Monetary Form Research Articles

Methods for Indexing the Income of the Population with an Increase in Consumer Prices

The article deals with the formation of money income of the population, changes in the formation of consumer goods and needs for them, including under the influence of pricing, the structural volumes of goods offered for sale with different consumer properties and values. The problem of dynamics and the level of growth in prices for consumer goods is considered from the standpoint of disclosing the relationship between the emerging incomes of the population, inflation, methods of indexation and compensatory regulation. The formation of the incomes of the population of Russia is characterized not only by an insufficiency in relation to existing needs, but also by many contradictions that restrain their correspondence with the goals of improving welfare. At the same time, the need to identify the changes in trends and patterns taking place in the economy and social practice becomes a condition for the possible improvement of the tasks being solved not only in increasing the income of the population, but also in regulating them in consumption and efficiency of use. In practice and in research results, the lack of a systematic nature of the tasks being solved is recorded (generalized) both in price regulation and in the indexation of income in guaranteed rates corresponding to the dynamics of real inflation indicators, its level positions, which are taken into account not only in the emerging wages in monetary form, but also in various benefits that are paid by the state. The solution of these problems requires further detailed scientific research of the processes actually occurring in economic practice with the use of methods for indexing the income of the population with an increase in consumer prices. The supply of consumer goods on the market, which does not have a profitable orientation towards their purchases, in our opinion, will always exacerbate the problem of choosing methods of price regulation, both on the part of the state and commodity producers.

"PROHIBITATIVE DECREES" OF PETER I IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY OF EARLY MODERN TIME

In 1713-1721 Peter the Great issues a series of interrelated and complementary decrees aimed at the curbing of corruption. In the office documentation of those years, they were called “prohibitive”. At the same time, the tsar is taking energetic organizational measures designed to ensure the practical implementation of this legislation. The author wonders why it is during these years that the monarch is launching an unprecedented fight against corruption. The answer is seen in the fact that this legislation was caused by serious changes in the Russian economy, which gave rise to large-scale and systemic economic crime. First of all, these changes have occurred in the field of finance and taxes. They were associated with the saturation of the national economy with money, the transfer of most of the taxes and fees into monetary form, and the widespread practice of public procurement. The intensification of cash flows with weak control by the state, the access to state funds opened by both officials and private individuals led to a sharp increase in the criminalization of the economy. Thus, Peter's “prohibitive” decrees became not only a reaction, but also an important indicator of economic changes; they designated corruption as a systemic threat to the interests of the state for the first time.

INCOME OF BUSINESS ENTITIES: ECONOMIC ESSENCE AND CLASSIFICATION

The article highlights the views of scholars on the economic meaning of the concept of “income”. It is determined that the term “income” should be considered an economic category, which means the direct receipt of certain assets (material resources or money) or a decrease in liabilities that lead to an increase in equity (minus the increase in equity contributions from owners or participants). The study of the concept of “income” in a broad interpretation from an economic and accounting point of view made it possible to establish the following properties: 1) income – is a type of financial results of economic activity for a certain period; 2) characterizes the economic benefits; 3) the main forms of economic benefits – is the proceeds from the sale of other property, from non-operating transactions; 4) economic benefits that generate income are estimated by their amount in cash. An analysis of the scientific literature on the identification of the definitions of “profit”, “income” and “revenue”, which gave reason to believe that the views of modern economists are divided into two categories, some scientists who equate income with sales revenue, others – recognize income in a broader category and note its impact on determining the performance of the entity and the amount of equity. The incomes of the enterprise which can be both in money, and not in monetary forms are considered. For effective revenue management, it is advisable to have a scientifically sound and detailed classification according to certain characteristics for the purposes of accounting, analysis, planning and auditing. It is determined that both foreign and domestic scientific sources reflect certain elements of income classifications that have more theoretical than practical significance. Thus, the classification features of enterprise income can be those characteristics that clearly identify the sources of their formation, factors of influence, time and method of recognition, place of formation.

