Monetary Amounts Research Articles

Certain problems of legal regulation of the conclusion of the purchase and sale contract (on the basis of analysis of examples from judicial practice)

The contract of purchase and sale is one of the most common contractual institutions. According to the Art. 655 of the Civil code of Ukraine, under the contract of purchase and sale one party (seller) transfers or undertakes to transfer property (goods) into property to other party (buyer), and the buyer accepts or undertakes to accept prop-erty (goods) and to pay for it a certain monetary amount. At the same time, according to the case law, no unified approaches have been developed to interpret the legal consequences of failure to reach agreement on all the essential terms of purchase and sales contracts and mechanisms to protect the interests of counterparties to such agreements. Examining the procedure for concluding a contract of purchase and sale, we can not ignore the problem of its «conclusion», «validity» and «non-conclusion». It should be noted that the Civil Code of Ukraine has not provided a legal definition of «failed contract» or «unconcluded contract». Instead, the Economic Code of Ukraine in the Part 8 of the Art. 181 has stipulated that in case the parties do not reach an agreement on all material terms, their contract will be considered unconcluded or failed. No less difficulties also arise in interpreting the contract of purchase and sale as invalid or not concluded if at least one of its parties denies the fact of signing. The approach according to which «in case of contesting the very fact of concluding a transaction, such a fact can be refuted by presenting a relevant conclusion on the inconsisten-cy in the motivating part of the court decision» – does not quite agree with Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine and the principle of access to justice. For example, under the current approach in court practice, the plaintiff is not reimbursed for court costs (costs of paying court fees, legal aid costs, etc.). In any case, as of today, it is expedient to better address the relevant problems in order to provide a real opportunity for participants in civil traffic to effec-tively protect their rights and interests.

The Valuation of Contaminated Life: RCA in Taiwan and the Compensation of Toxic Exposure

In toxic torts, if the defendants’ negligence is confirmed, the court’s ruling is a punishment translated into monetary amounts, which the plaintiffs are compelled to accept. However, past exposure to toxic substances might continue to cause damage after the judgment, not only among the plaintiffs, but also among their descendants, making an exact measurement of the total damage inflicted almost impossible. A ruling or out-of-court settlement is therefore necessarily a compromise between the obligation to end the dispute and deliver some kind of justice for the victims and the radical uncertainty inherent to toxic torts. In the case of the electronics industry, due to the numerous chemicals to which workers are exposed, the uncertainty of health hazards is particularly high. This article proposes a framework for the valuation of exposure to toxicants, to address both the necessity and the limits of monetary compensation. It is based on a ten-year participating observation of the collective lawsuit launched by more than a thousand former employees of RCA plants in Taiwan, as well as thirty-five in-depth interviews of the plaintiffs following the High Court and Supreme Court decisions.

A Genetic Determinant of the Preference Reversal Phenomenon

Abstract The preference reversal phenomenon occurs when revealed preference orderings for the same alternatives differ between 2 response modes. This phenomenon can be explained by dual process theories. System 1 is swift, automatic, and susceptible to biases, but System 2 is slow and deliberative and can correct biases produced by System 1. A more impulsive person, using fewer cognitive resources for System 2 to correct biases produced by System 1, should be more susceptible to decision biases (e.g., the preference reversal phenomenon). Research has revealed that rs806379, a single-nucleotide polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene, is linked to impulsivity: People with the A/A genotype are more impulsive than others. Therefore, we speculated that rs806379 polymorphism may affect the preference reversal phenomenon. In this study, healthy subjects chose between bets with high monetary amounts but low probabilities ($-bets) and bets with high probabilities but low monetary amounts (P-bets) and then evaluated them separately; they also provided saliva samples for genotyping. As expected, subjects exhibited a strong preference reversal phenomenon. Furthermore, subjects with the A/A genotype exhibited a stronger preference reversal phenomenon than others when the ratios of monetary amounts in $-bets to those in the P-bets were large. This is the first study to investigate the preference reversal phenomenon in terms of genetics. Our findings suggest that decision-making behaviors such as the preference reversal phenomenon can be influenced by a single gene locus variation in healthy human beings. Supplemental materials are available here: https://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/ajp/media/genetic_determinant_of_the_preference_reversal_phenomenon/

