Monetary Investment Research Articles

Assessing the efficiency of the monetary transmission mechanism channels in Ukraine

The paper is focused on the performance features of the monetary transmission mechanism (MTM) in Ukraine as a small open economy. To assess the efficiency of monetary transmission channels, it is important to disclose their interaction, define criteria and tools for analyzing their impact on key macroeconomic parameters. The study deepens approaches to the analysis of the intensity of using monetary, credit, interest rate and exchange rate channels in Ukraine in 2005–2020 and detects violations in the functioning of the MTM. Using economic and statistical methods and regression models, the influence of the main channels of monetary transmission on real GDP growth rate and inflation in Ukraine was assessed. It was concluded that it is advisable to clarify the conditions for increasing the efficiency of MTM in Ukraine; also, the parameters of forecasting the intensification of its channels in the medium and long term are determined. The paper highlights measures to improve the formation of volume and structure of the monetary base and monetary aggregates, improve credit and investment climate, and increase the efficiency of monetary regulation. Moreover, interest rate and foreign exchange policies of the central bank to transmit impulses from the decisions of monetary authorities to market participants were substantiated.

STEM doctoral students\u2019 skill development: does funding mechanism matter?

BackgroundA substantial monetary investment supports STEM doctoral students in the United States (U.S.) through a variety of funding mechanisms (e.g., fellowships, research, and teaching assistantships). However, we have limited knowledge of how students’ funding influences their development of career-relevant skills during graduate school. Using survey data from STEM doctoral students (n = 719) across 35 highly ranked U.S. institutions, we use exploratory factor analysis and nested multivariate regression modeling to understand how students’ primary funding influences development of: (a) research skills; (b) teamwork and project management skills; (c) peer training and mentoring skills, and (d) communication skills.ResultsWe find significant differences in students’ self-reported development for all four career-related skills based on their primary funding type. Students with research assistantships reported higher research and teamwork and project management skills than those with teaching assistantships. Yet, students with teaching assistantships reported significantly higher development of peer training and mentoring than students funded via all other types. Students funded via external fellowships reported lower skill development than students funded primarily by research assistantships across all four career-relevant skills.ConclusionsDoctoral students' development of career-relevant skills are not uniform across primary funding types. Particularly, the perceived benefits of external fellowship funding (i.e., prestige, autonomy, increased pay) may come at the cost of fewer opportunities to develop skills important for career success. STEM graduate education scholars, practitioners, and policymakers should consider and ameliorate the varied impacts that funding mechanisms can have on graduate students’ development of career-relevant skills.

Diversity Training Goals, Limitations, and Promise: A Review of the Multidisciplinary Literature.

In this review, we utilize a narrative approach to synthesize the multidisciplinary literature on diversity training. In examining hundreds of articles on the topic, we discovered that the literature is amorphous and complex and does not allow us to reach decisive conclusions regarding best practices in diversity training. We note that scholars of diversity training, when testing the efficacy of their approaches, too often use proxy measures for success that are far removed from the types of consequential outcomes that reflect the purported goals of such trainings. We suggest that the enthusiasm for, and monetary investment in, diversity training has outpaced the available evidence that such programs are effective in achieving their goals. We recommend that researchers and practitioners work together for future investigations to propel the science of diversity training forward. We conclude with a roadmap for how to create a more rigorous and relevant science of diversity training.

Experience in a Climate Simulator: Influence of Probability Function and Feedback on Decisions Against Climate Change

Research indicates that people continue to exhibit “wait-and-see” preferences toward climate change, despite constant attempts to raise awareness about its cataclysmic effects. Experiencing climatic catastrophes via simulation tools has been found to affect the perception of people regarding climate change and promote pro-environmental behaviors. However, not much is known about how experiential feedback and the probability of climate change in a simulation influence the decisions of people. We developed a web-based tool called Interactive Climate Change Simulator (ICCS) to study the impact of different probabilities of climate change and the availability of feedback on the monetary actions (adaptation or mitigation) taken by individuals. A total of 160 participants from India voluntarily played ICCS across four between-subject conditions (N = 40 in each condition). The conditions differed based on the probability of climate change (low or high) and availability of feedback (absent or present). Participants made mitigation and adaptation decisions in ICCS over multiple years and faced monetary consequences of their decisions. There was a significant increase in mitigation actions against climate change when the feedback was present compared to when it was absent. The mitigation and adaptation investments against climate change were not significantly affected by the probability of climate change. The interaction between probability of climate consequences and availability of feedback was significant: In the presence of feedback, the high probability of climate change resulted in higher mitigation and adaptation investments against climate change. Overall, the experience gained in the ICCS tool helped alleviate peoples' “wait-and-see” preferences and increased the monetary investments to counter climate change. Simulation tools like ICCS have the potential to increase people's understanding of climatic disasters and can act as a useful aid for educationalists and policymakers.