Interdisciplinary Urban Tunnel Control within Smart Cities

Nowadays, urban road tunnels are considered to be independent entities within a city. Their interactions with the rest of the city and vice versa are usually not considered and, if they are, are only considered in a limited way (for example, through the nearest traffic controller). Typically, only the traffic parameters and not the environmental impacts are considered. This paper has two major objectives. First, we provide a systemic view on a road urban tunnel. The major focus is on the interfaces between the tunnel and the rest of the city and the way they will be managed. We are providing a tool to take into consideration a sustainable development of a tunnel (i.e., not only traffic flow parameters such as average speed, but also environmental and societal characteristics). This model expresses the actual traffic situation in a monetary form (i.e., cost of congestions). The second objective is to provide a new road urban tunnel control approach that follows the original methodology and systemic view described in the paper. If the tunnel is controlled autonomously, which corresponds to the current state-of-the-art in many cities, the algorithm decides to close it based on only local parameters. However, the proposed new algorithm takes into consideration not only the traffic situation in the tunnel (expressed by the parameter traffic density), but also the actual traffic situation within the city (expressed by its level of service (LOS)). This allows more environmentally, socially and economically sustainable oriented road urban tunnel management. The described algorithm is demonstrated on a specific example of the tunnel complex Blanka in Prague.

Skin gambling predicts problematic gambling amongst adolescents when controlling for monetary gambling.

Background and aimsSkin gambling uses in-game items (skins) acquired in video games, to gamble on esports, games of chance, other competitive events and privately with friends. This study examined characteristics of adolescent skin gamblers, their engagement in monetary gambling, and relationships between skin gambling and at risk/problem gambling.MethodsTwo samples of Australian adolescents aged 12–17 years were recruited to an online survey through advertisements (n = 843) and an online panel provider (n = 826).ResultsIn both samples, past-month skin gamblers (n = 466 advertisements sample; n = 185 online panel sample) were more likely to have lower wellbeing, score as having an internet gaming disorder on the IGD, engage in more types of monetary gambling, and meet criteria for problem gambling on the DSM-IV-MR-J. Past-month skin gambling uniquely predicted problem gambling when controlling for past-month gambling on 11 monetary forms and the total number of monetary gambling forms.Discussion and conclusionsUnderage participation in skin gambling is a growing concern. The strong convergence between engagement in skin gambling and monetary gambling suggests common risk factors may increase the propensity of some adolescents to gamble on these multiple forms. Nonetheless, past-month skin gambling predicted problem gambling even when controlling for past-month monetary gambling, indicating its unique contribution to gambling problems and harm. While the study was based on non-probability samples, its results strengthen the case for regulatory reforms, age restrictions and public health education to prevent underage skin gambling and its potentially harmful consequences for children and young people.

THE EFFECT OF BITCOIN ON THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EVOLUTION OF CONCEPTS RELATED TO DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT

This study intends to sort out what will be the normal choices of the customary financial frameworks and how the world economy will draw in and manage those normal other options. Since technological improvement is profoundly quick and momentous, it is imperative to comprehend the discernments, practices, correspondence, and the possibility of selection of those other options. Advanced monetary standards and cryptographic forms of money are non-customary financial monetary forms that depend on something referred to as blockchain innovation. There is an excessive number of advanced digital forms of money these days, all of them having their own attributes and specificities. A portion of those advanced digital currencies will be studied in this research. It is imperative to mention here that only one out of every odd nation acknowledges the progress in this area, and such nations arrangement are often influenced by their World Bank rank — low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. More, this research looks at the social side of bitcoin and blockchain development in these nations. Bitcoin is tremendously influencing the economy overall. That’s why it quickly became of interest for many financially trained professionals and academicians. Unfortunately, this type of money has been increasingly used for criminal activities too. This research discusses all these sides as well as the important impacts bitcoin has on the population.