How does the value of time influence road user costs during work zone closures? A case study in El Paso, Texas, using simulation-based modeling methods

It is becoming standard practice for many departments of transportation (DOTs) to use incentive/disincentive clauses (also known as road user costs) with contractors to stay on or ahead of schedule. These road user costs are clauses that DOTs use to calculate a monetary amount to encourage contractors to complete work prior to milestone dates and/or limit the time specified on the contract. The monetary amounts are typically vehicle operating costs and vehicle delay costs encumbered by highway users resulting from construction, maintenance, or rehabilitation activity. In this paper, we propose an innovative way of calculating these costs using varied values of time based on trip purpose and departure time. In addition, we use advanced pre-trip and en route traveler information to determine the influence it has on route choice. Several scenarios are modeled using an advanced, simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment model. The goal of this paper is to identify the governing factors that contribute to road use costs by determining different approaches to derive the value one places on a trip. The approach to this study is twofold: first several research methods were used to derive the value of time. Second, the use of advanced traveler information is introduced to determine if it plays a critical role in route choice. The proposed methodology shows differences in road user cost calculations. Which approach would be more receptive to a contractor while proposing roadway construction? A case study of a roadway construction project in El Paso, Texas, is used to compare different approaches to calculate road user costs.

Discrepancies in self-reported financial conflicts of interest disclosures by physicians: a systematic review

BackgroundThere is a high prevalence of financial conflicts of interest (COI) between physicians and industry.ObjectivesTo conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis examining the completeness of self-reported financial COI disclosures by...

Accounting and legal approaches to the definition of the term "accounts receivable"

The purpose of the study is to analyze accounting and legal approaches to the definition of the term "accounts receivable" and to justify the need for its clarification to be fixed in regulatory documents. Scientific novelty: the definition of the term "accounts receivable" has been clarified using accounting and legal approaches, where it is proposed to understand the obligations of other legal entities and individuals to this economic entity for contributions to the authorized capital, for advances issued, for bills of exchange receivable, for goods sold (works, services), monetary amounts issued under the report, arising on the basis of a law, contract or civil situation. As a result, the updated definition will make it possible to supplement Article 307 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, art. 3 of the Federal Law "On Accounting", Article 7 of the draft Federal Tax Service "Accounts Receivable and Payable (including debt costs)".

The impact of smoking on annual healthcare cost: an econometric model analysis in China, 2015

BackgroundSmoking exerts substantial medical burdens on society. Precise estimation of the smoking-attributable medical expenditures (SAME) helps to inform tobacco control policy makers. Based on the epidemiological approach, prior studies in China only focused on a few smoking-related diseases to estimate SAME. In contrast, this study used the econometric approach, which is capable of capturing all of the potential costs.MethodsThree waves of panel data from the 2011–2015 national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used. A total of 34,503 observations aged 45 and above were identified. Estimates from econometric models were combined to predict the smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) and medical expenditures attributable to smoking by sex, registered residency and healthcare service categories. All monetary amounts were adjusted to 2015 dollars.ResultsIn 2015, the overall smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) of China was 10.97%, ranging from 5.77% for self-medication to 16.87% for inpatient visits. The smoking-attributable medical expenditure (SAME) was about $45.28 billion, accounting for 7.24% of the total health expenditure. The SAME was $226.77 per smoker aged 45 and above. The regression results suggest that being a former smoker has the greatest impact, which decreases over time after quitting however, on the value of medical expenditures.ConclusionsSmoking-attributable medical expenditures was substantial and placed a heavy burden on Chinese society. Comprehensive tobacco control policies and regulations are still needed to promote progress toward curbing the tobacco related losses.