Retail Investment Financing Via Remote Digital Computer Algorithm

Introduction: in the paper, the author examines the activities of the Russian legislators on the formation of the legal regulation of the investment segment of the economy in order to identify their mistakes and shortcomings, as well as to justify the recommendations for fixing viable legal structures in the legislation. Such legitimate structures could be used by a wide range of individual investors-individuals – as part of their decision to diversify monetary investments in order to increase household savings for a period of 1 year or more. Methodology: the digital computer algorithms of inter-network interaction for placement and attraction of investments, their speed and independence from distance are perceived by entrepreneurs with great hope for success and attract more and more attention from investors. According to the author of the paper, by 2024, the financial digital technologies can replace up to 38% of traditional banking and payment transactions, up to 32% of insurance transactions, transactions for financing foreign trade transactions, and transactions for asset management. Based on the materialist worldview, the universal method of historical materialism, the author used the general scientific and specific scientific methods for the study, which made it possible to implement a systematic approach to the subject of research. The general scientific methods of cognition are applied: the dialectical, hypothetical-deductive methods, generalization, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, empirical description. The research also uses the specific scientific methods: dogmatic, comparative-legal, hermeneutic, structural-functional, etc. The scientific development of the material is carried out on the basis of a set of normative and doctrinal sources. The paper uses the federal laws and other normative acts of the Russian Federation. Federal Law No. 259-FZ of August 2, 2019 “On Attracting Investments Using Investment Platforms and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, Draft Federal Law No. 419090-7 “On Alternative Methods of Attracting Investments (Crowdfunding)”, and certain provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation were studied. Draft Law No. 419059-7 “On Digital Financial Assets” of March 20, 2018, and Federal Law No. 34-FZ of March 18, 2019 “On Amendments to Parts One, Two, and Article 1124 of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” were critically analyzed. The doctrinal sources are represented by the scientific publications of the Russian legal scholars and economists, including: A.O. Inshakova, A.E. Kalinina, A.I. Goncharov, M.V. Goncharova, O.P. Kazachenok, E.E. Frolova, etc. Results: the Internet investing provides an opportunity to obtain funding for the implementation of a publicly announced project relatively quickly and without bureaucratization. The absence of the geographical and distance restrictions is a special advantage of investing on the Internet platforms, compared to other tools for raising capital from a wide range of investors, including individuals. This remote Internet algorithm for retail investment financing allows you to attract capital at a price that corresponds to the profitability of projects and, as a rule, is lower than the average bank interest rate for a loan. Conclusions: the conclusions and assessments on the content of the new Russian legislation are formulated. Based on the critical analysis of the scientific works of the economists and lawyers, the authors formulate the definitions of a special algorithm for remote investments from a wide range of subjects, as well as the tools for remote interaction of investors and investment organizers in the Internet space of modern Russia.

Investment in IT as a Priority Area of Economic Development in Ukraine

In modern economic realities, information technologies are considered the main resource of technological and socio-economic development of the country, because they are used in all spheres of society and the state, and directly affect the overall national situation. Therefore, the study and analysis of the conditions for their attraction are relevant both in Ukraine and around the world. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of attracting investment in information technologies and search for methods to improve the investment environment for this industry. For the furtherance of this goal, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, scientific abstraction, and modelling. Within the framework of this study, an interpretation of the concepts of “investment” and “information technologies” are provided and their role and functions at the macro and micro economic levels are highlighted; the main aspects of financing and attracting money in the field of IT are considered; the main problems and prospects of investing in this area in Ukraine are identified; the dynamics of attracting investment in information technologies are analysed; methods for improving the investment environment in the field of IT are proposed. The study also analysed the financial sources of attracting investment, listed the advantages and disadvantages of each type of financing, considered the dynamics and structure of innovation at industrial enterprises of Ukraine in 2019, and established the relationship between the volume of attracted monetary investments and the introduction of innovations. In the course of the study, methods for evaluating the effectiveness of investments in the IT field were also considered, the essence, advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods were identified. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used to develop a plan and methods for improving the investment climate in the industry, based on the analysis of its strengths and weaknesses

