulses Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.) India during the Rabi season 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with six irrigation treatments replicated four times. The treatments were consisting of applying irrigation through micro sprinkler at 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, 0.75 and 0.9 IW/CPE ratio, irrigation at 25 CPE and applying surface irrigation at 50 CPE. The growth in terms of plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant and dry matter accumulation were observed to be significantly more in treatment of irrigation at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio. However surface irrigation at 50 mm CPE and 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with micro-sprinkler were at par with 0.9 IW/CPE ratio. Similarly, the yield contributing characters viz., weight of pods per plant, weight of seeds per plant, test weight were significantly higher in 0.9 IW/CPE ratio irrigation as compared to other treatments. The grain yield increased with increase in irrigation depth with IW/CPE ratio. The irrigation applied at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio produced significantly superior grain yield (23.35 q ha-1) over other irrigation treatments but the difference with surface irrigation at 50 mm CPE (22.80 q ha-1) and irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio (21.51 q ha-1) grain yield was not significant. The irrigation through micro sprinkler at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio can be advisable for chickpea cultivation in semi-arid area. The grain yield at lower 0.3 IW/CPE ratio (16.13 q ha-1) was lowest among all the treatments due to insufficient soil moisture and its distribution in root zone under inadequate depth (7.5 mm). The total irrigation water used in 0.75 IW/CPE ratio was (253 mm). The water use efficiency decreased with increase in IW/CPE ratio. The net monetary returns and B:C ratio was highest in surface irrigation. Based on the above findings, it could be concluded that growing of chickpea with irrigation scheduling at surface irrigation was beneficial for achieving higher productivity and B:C ratio. Nevertheless, under water scarcity condition micro sprinkler at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio better in practice.

Understanding Transcription Factors in Plant Response to Drought Stress

Increasing sensitivity of plants to abiotic and biotic stress such as drought, salt and extreme temperatures poses a worldwide peril to sustained growth and productivity of crops. Decrease in crop produce corresponds to increase in food prices and lower monetary return for farmers. In view of this, developing drought tolerance cultivars arises as the most viable solution toward enhancing crop productivity in adverse environment conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the key regulators of water stress in plants and develop new varieties with improved drought stress tolerance. Drought tolerance is now well understood to be regulated by multiple genes, including transcription factors (TFs) that enable plants to tolerate harsh conditions and these genes remain viable genetic options for crop breeding. Plants have evolved various mechanisms to respond to various stressors which involve many transcription factors (TFs) like WRKY, TCP, DOF, HSF and NF-Ys. They participate in activation of various signalling pathways that protect cells against the damages caused by both abiotic and biotic stress. This review summarizes the role of such TF families in drought stress and provides insights for development of stress-tolerance in plants.

Returns to Seeking Political Influence: Early Evidence from the COVID-19 Stimulus

Measuring various ways of seeking political influence and potential monetary return from such an endeavor is difficult. To address that challenge, we collect data on four mechanisms of acquiring political influence: lobbying spending, PAC contributions, lobbying through trade associations, and an invitation to testify in Congress for 10 years spanning 2010-2020. We investigate associations between these four mechanisms benefits from the largest stimulus package passed by Congress to address COVID-19. The odds of receiving governmental assistance for publicly listed firms that seek political influence are 94.2% for those who lobby directly, 170.7% higher for those who give PAC contributions, and 77.3% higher for those that lobby through a trade association. Beneficiary organizations of all stripes received from $3.26 (for lobbying) to $51.28 (for PAC contributions) of additional COVID-19 stimulus for each dollar they spent on political influence. Government organizations, which are usually not studied in the literature, earned larger returns to their political influence spending relative to public companies. Generally, a dollar spent on political influence by 2,758 unique firms on COMPUSTAT is associated with $20.67 of higher annual earnings in the future. This return is orders of magnitude larger than the payoff to R&D or advertising. Our work highlights how lucrative political influence can be for firm value.

Evaluation of IPM modules against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea

Nine different IPM modules were evaluated against H. armigera on chickpea. The IPM module consisting NSKE-NPV-Quinal was found most effective in minimizing pod damage and increasing the seed yield in chickpea followed by NPV-BtK-Quinal whereas, module Quinal-NSKE-BtK proved least effective followed by BtK-NPV-NSKE, Quinal-NPV-NSKE and NSKE-BtK-NPV. The modules NPV-Quinal-BtK, BtK-NSKE-Quinal and NSKE-Quinal-NPV existed in middle order of efficacy against H. armigera. The net monetary return and benefit cost ratio in different IPM modules varied from Rs 2,411 to 22,595 and 0.48 to 6.61, respectively being, highest in module NSKE-NPV-Quinal while, minimum in Quinal-NSKE-BtK.

Comparative performance of cluster frontline demonstration for increasing productivity of pulses in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh

The main objectives of CFLD’s on pulses is to demonstrate and popularize the improved package of practices on farmers’ fields for effective transfer of generated technology and fill the gap between recommended technology and traditional farmer’s practices. For boosting the production and productivity of pulse crops in Surguja district, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mainpat conducted cluster frontline demonstration on pulse crops in which 94 demonstration was on pigeon pea and 43 demonstrations was on chickpea during Kharif and Rabi season 2018-19. During the study, it was observed, there was a wide yield gap between the potential and demonstration yields in both the pulse crops due to technology and extension gaps. The results revealed the increases yield of demonstrated plots that was 34.72 and 23.53 percent as compared to farmer practices for pigeon pea and chickpea, respectively due to adoption of improved package of practices. On an average, technology gap was 8.30 and 5.40 q ha-1 in pigeon pea and chickpea respectively and similarly the extensions gap was 2.50 and 2.40 q ha-1 for Pigeon pea and chickpea, respectively. The average technology index was observed 46.11% in Pigeon pea and 30% in chickpea. The economic analysis revealed that, higher net monetary return (Rs 37365 and 40610 ha-1) were observed in pigeon pea and chickpea from recommended practice as compared to farmers practice (Rs 25740 and 31830 ha-1). The additional returns were Rs. 11625 and 8780 ha-1 in pigeon pea and chickpea respectively in recommended practice. The benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) were also recorded higher in recommended practice i.e., Rs. 2.41 and 2.04 as compared to Rs. 1.46 and 1.66 in pigeon pea and chickpea respectively from farmer’s practice. The higher additional returns and effective gain obtained under demonstrations could be due to improved technology, non-monetary factors, timely operations of crop cultivation and scientific monitoring. This can be seen as a positive indicator for formulating and disseminating, more extensive, technology specific and farmer centric CFLD programme to improve knowledge and adoption amongst farmers in the district to boost pulses production.

Effect of phosphorus enriched organic manures on yield and economics of onion crop in Vertisol

The experiment was conducted at Kalagi taluka in Kalaburagi district, which belongs to the Agro-Climatic Zone-2 (North Eastern Dry Zone) of Karnataka state. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three main plot treatments and seven sub-plot treatments. Application of P-enriched organic manures at different levels of P-fertilizers had significantly increased the bulb yield of onion. The highest bulb yield of onion (29.38 t ha-1) was obtained with the addition of P-enriched poultry manure @ 3 t ha-1 + 100% RDF-P which was found superior to all other treatments. The increase in yield over control (no organic manure) was 20.90% in onion crop. Addition of P-enriched poultry manure with 50 per cent RDF-P was found beneficial and yielded higher monetary returns (Rs.421454 ha-1) and B:C ratio (6.80) from onion crop production.