The Public Role for the Effectiveness of the Territorial Enhancement Initiatives: A Case Study on the Redevelopment of a Building in Disuse in an Italian Small Town

The present research is focalized on public-private partnership (PPP) procedures as a driving force of urban sustainable development. The paper intends to point out the relevant role played by the public administrations in the implementation of these mechanisms aimed at degraded urban area renovation, public property assets enhancement, or ex novo realization. In this sense, in the existing reference literature, the private investor tasks and risks have been often explored, neglecting the significant public entities position. The efficiency in the use of the PPP is verified through the discounted cash-flow analysis (DCFA) implementation: the assessment of the costs and the revenues derived from the project allows the private investor to verify the financial feasibility of the initiative. In the context outlined, the public administration could contribute to the success of the intervention through a periodic fee paid to the private investor in order to ensure the financial convenience of the project. In the present research, a functional reconversion operation related to a building located in the small town of Cesano Romano (Italy) and carried out through the PPP operational tool, has been illustrated. In the analysis, a public monetary amount has been considered and determined, able (i) to guarantee the financial sustainability for the private investor and (ii) to comply with the regulatory constraints in the Italian context. Finally, a scenario analysis has been developed to identify the situation/s in which public participation is necessary for the convenience of the initiative and to quantify this monetary amount.

Smokers’ Perceptions of Incentivized Smoking Cessation Programs: Examining How Payment Thresholds Change With Income

Studies demonstrate that financial incentive programmes increase smoking cessation. However, there is little guidance on which incentive magnitudes will ensure optimal enrolment and motivation levels. This study investigates current smokers' perceptions of varying incentive magnitudes to identify whether there is evidence for optimal amount(s), and whether perceptions differ by income group. Studies 1 (N = 56) and 2 (N = 147) were conducted online via Prolific.co. Current smokers were randomly shown multiple hypothetical incentive programmes which differed only in the incentive amount offered. For each programme, smokers rated its appeal, their likelihood of enrolling, and predicted their motivation to quit if enrolled. Growth models were used to investigate the relationship between perspectives and the incentive amount. An increasing quadratic trend in smokers' perceptions of programmes as the incentive amount increased was identified. Incentive amounts beyond approximately £50-75/week (£500 to £750 total) did not significantly alter perceptions of programmes. In Study 2, high-income smokers found programmes significantly less appealing and motivating than low-income smokers, although no significant between-group differences were observed in the likelihood of enrolment. No significant differences were observed between low- and middle-income smokers. Increasing the incentive amount increased smoker's perceptions of programmes. This relationship was curvilinear, meaning there may be a point beyond which further increasing the amount will not improve enrolment or motivation levels. Incentives appear equally appealing to low- and middle-income smokers; the population among whom smoking is most prevalent. Future research could explore other elements of programme design, and whether findings hold under real-world conditions. While acknowledging that they work, policymakers frequently request information about the monetary amount needed for incentive programmes to be effective, and if this differs by income level. We investigated these questions using smokers' perceptions of hypothetical cessation programmes which differed in the amount offered. An increasing quadratic trend in perceptions of programmes by the amount and potential cut-points were observed, suggesting a point may exist beyond which increasing the incentive will not improve perceptions of programmes or enrolment levels. High-income smokers may not perceive incentives to be as appealing as other income groups, but appear equally willing to enrol.

Partial recall: differences between actual and self-reported annuitization decisions in Sweden

AbstractThis paper reports the results from a large telephone survey of 1,000 retiring white-collar workers in Sweden. Shortly before the interview, the participants at age 65 had a choice of receiving a life annuity by default or opting for a fixed-term payout, with a minimum payout length of 5 years. Large monetary amounts were at stake in the payout decision of the survey participants; the average monthly pension payment under the life annuity amounted to US $280. Comparing the survey responses with administrative records on actual payout choices, I find that a majority of retiring white-collar workers fail to recall their payout decision. The recollection rate is much lower among annuitants (those who chose the default option); only 40% of the annuitants accurately recalled their payout decision compared to 77% of those who opted for a fixed-term payout. Beyond payout choice, few individual characteristics predict successful recollection.

УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКИЕ УСТАВЫ КАК ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНАЯ ОСНОВА МУЗЕЙНОГО ДЕЛА В РОССИЙСКИХ УНИВЕРСИТЕТАХ (XIX – НАЧАЛО XX в.)