Medico-legal Institute: A Need of State

Medico-legal Institute have been in existence for centuries in several countries of the world. The importanceof setting up of Medico-legal Institute in every state of countries, closely associated with medical colleges,for the systematic teaching of forensic medicine, training of specialists, for the investigation of Medicolegalproblems, etc., has been stressed by all the leading medical jurists of the world.The Health Surveyand Development Committee (The Bhore Committee) Government of India, 1946, in their report hadrecommended the starting of Central Medico-legal Institute. Later, Government of India, Ministry ofHealth and Family Welfare constituted a central Medico-legal Advisory Committee in year 1958, whichgave its reportin 1964 and recommendedevery state for establishment of such Medico-legal Institute. Therecommendation has been followed very lightly by establishing the Medico-legal Institute in few states only.Now aday due to advancement of technologies and public awareness, Medico-legal issues are increasingdays by day. It is the demand of the time to take a solid step to solve these cases in legal and scientific ways.Initiatives of establishment of medico-legal institute in every state can be one of the firm milestones for thesettlements of the maximum Medico-legal cases. As Government of India is in the process to establish AllIndia Institute of Medical sciences (AIIMS), in every state in which lands, buildings and manpower hasalready been planned, so up-gradation of Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of every AIIMSto the level of Medico-legal Institute will be an appropriate decision for reduction of monetary investment.

“Pay for your choices”: Deconstructing neoliberal choice through free-to-play mobile interactive fiction games

This article studied the neoliberal ideas of choice and agency manifested in the structures of two interactive fiction or “choose-your-own-adventure” games, Choices: Stories you Play and Episode—Choose Your Story, and their free-to-play profit system to explore the hegemonic operation of neoliberalism and participatory resistances to it. Neoliberal choice was approached as a strategy that operates by encouraging an actualization of one’s best self yet inscribing what it should entail. Despite the rhetoric of agency and fictitious simulation, the “best” choices and endings in the games were visible and accessible only with cultural, economic, and temporal capitals. “Right” choices required legitimate taste which needs savviness in dominant readings or time investment, and the “right est” choices required monetary investment. However, players’ subversive choices such as intentionally choosing “(not) rightly” to pursue negotiated readings and collective participation hinted at the potential of tactical practices in creating new strategies.

Implementing pharmaceutical track-and-trace systems: a realist review

IntroductionOne way to prevent falsified medical products from entering the regulated pharmaceutical supply chain is to implement a pharmaceutical track-and-trace system (PTTS). Such systems in the most extensive versions generally...

The RHD Action Small Grants Programme: Small Investment, Big Return!

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) remains endemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) despite its virtual elimination in high-income countries. RHD Action was launched to amplify global efforts to control RHD in 2015 by World Heart Federation and Reach, with demonstration projects in Uganda and Tanzania, and support from Medtronic Foundation. The Small Grants Programme focuses on three domains: People and Communities, Medicines and Technologies, and Systems and Services. It is designed to support patient and community groups in promoting awareness, advocacy, and to build health workers’ capacity to prevent and treat RHD in LMICs. Our study evaluates the impact and effectiveness of the RHD Action Small Grants Programme.Methods: We conducted a mixed method study that involved both quantitative and qualitative surveys, through phone interviews and online surveys amongst the grant beneficiaries, to assess the impact and effectiveness of the small grant programme. An invitation to complete an online survey, using a Google Forms format, was issued to Small Grant Project Directors and Co-Directors that received funding for projects between 2017 and 2019. The online survey requested basic project information using tick boxes, Likert scales, and short answer open-ended questions about successes and challenges faced by recipients. The questionnaire also addressed recipients’ experience with the RHD Action Small Grants process – applying for the grant, nature and quality of support received to carry out project, the reporting process, and any media coverage provided. For the phone interviews, responses to the short-answer questions were used as the basis for follow up phone interviews. The discussions were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed for new and recurring themes emerging from the in-depth discussions.Initiated in 2017, RHD Action has funded 21 proposals from a pool of 60 submissions. Recipient countries include Zambia, Uganda (2), Namibia, Kenya, Malawi (2), Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria (3), Rwanda (2), Mozambique, and Cameroon (2) as well as Fiji (2), the Philippines and Nepal. Five recipients were funded in 2017, eight in 2018 and eight in 2019. Project directors are primarily junior doctors and project managers supervised by senior mentors. In most cases, this is their first funding award. These projects have demonstrated tangible impact and have provided content for first manuscript and abstract submissions and presentations at professional conferences. Grant reports are presented as website stories showcasing the achievements of small local efforts with meaningful impact.For RHD Action, there is large return on a modest monetary investment resulting in a very visible, viable global RHD networking platform for enthusiastic community and provider activists.