Charity and debt behaviors comparison: perception of low-income households

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate low-income households in Indonesia with regard to their perspective on charity-giving and its comparison with acquiring debt behavior as their tendencies on taking and giving behaviors toward monetary form. The research framework is seen from the Islamic perspective.Design/methodology/approachTheory of social production function and theory of planned behavior are used as a theoretical framework. A total of 98.89% of the distributed questionnaires were collected and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Behavior of giving charity and acquiring debt are compared according to the given determinants.FindingsUnder the given Islamic framework, charity is found to be not confined to the donor’s wealth. It is rather centered on religiosity and faith. Subjective norm does not influence intention toward charity. Hence, it only depends on consideration and awareness of a person toward regular giving of charity. Unlike debt that is confined by a person’s wealth, the intention to take debt consecutively of low-income households are also affected by their attitudes, significant others and experiences.Research limitations/implicationsRespondents are residents of six Indonesian territories that represent West, Middle and East Indonesia.Practical implicationsFindings are useful for social, as well as microfinance practitioners who are interested in the financial education on low-income households and study their perspective and behavior.Social implicationsThis paper indirectly contributes to changing the perspective of society about charity-giving, especially in philanthropy subject. This paper is also highly recommended for regulator’s input on financial education, as well as for practitioners, consultants and educators.Originality/valueCharity basically can assist low-income households experiencing financial hardship, which may be the consequence of consecutive taking debt. Most of the studies on charity-giving focus on high-income households, likewise the debt behavior. Charity-giving in voluntary form is also not widely discussed in view of behavior, specifically in Asian countries like Indonesia.

Measuring of intellectual capital investments in higher education: case of Latvia

PurposeIntellectual capital (IC) investments yield both financial and non-financial outcomes, and several groups of stakeholders are beneficiaries in the process. There are different approaches to appraisal of IC investments; most of them emphasise financial benefits. In turn, non-financial return is difficult to measure because of the lack of measurement indicators, as well as unavailability of accounting data and/or statistical data. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate non-financial return on investments in IC, based on the financial data of Latvian higher education institutions (HEI).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of Social Return on Investments (SROI) was applied. SROI metric is used to measure an expected return, considering the anticipated social benefits of an investment against its costs. The procedure is based on the principles of the “time value of money” concept and stakeholder management theory.FindingsNon-financial outcomes (benefits) from investments into implementation of e-learning study process were defined, separately for each stakeholder group. Specific metrics for each outcome were determined, and the result was estimated (expressed in monetary form).Research limitations/implicationsThere are different types of IC investments, but the authors of the given paper focussed on the digitalisation of study process, i.e. investments into the process of implementation and development of on-line studies were analysed. The proposed approach (SROI) is applied for measuring of IC investments, based on financial data of only one Latvian HEI.Originality/valueSROI estimation for financial assessment of implemented innovations in Latvian higher education was made. This approach can help organisations to make decisions about IC investments, and the authors’ application of the methodology can be used as a pattern for HEI executives. This paper provides an example of the practical application of the methodology, using HEI real financial data.

High net-worth attachments: emotional labour, relational work, and financial subjectivities in private wealth management

ABSTRACT Private Wealth Management (PWM) is a market providing financial services to High and Ultra High Net-Worth individuals and families. Here, efforts developed by wealth managers to attach those involved with wealth to financial instruments point to how the financial subjectivities of investor and advisor are co-enacted. So far, cultural economic literatures on the subjectivities entailed with financial markets have mostly produced separate accounts focused on financial consumers or professionals. Drawing on interviews with wealth managers in Lisbon, London, Geneva, and Zurich, this article demonstrates how investor and advisor subject positions co-materialize with the (re)reproduction of market attachments. By enriching a cultural economic heuristic of arts of attachment with insights from economic sociology, two main findings are generated. First, stabilizing customers as investors demands transmitting advice as ‘genuine’ care, rather than commercial interest; secondly, cultivating financial attachments within customers’ frames of intimate ties demands re-organizing how monetary and financial forms are imbricated with family (notably kinship) ties. These findings allow stressing how processes of financialization of wealth do not correspond to an intrinsic, natural involvement of U/HNWIs with financial markets and organizations but demand the occupation of financial subject positions that are critically involved with those of their financial services providers.