For the first time in the museum literature, the article traces the influence of university charters on the museum business in Russian universities in the XIX – early XX century. Using the original act documents extracted from the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire”, the author showed that the charter of 1804 and all subsequent legislative acts provided for the formation of auxiliary educational institutions in universities – offices, assemblies, anatomical theaters. It is particularly stipulated that the charter of 1804 did not use the term “museum”, since it was not widely used in Russia at that time. In the act documents at the beginning of the XIX century, the word “cabinet” was used, which was in some sense a synonym for it and was used in the sense of storage, collection. But the work prescribed by legislative acts on the selection, description and preservation of exhibits, tools, and other objects necessary for teaching, allows us to talk about the birth of museum functions in universities. Starting in 1835, the charters introduced the term “museum”, they expanded the list of educational materials and aids. Taking into account the obvious lack of knowledge on the subject under study, the author gives the entire list of educational and auxiliary institutions listed in the statutes. These are the cabinets: physical, mineralogical, botanical, zoological, technological, and the collection of machines and models for applied mathematics, collections – architectural models, pharmacological, surgical instruments, obstetrical instruments, anatomical theater and collection of exhibits, zootomic theater, and collection of exhibits, as well as the Museum of Fine Arts and Antiquities. The statutes prescribe ways to replenish university collections, including through the unhindered discharge of benefits from abroad. In the university charters and staff schedules attached to the charters, it was mandatory to specify monetary amounts, determine their distribution for the maintenance of offices and museums, as well as the heads and general staff of these university departments. The article emphasizes that the charter of 1863 spelled out in detail the procedure for approving the position of curators of cabinets and museums, and in addition, their pension provision was separately prescribed. The charter of 1884 provides an expanded list of university museums, establishes the number of employees, and addresses issues of museum management. At the end of the article, it is quite appropriate to conclude that the university charters defined the legislative foundations of the museum business in Russian universities of the XIX-early XX century

Análisis socioeconómico del agronegocio ganadero: caso Productores de la Aso Ganaderos del Altiplano Orense 5 de Noviembre del cantón Atahualpa

In this article, a study is presented about the socioeconomic part of agribusiness in the livestock sector, with the aim of carrying out a social and economic analysis as a determinant of the competitiveness of the Aso Ganaderos del Altiplano Orense 5 de Noviembre of Cantón Atahualpa de la province of El Oro. In this research a descriptive and cross-sectional methodological design was used to analyze categorical and quantitative variables. Therefore, a questionnaire consisting of 3 categories was designed; demographic, economic and social information. The results indicate that there is a large participation of the male gender dedicated to dairy production (72%) with an age by gender participation between 30-40 years, we have also shown that the average of milk produced per producer was 76,082 liters per year. Regarding production costs, the annual average value was $ 29,672.06 while monetary income amounts to $ 38,041.11 US dollars, that is, if they generate profits by dedicating themselves to dairy farming. However, it was proved that the average milk production (liter / cow / day) is below other local productions

Models for selecting an effective order fulfilment

The problems of modelling cash flows are considered, which are determined by the procedures for optimising the order of execution of portfolio orders. The objective function assumes the maximisation of the average expected total income (accumulated on the deposit, taking into account the monetary amounts received from the implementation of portfolio orders) by a given point in time in the future. Considered approaches to the optimisation of such systems which allow taking into account: 1) the random nature of income from completed orders; 2) special additional costs, correlated both with the moment of the portfolio formation and with the moment of completion of order servicing.

Technical and Financial Impacts on Distribution Systems of Integrating Batteries Controlled by Uncoordinated Strategies

This study assesses the technical and financial impacts on voltage levels, peak demand, and technical losses of distribution systems due to the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) associated with photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG). It assumes that the BESS features (location and storage capacity) are chosen by consumers individually, aiming to directly benefit themselves according to self-consumption and price arbitrage uncoordinated control strategies. Computational simulations of several PVDG/BESS penetration levels in residential feeders of a Brazilian utility were performed via OpenDSS, employing real data of the load (consumption and load profiles) and photovoltaic generation (irradiance and temperature). We address the PVDG/BESS locations and the selection of solar irradiance, temperature, and load profile based on the Monte Carlo method. As the impacts on voltage levels, peak demand, and technical losses are expressed in different units, they were stochastically converted into monetary amounts to identify the control strategy that enhances the technical benefits in the distribution system. The results show that BESS installation with location, size, and control strategy defined by consumers creates technical benefits for the distribution system. The risk analysis allows us to conclude that price arbitrage should be prioritized in deciding incentives for penetration levels of up to 60%. Above these levels, self-consumption should be prioritized as an incentive. However, it is worth mentioning that the two strategies could be encouraged regardless of the penetration levels, as both create technical benefits for the distribution networks. The proposed method can support policy proposals to encourage BESS integration in distribution systems.

