Monetary Amounts Research Articles

Economic Burden of Hearing Loss inMiddle-Aged and Older Adults in China.

Our study aimed to estimate the economic burden of hearing loss. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), hearing loss attributed fraction based on the rate of hearing loss was derived. Then, we calculated the direct and indirect economic burden of hearing loss. The base year for the monetary amounts shown was 2015. For middle-aged and older people aged 45+ in China, the economic burden of hearing loss in 2011, 2013, and 2015 was US$6.13 billion, US$7.39 billion, and US$8.50 billion, respectively. The direct economic burden of hearing loss accounted for 46.99%-50.24%, the indirect economic burden of premature death accounted for 49.41%-52.70%, and the indirect economic burden of productivity loss accounted for the least proportion of 0.31%-0.35%. Immediate measures such as hearing loss prevention, hearing screening, and hearing aid wearing should be taken, so as to reduce the economic burden of hearing loss.

Analytical and computer dynamic discrete simulation model of the mechanism for the formation of monetary amounts to be paid to the enterprise for the production of rocket and space equipment

The key point of flow process modeling is that it is based on the use of discrete models. In traditional approaches to modeling production processes, time is considered as a continuous quantity. Static models are far from reality, since any production has a cyclical nature, since any product is produced in a finite time. In the modern theory and practice of modeling, mathematical models of economic processes in which time changes discretely are of great importance. The work combines various aspects of management, found a common language and structure in describing various conditions in production, the supply of components, raw materials, materials, as well as research, based on investments in staff training and product quality. The key point of flow process modeling is that it is based on the use of discrete models. In traditional approaches to modeling production processes, time is considered as a continuous quantity. Static models are far from reality, since any production has a cyclical nature, since any product is produced in a finite time. In the modern theory and practice of modeling, mathematical models of economic processes in which time changes discretely are of great importance. The work combines various aspects of management, found a common language and structure in describing various conditions in production, the supply of components, raw materials, materials, as well as research, based on investments in staff training and product quality. This article discusses the actual problems of the formation of flows that characterize the financial results of the company's activities for the production of launch vehicles. It is shown that the main flow parameters characterizing the financial condition of the enterprise are the cash flow to be paid and the cash flow to receive incoming funds for the sale of rocket kits, each of these flows is represented by a discrete simulation equation, the solution of which is carried out using computer models. An equation has been formed to determine the cash flow for the payment of wages to the main production personnel at the enterprise. To assess the magnitude of the effect as the final result of the company's activities, an equation has been formed that allows determining the specific cost of the launch vehicle. At a known price and its unit cost, mathematical and computer models of the profit flow received by the enterprise are formed. The graphs of the trajectories of changes in the flow of profit and the expenditure on wages presented in the work allow us to determine the time of the transition process and its dynamic stability under imposed disturbances in the volume of the order from Roscosmos.

Financial Management of Microfinance Companies in India

Abstract: History of microfinance can be traced back to the middle of 1800s when the theorist Lysander Spooner was writing of about benefits of small credits to entrepreneurs. It is the source of financial services to small scale business lacking access to banking and related services. Microfinance refers to a variety of financial services that target low-income clients particularly women since the clients of microfinance companies (MFCs) have lower incomes and often have limited access to other financial services, microfinance products tend to be for smaller monetary amount than traditional financial services. These services include loans, savings, insurance and remittance. Microfinance loans are given for variety of purposes frequently for microenterprise development. This also reflects in diversity of products and services offered. Because of varied needs and because of the industry’s focus on the poor, microfinance often use nontraditional methodologies such as group lending or other forms of collateral securities not employed by the formal financial sector. Keywords: Microfinance, Financial Management, JLG, SHGs.