Efficiency of Ukraine’s monetary policy in the context of achieving monetary security

The article explores the effectiveness of monetary policy by identifying its main criteria and analyzing indicators of monetary security. The authors draw conclusions about the state of monetary policy and its impact on Ukraine’s economic security. The analysis indicates that the country’s monetary policy is sufficiently effective to achieve the monetary goals and guarantee economic security. Four groups of monetary threats to economic security were identified, related to monetary policy, banking, investment and institutional environment, which were rated on a scale from 0 to 5 for 2010, 2015 and 2020. At the beginning of 2020 Ukraine’s economic security was mainly threatened by excessive dollarization of the economy and a small share of long-term loans in all total loans granted by banks. The authors argue that effective monetary policy at the present stage should focus on stabilizing, modernizing and restructuring the industry.

Smart and sustainable logistics of Port cities: A framework for comprehending enabling factors, domains and goals

Digital technologies integrated into port logistics are becoming increasingly decisive among port cities around the world. This growing importance is due to the need for policymakers, urban managers, port authorities, local administrators, shipping companies, couriers, and so on to develop increasingly digitalized and sustainable logistic processes. Therefore, in a global context characterized by intense datafication and globalization of trade, the data-based approach has become a necessary modus operandi to promote smart and sustainable logistics development. This forward-looking model of port logistics uses technologies such as IoT, sensors, cloud computing platforms, Big Data analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), GPS tracking systems, radars, drones, real-time monitoring stations, smart grids, and so on in order to collect, process, monitor and analyse data and information concerning the economic, environmental, social and technological sphere of port cities. In this sense, mobile and fixed platforms help logistics operators to optimize the management of flows (e.g., water, waste, emissions, raw materials, people, monetary investments, etc.) in an efficient and digitized manner. The study proposes a systematic literature review of the most recurring themes concerning smart and sustainable logistics initiatives within port cities in order to develop a multidimensional framework capable of holistically integrating the prevailing enabling factors (Ecosystem, Internal Organization, Data and Security, Policy and Regulation, Finance and Funding, and Digital and Technology), domains (Mobility, Environment, Economy, Telecommunications, Safety and Security, Government, and Community) and goals (Sustainable Development and Digitalization) that characterize smart and sustainable logistical development. To this end, the best practices of several pioneering port cities such as Rotterdam, Hamburg, Singapore, Los Angeles, Amsterdam, etc. implemented in partnerships with technology companies such as Cisco, IBM, Huawei and SAP were also analysed. Therefore, the results of this research show that smart and sustainable logistics initiatives in port cities: (a) have the potential to enhance the efficiency of the economic, environmental, social and technological flows; (b) increase the involvement and awareness of stakeholders such as couriers, shippers, shipping companies, citizens, port authorities, municipalities, security officers, gate and terminal personnel, and so on; and (c) provide a detailed overview of the enabling factors, domains and goals that must be activated by port cities to foster a smart and sustainable logistic transition.

Rule of Low as Factor of Investments in Ukraine

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to study the dependence of investments in the Ukrainian economy on two components of the rule of law, namely, the protection of property rights and the fight against corruption (according to the American Heritage Foundation). Design/Methodology/Approach: Empirical assessments were made for two periods – 2000-2019 and 2010-2019, which aims to test the resilience of the obtained results to structural changes, which characterize the period after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Findings: The inverse relationship between the monetary unit's devaluation (in nominal and real dimensions) and investments is very convincingly traced, which can be explained by the significant import intensity of investment goods and technologies. The received dependence means that any attempts to maintain the hryvnia's reduced exchange rate, as observed since mid-2020, threaten to stagnate domestic investments. Practical Implications: According to the data of 2000-2019, it was found that more reliable protection of property rights can be considered as a factor of increasing investments, but the corresponding favorable effect weakens in the post-crisis period of 2010-2019. This corresponds to the empirical research for foreign countries, and at the same time, it allows to assert that the property rights had a stronger effect on the investments in the 2000s when state property was privatized and consolidated. Originality/Value: The budget deficit clearly hinders investments, which can mean preferences for private consumption and raw materials branches. Money overhang, which is determined by the difference between the actual and trend values of the monetary aggregate M2, could stimulate investments in the 2000s, but in the post-crisis decade of 2010-2019 creates a clear negative effect.