A Review on Importance of Contingent Value in Pharma Sector

In comparison to other health economists' methods for benefit calculation, Contingent valuation (CV) was argued to theoretical benefits. However, in practice, as applicable to healthcare concerns, it seems that methodology has not analyzed benefits, as its impact on national decision making in medical sector has still not been exercised. This is not due to continued thriving methodological lack study in this field. It is product, somewhat unorganized and non-systematic, of such operations. To encourage analysts to reach beyond assessment of cost-effectiveness of offering a given degree of environmental products, there needs to be few ways of estimating benefit of supplying various degree of services compared to their costs. While other measures are feasible, such units are expressed more naturally in money terms. The major goal of pharmaceuticals is to enhance the economic value of pharmacy services. The contingent valuation (CV) provides a way to value importance of pharma services. The Contingent Valuation method provides benefit in terms of individual monetary amount provided by both product and services. The present paper provides a brief review about CV method, importance in raising economic value of pharmacy along with its implications. The review also provides some guidelines i.e. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that should be followed in order to raise the economic value.

Outsourced Services, Supervision of Contracts and Labor Liabilities: Case Study UNIR From 2015 to 2019

This article aims to identify the monetary amounts spent by Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), with Labor Court due to administrative failures during the supervision of outsourced service contracts. It is a case study, with qualitative research, with documentary analysis of the decisions, sentences and judgments delivered in the processes. After the analysis of 68 (sixty-eight) cases in which UNIR appeared in the passive pole, categories were identified for the classification of the cases. It was found that there was a reduction in the number of lawsuits against UNIR after the Labor Reform and 21 (twenty-one) lawsuits were identified in which UNIR was ordered to pay labor indemnities or the contracted companies signed labor agreements, causing the public agency to be obliged to make payments through Small Value Requests (RPV), or Precatories, deriving from failures in internal controls and management contracts at Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR).

An Analysis of the Worldwide Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: What and How Much?

We use the information compiled as of 15 June 2020 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the ADB COVID-19 Policy Database to analyze the measures taken by its 68 members, plus the European Central Bank, and the European Union, to combat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Measures associated with monetary policy amount to $14.9 trillion ($1.4 trillion by ADB’s developing members), while the measures associated with fiscal policy amount to $7.1 trillion ($1.5 trillion by ADB’s developing members). We show that the total package per capita is directly related to gross domestic product per capita with a high elasticity of 1.61; and so is the package on government support to income and revenue (a subset of the total package), with an elasticity of 1.49. We develop a series of models to understand why rich economies spend significantly more per capita. Results indicate that the package per capita is positively related to the COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population as of 15 June 2020, population of at least 65 years old as percent of total population, and wage and salaried workers as percent of total employment; and inversely related to self-employed as percent of total employment, and vulnerable employment as percent of total employment. We use this information to compare actual to expected packages.

Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease.

Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease.

Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease.

Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is more cost-effective than laparoscopic Heller myotomy in the short term for achalasia: economic evaluation from a randomized controlled trial.

Background and study aims We aimed to perform an economic evaluation of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) for the treatment of achalasia. Materials and methods An economic cost-utility analysis was carried out over a time horizon of 1 year. Patients with achalasia who were admitted to the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of a public tertiary referral hospital were assigned to undergo POEM or LHM. The monetary amounts ​​were extracted from the intranet of the institution using microcosting. All costs associated with the procedure, hospitalization, clinical follow-up and resolution of therapeutic complications were included. The utility data were measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which were estimated from the scores of a quality-of-life questionnaire. Results Forty patients (20 POEM patients and 20 LHM patients) were included. The final cost associated with POEM and LHM was US$ 2,619.19 ± 399.53 and US$ 1,696.44 ± 412.21, respectively ( P < 0.001). However, the QALYs in the POEM group (0.434 ± 0.215 vs 0.332 ± 0.222, P = 0.397) were slightly higher than those in the LHM group. The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) suggested that an additional US$ 9,046.41/QALY gained was required when using POEM. Conclusion For the treatment of achalasia in the public health system, POEM appears to be more cost-effective than LHM in the short term.