Analysis of the efficiency of financial and economic activities of russian football clubs

Attracting financing and a stable inflow of capital investments for development is one of the most important issues in the framework of a market economy for any sphere, including the professional sports industry. The inflow of sufficient funding depends to a high degree on the investment attractiveness of the object. In addressing these issues, an essential role is played by the assessment of the effectiveness of financial and economic activities, which affects the amount of funds raised from both budgetary and extra-budgetary sources. The identification of the most important performance factors will allow us to direct efforts to maintain their favorable condition, which is the key to the stable development of the sports industry. The conducted analysis showed that with a competent approach, in particular in the issues of popularization of the sport, the league and club brand, customer orientation and the use of the product exclusivity factor, qualified personnel, as well as investment and innovation activity, including in the issue of training sports personnel, the professional sports industry can be considered as an effective investment and advertising tool that can generate income both in monetary form and in the form of image and socially significant effect.

Evaluation of government performance from foreign currency exchange market : A comparison of martial law administrator and civilian government through factor copula statistical model

This paper evaluates government’s performance of foreign exchange market in the country. We have a way to deal with the issue in various manners. A reverse strategy for appraisal, with the usage of factor copula demonstrating method was utilized in this exploration to consider the confidence association of money exchange rates as subordinate features through which the display of civilian government and martial law administrator in the country was assessed. Through guideline, part investigation, basic elements for money trade rates were acquired. Results reveal that adapted on the normal factor, the relationship between the chose monetary forms is sensibly lopsided in both the tenures, and situation on essential issue Clayton copula displaying speculation is more fitting for martial law Administrator. Nonetheless, we notice high left end dependence between foreign cash returns through political government terms, and circumstance on essential aspect Gumbel copula representative supposition that is more material, which shows that martial law director performed outclass then civilian government in the country.

Legal policy of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in the area of digitalization of national currency

The subject of this research is digital national currencies of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. The advent of the new digital era entails inevitable, objectively dictated digital transformations of all spheres of social life. The financial and banking sector in Russia, China, and other countries, is in need for legislative-digital regulation by implementing digital fiat currency. One of the most promising vectors of development is the creation and introduction of new forms of currencies into circulation, which would be recognized by public authority as a legal means of payment, as well as subject to effective oversight by government bodies. The novelty of this research lies in the comparative legal analysis of the experience, as well as the stages of implementation of digital national currency in the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. The article raised a pressing issue on feasibility of introducing digital ruble into the Russian reality, and thus, discusses successful experience of the Chinese government that a millennium ago was first to invent paper currency, and now is one of the world leaders to introduce digital currency alongside cash money. The concept of “digital currency” is often identified with cryptocurrencies and payment systems, which prompted the authors to conduct a comparative analysis of these terms. The analysis of Russian and Chinese legislation in the area of digital currency, as well as the established practice of implementing a new monetary form into the country’s economy, allowed outlining the pros and cons of such innovation.

Білім беру мекемесінде кірістер мен шығыстарды есепке алу әдістемесін жетілдіру

One of the most important elements of the management system of an educational institution is the accounting of income and expenses for educational programs (OP) and the calculation of the cost of educational and other services. Modern educational institutions are tasked with improving the quality of educational services and increasing their effectiveness. To solve it, the boundaries of their financial and economic independence are expanded. Currently, universities are changing their form of ownership and can be non-profit societies. The change in the system of financing universities involves the development of new mechanisms for managing an educational institution. In these conditions, it becomes inevitable to create and master new accounting systems in educational institutions, which are aimed at ensuring the tasks of effective management of the university. First of all, this applies to the management accounting system. The cost of services rendered is the sum of the university's expenses in monetary form for the implementation of educational and other services. Expanding the financial independence of universities involves the formation of reliable information about the income and expenses of the university in order to manage them. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of accounting for income and expenses in educational institutions. The implementation of the research goal is facilitated by the use of methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, and graphical method for visualizing the results obtained. The development of the system of management accounting of income and expenses in educational institutions is focused on the formation of an effective system of information and analytical support, which involves the development of methods for accounting of income and expenses, the organization of the system of internal control of income and expenses, determining the features of management reporting of income and expenses. A methodology for income accounting has been developed that reflects the specifics of the activities of educational institutions, combines the calculation of the main income indicators, their reflection on accounts and in the registers of management accounting, and allows you to form the actual indicators of income and expenses. The optimal method of management accounting of expenses is justified, within the framework of which the classification features of the grouping of expenses are proposed, the order of consolidated accounting and the formation of management accounting registers is determined. The method of accounting for expenses will allow you to specify the directions of expenses in the context of activities, sources of funding, structural divisions, individual programs and activities.