Closing the Mentorship Gap: Implementation of Speed Mentoring Events for Women Faculty and Trainees in Anesthesiology.

Introduction: Mentorship is a key component to success in academic medicine. Women are under-represented in leadership positions within medicine. Women are less likely to identify mentors than men. Speed mentoring is an innovative strategy to facilitate mentorship in academic medicine.Materials and Methods: A speed mentoring event for women faculty members in an academic anesthesiology department was held, followed by a second event for trainees. Attendees completed surveys about mentorship experiences at baseline and in follow-up. Questions were rated on a 7-point Likert scale with 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree with values reported as median (1st, 3rd quartile).Results: Baseline surveys indicated poor satisfaction with mentoring in the prior 6 months as 4.5 (3, 5.25). Twelve months later, mentees reported increased satisfaction with mentoring 6 (6, 6). Mentors and mentees felt their time was well spent during both events. There was an increase in the number of mentors identified after the events by both groups.Conclusions: Our results suggest speed mentoring is well received and impactful with minimal time and monetary investment. The attendees of the events identified an increased number of mentors after speed mentoring events, and this effect was maintained at 6–12 months. Speed mentoring may be one path to providing support for women to advance their careers in academic medicine. More research is warranted to better evaluate effectiveness of formats such as speed mentoring to facilitate improved mentorship for women in academic anesthesiology.

Age and intranasal oxytocin effects on trust-related decisions after breach of trust: Behavioral and brain evidence.

Age-related differences in cognition and socioemotional functions, and in associated brain regions, may reduce sensitivity to cues of untrustworthiness, with effects on trust-related decision making and trusting behavior. This study examined age-group differences in brain activity and behavior during a trust game. In this game, participants received "breach-of-trust" feedback after half of the trials. The feedback indicated that only 50% of the monetary investment into their fellow players had resulted in returns. The study also explored the effects of intranasal oxytocin on trust-related decisions in aging, based on suggestions of a modulatory role of oxytocin in response to negative social stimuli and perceptions of trust. Forty-seven younger and 46 older participants self-administered intranasal oxytocin or placebo, in a randomized, double-blind, between-subjects procedure, before they engaged in the trust game while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Younger participants invested less into their game partners after breach-of-trust feedback, while older participants showed no significant difference in their investment after breach-of-trust feedback. Oxytocin did not modulate the behavioral effects. However, after breach-of-trust feedback, older participants in the oxytocin group showed less activity in the left superior temporal gyrus. In contrast, older participants in the placebo group showed more activity in left superior temporal gyrus after breach of trust. The findings may reflect reduced responsiveness to cues of untrustworthiness in older adults. Furthermore, the modulatory effect of oxytocin on left superior temporal gyrus activity among older adults supports the neuropeptide's age-differential role in neural processes in aging, including in the context of trust-related decision making. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

On time-dependent nominal contracting models with positive trend inflation

We compare the cyclical and welfare implications of positive trend inflation in Taylor (1980) and Calvo (1983) nominal contracting models. Taylor contracts better match the correlations between nominal real variables. They generate persistent and hump-shaped responses of inflation to monetary policy and investment shocks without indexation, while Calvo contracts do not. Trend inflation has significant distorting effects on the shock impulse responses of key variables with Calvo contracts, but not with Taylor contracts. The correlation between price dispersion and trend inflation is weaker with Taylor contracts. With Calvo contracts, wage dispersion and inflation costs are very sensitive to positive trend inflation under plausible variations in the average age of wage contracts, the elasticity of substitution between skills, economic growth, and labor supply elasticity. They are much more stable with Taylor contracts. Still, based on Taylor contracts, the consumer-equivalent welfare gains resulting from a lower inflation trend after 1982 may range from 3.1% to 7.5%.

ASSESSMENT OF DIRECTION FOR COORDINATION OF MONETARY REGULATION OF INVESTMENT IN THE INTEGRATION UNIONS

In the context of globalization and regionalization, central banks pursuing monetary policy in the country at the same time become subjects of monetary regulation within the framework of the integrational associations of which they are members. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of monetary policy on investment and economic growth in integration unions and determine the appropriateness of their coordination. To achieve the goal, a method of correlation-regression analysis is proposed, one which allows for the identifying and assessing of the degree of influence of certain directions of monetary policy of the countries of the integration association on the indicators of investment and economic growth. As a result of the analysis, the expediency of coordination and implementation of a coordinated policy of central banks to stimulate the deposit and credit policy of commercial banks was proved, which positively affects the characteristics of supply and demand in the integrated investment market. The assessment of the directions of the coordination of monetary investments regulation was carried out on the example of an integration association - the Union of Belarus and Russia and can be extended to other integration associations with the participation of Belarus, in particular, to the monetary interaction of countries within the Eurasian Economic Union. The analysis is based on the statistical data of the National Statistical Committee and the National Bank of the Republic Belarus, the EAEU Department of Statistics, as well as statistical information from the Central Bank of Russia and the Union of Russia and Belarus.

The Relation Between Consumers' Frontal Alpha Asymmetry, Attitude, and Investment Decision.

The frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is a neurophysiological measure of motivation and preference. Despite the FAA is associated to commercial pleasantness, conflicting evidence emerged in the literature regarding its relationship with behavior. To study the association between FAA and consumers' decision, we manipulated a commercial script to elicit diverse consumers' attitudes and decisions and to evaluate whether the FAA score is associated to their final investment. A little informative script (S1) was used to polarize consumers' attitudes and investments toward unfavorable scores, while a more personalized message (S2) to elicit in customers a favorable attitude and higher investments. Twenty-one participants listened to the scripts, and their FAA, attitude, and monetary investment were measured. In S1, the FAA did not correlate with neither attitude nor the investment decision, while a robust negative correlation between these variables was found in S2. No other peripheral body and neural measures associated with attitude or final decision. Our data suggest that the FAA correlates with attitude and decision, when a commercial script is customized and provides an adequate information, likely leading the consumer to a more reasoned and planned decision-making process. When facilitating a favorable attitude toward an offer, the negative correlation of FAA and behavior may reflect the involvement of a control system, whose role is to monitor and govern possible conflicts between approach and avoidance motivations. This observation provides additional indication on the value of FAA as a marker of consumer behaviors, and how it could be affected by experimental and contextual bias.

Problems of choosing strategies for diversifying companies

The paper considers the problems of choosing strategies for diversifying companies. It was revealed that in corporate practice, there is a certain tendency towards moderately diversified companies with related business lines (relational diversification). The authors analyzed a set of four main growth strategies: market penetration; market expansion; product innovation, and diversification. Their advantages and disadvantages are identified. Depending on the degree of risk appetite, three types of diversification were studied: horizontal diversification, vertical diversification, and lateral diversification (diagonal diversification). The reasons for diversification are analyzed, which may lie both in the environment of the company (exogenous) and within the company (endogenous). The diversification of stocks and monetary investments is considered, the advantages of this process are assessed. It is revealed that despite the fact that the advantages of portfolio diversification are undeniable, due to its complexity, it is almost impossible for investors to independently create effective security portfolios. The need to take into account systemic and non-systemic risks in portfolio diversification is proved. The ways to diversify the portfolio of stocks are described. It is concluded that in companies, regardless of whether they are expanding their services or opting for long-term product diversification, in both cases, an entrepreneurial restructuring plan can only be implemented under certain conditions.

Security Professionals Must Reinforce Detect Attacks to Avoid Unauthorized Data Exposure

Organizations face the probability of being hacked because of weak and inadequate cybersecurity implementations. Hackers are still able to breach a system when security tools such as firewalls, SIEM, anti-virus software, encryption, and IDPS are readily in place within an organization. Digital criminals are responsible for increased network breaches using elusive security tools to penetrate secure environments with sophistication. Cyberattacks are continually increasing due to the sophistication and innovation of cyber attackers. Many vulnerable areas must be reinforced against cybercriminals, Insider threats, inadequate employee training, and negligence. Monetary investment in cybersecurity and management support plays a significant role in assuring the implementation of information security throughout any organizational processes. The implication for practice can provide organizations with approaches on how to mitigate cyber exploits and safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information by bridging the gap between incident detection and response.