The accounting nature of money and claims

This article uses the logic of double-entry bookkeeping, as it is universally used in the economic life of banks, central banks and companies, to precisely define the nature of claims and money. First, it shows that these two forms of value are always distinct in accounting, but that the claim is by nature unstable, ambivalent, and can evolve towards the monetary form under certain conditions. Then, in a second step, we show that the claim has three sources in return for which it is issued: the loan by money creation, the loan of existing money, and the forward sale of goods. These accounting relationships, which are in fact a definition of book value, then allow us to sketch out an analysis of contemporary financial and monetary crises and how to respond to them effectively.

Decoding Consumer Psychology toward Dietary Supplements: A Mediation analysis between Freebies and Brand Loyalty

ABSTRACT The present study ponders a significant type of non-monetary form of sales promotion called freebies. It refers to offering a gift of some worth to the customer along with the product purchased. While prior studies focused primarily on monetary forms of sales promotion, a very minimal number of works were conducted on its counterpart. The study bridges the gap between non-monetary sales promotion and brand loyalty in India and inspects into Generation Z consumer behavior toward dietary supplements. It checks whether a freebie campaign influences perceived quality, customer perceived value and purchase intentions. It also investigates the role of the variables as mediators and inspects whether they play any role between freebies and brand loyalty. Intercept method of data collection is applied for the survey across 388 health-conscious respondents. Regression and mediation analysis present that freebies influence the variables positively and partial mediation exists between the causal and outcome variable.

Forced Labour in the Industry of the Middle Volga Region in the First Half of the XIX Century

Introduction. Industrial development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century characterized by the existence of various forms and methods of labour organization in the industrial production system. The owners of large enterprises used different practices of attracting labour force, which gave rise to socio-economic and legal heterogeneity of workers. The article considers the importance of compulsory forms of labour organization, which played a significant role in Russian industry until the early 1860s. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes taking place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was used. The need to process a significant array of quantitative data required the use of a statistical method. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature on the topic, the main categories of workers employed in the industry of the Middle Volga region within the boundaries of the Kazan, Penza and Simbirsk provinces were identified, their quantitative analysis was carried out, and some parameters were considered that show the specifics of their social-economic and legal situation. The study showed that the army of forced labor in the industrial sphere of the region in question was represented mainly by possessive workers, as well as serfs, who were reoriented to industrial labor by their owners. During the implementation of the research program, the conclusion was drawn: despite the growth in the use of hired labour in domestic industry in the first half of the 19th century, the Middle Volga region remained one of the regions where the practice of using forced labour in industrial enterprises not only persisted, but also intensified. Discussion and Conclusion. As the study shows, the dynamics of the change in the ratio of forced and civilian labour was multidirectional. In particular, in the industry of the Kazan province, the prevalence of civilian workers was noted, the proportion of which steadily increased throughout the period under study. On the contrary, with regard to the Penza and Simbirsk provinces, there was an increase in the use of forced labor, which was associated with the intensification of industrial entrepreneurship of the nobles. In the sectoral plan, the most active use of serf labor in industry was recorded in the cloth and distillery industries. It should be noted that in the second quarter of the XIX century the practice of using monetary forms of payment by industrial nobles for the labour of their own serfs. In the Kazan province, forced labour was represented mainly by the possessory workers of the Kazan cloth factory. By the early 1850s they were removed from the system of “possession law” and passed into the free estates. The presence of possessional workers was also recorded at metallurgical plants in the Penza province, which continued to remain on the “possession rights” until the early 1860s. In general, we can conclude that a specific feature of Russian industry in the pre-reform period was the extreme limitation of the “legal” free labor market, which led to the preservation of a large role for compulsory forms of labor organization.

Protected Banking Verification By Figure Pixel Comparison And Bitcoin Transaction Using Blockchain

E-banking is a safe, fast, easy and efficient electronic service that enables you access to bank account and to carry out online banking services, 24 hours a day, and 7 days a week.Through web, clients can get to their record from anyplace on the planet. Acknowledgment of substantial customer is a significant issue in E-banking. The security issue emerges because of unavoidable hacking of banking web. Duplicate sites are a sort of online information deception that hopes to take secret information, similar to e-money passwords and money exchange information from clients. Hence a structure having figure pixel appraisal for purchaser approval principally based barring chain strategy. In the proposed framework, for each money given up by the customer, we produce an ID for every cash, when any aggregate of sum is moved, the ID of the monetary forms may be moved, so we can follow the method for the money going around.Thus, the graphical secret key has been proposed with the guide of numerous scientists as a chance to content based secret key. Usage of hyperlink chain graphical secret key which utilizes round resilience makes the framework more made sure about than current.

The Accounting Nature of Money and Claims

This article uses the logic of double-entry bookkeeping, as it is universally used in the economic life of banks, central banks and companies, to precisely define the nature of claims and money. First, it shows that these two forms of value are always distinct in accounting, but that the claim is by nature unstable, ambivalent, and can evolve towards the monetary form under certain conditions. Then, in a second step, we show that the claim has three sources in return for which it is issued: the loan by money creation, the loan of existing money, and the forward sale of goods. These accounting relationships, which are in fact a definition of book value, then allow us to sketch out an analysis of contemporary financial and monetary crises and how to respond to them effectively.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ОБОРОТНЫМ КАПИТАЛОМ КОМПАНИИ

One of the main functions of the entire enterprise is the production, release of goods, its provision to the consumer, service and success. And the goal of each enterprise is to produce high-quality products, generate revenue and form its place in the market. Currently, the number of foreign and domestic enterprises working in the production sector is growing. Therefore, enterprises should always strive for innovation and consider the possibility of using advanced technologies in the production of goods. Production of goods directly related to the working capital of the enterprise. The article examines the structure of working capital within a certain enterprise and the features of its management. Considering the issues identified in the study, the main directions of working capital organization and management were proposed. Working capital can be divided into three stages of working capital maintenance. They are in the monetary, production, commodity. At the first stage of turnover, funds are advanced for raw materials, materials and labor items necessary for the production of other products. Capital is transferred from monetary form to commodity form. The second stage will produce products that will be consumed and contain the newly created value. At this stage, capital passes into the production form with the addition of labor from the commodity form, after which it passes into a new type of commodity. At the third stage, the production enterprise produces finished products and takes back the monetary form with the release of funds from the commodity form. When funds are credited to the company's current account for the products sold, the turnover is considered terminated. Since working capital is an important asset structure of the enterprise, its effective organization and management are important activities of the enterprise.

Monetary and informational form of capital as the basis of investment support for the inter-phase transition to an innovative economy

Within the framework of the identified predominant processes that form the uniqueness of inter-phase transitions, the article highlights the accumulating processes of system transformation. At the same time, within the framework of the transition from the neo-industrial to the digital economy, informatization as a conjunctural process, based on the mass introduction of digital technologies, contributes to the formation of the monetary and information form of capital. Based on the analysis of the definitions of monetary and informational forms of capital, two approaches can be identified. The first of them is narrow, from his point of view, the MIFC is investment resources in real assets through digital and IT technologies. The second approach is broad, it allows us to interpret MIFC as an independent form of capital associated with the self-increasing cost of investments in the development of information and labor resources to create new high-tech products that can increase surplus value at each intra-phase transition of the post-industrial megacycle.