Corporate Philanthropy and Firm Performance Relationship – Socio- Political and Government Control Effects

Manuscript type: Research Paper Research aims: This study aims to examine the impacts of socialpolitical context and government control on the relationship between corporate philanthropy and firm performance using the listed firms’ data on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEX). Design/Methodology/Approach: This study uses multiple regression analysis to study the relationship between corporate philanthropy and firm performance using 2012-2018 Hong Kong listed firm data. Empirical results show a positive association between the current and lagged corporate philanthropy and financial performance. Subgroup analysis shows that the relationship is contingent on the socio-political and government control factors. Our subgroup analysis reveals that Hong Kong firms benefit more from corporate philanthropy than Mainland China firms, and non-government control mainland private firms have a stronger positive relationship than the state-owned enterprises. Our results support social impact theory and political connection theory. Theoretical contribution/Originality: Our study bridges the gap of prior studies on the philanthropy-corporate finance relationship by isolating the separate effect of socio-political context impact and government ownership. We believe we are the first study in this respect. Our findings validate the results of prior studies in general and suggest the empirical results based on transitional economy data is, to some extent, generalisable. Practitioner/Policy implication: Contemporary data provides empirical evidences that corporate philanthropy could elicit positive responses from stakeholders to bolster corporate financial performance, except firms under government control. The positive impact of donation was immediate with a lasting effect as suggested in the literature and the result would be relevant for regulators in formulating policies regarding corporate social performance. Research limitation/Implication: Similar to previous studies, corporate philanthropy is proxy by the monetary amount of donation in this study. However, the context of corporate philanthropy very often goes beyond monetary donations and the findings may not apply to firms making substantial non-monetary donations. Keywords: Corporate Philanthropy, Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Performance, Socio-political Context, State-owned Enterprises. JEL Classification: M14

Role of right temporoparietal junction for counterfactual evaluation of partner's decision in ultimatum game.

Humans assess the distributions of resources based on their aversion to unfairness. If a partner distributes in an unfair manner even though the partner had a less unfair distribution option, a recipient will believe that the partner should have chosen the counterfactual option. In this study, we investigated the neural basis for fairness evaluation of actual and counterfactual options in the ultimatum game. In this task, a partner chose one distribution option out of two options, and a participant accepted or rejected the option. The behavioral results showed that the acceptance rate was influenced by counterfactual evaluation (CE), among others, as defined by the difference of monetary amount between the actual and counterfactual options. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed that CE was associated with the right ventral angular gyrus (vAG) that provided one of convergent inputs to the supramarginal gyrus related to decision utility, which reflects gross preferences for the distribution options. Furthermore, inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation administered to the right vAG reduced the behavioral component associated with CE. These results suggest that our acceptance/rejection of distribution options relies on multiple processes (monetary amount, disadvantageous inequity, and CE) and that the right vAG causally contributes to CE.

Incentive Policies for Scientific Publications in the State Universities of Chile

Most state universities in Chile (15 out of 18) have monetary incentive policies for scientific publications, but they are based on criteria that do not necessarily aim to improve institutional performance in all disciplines. This work compares affinities and differences of these policies in three areas: (i) type of publications encouraged, (ii) beneficiaries, and (iii) monetary amounts per type of publication. It was found that the 15 universities encourage publications with WoS indexing, 13 do so for Scopus and SciELO, and 6 are open to other databases. Only seven institutions encourage the production of books and book chapters. As expected, the 15 universities direct the incentives to their academic staff, although with different requirements, six accept non-academic staff, and only one university considers its student body. In general, the highest monetary amounts are received by WoS publications, with differentiation by quartile or impact factor of the journal. All in all, there is a clear need to design incentive policies in universities that are more homogeneous and take into account the “quality” and “impact” of the research they publish based on different metrics that tend to provide robust analyses in the different areas of knowledge.

Methods of notarial defense of corporate rights under the legislation of Ukraine

In the conditions of functioning of modern social relations the processes of creation of various corporate legal entities have acquired the special intensity. In the course of establishment, activity and termination of such subjects of civil relations the issues of proper defense of corporate rights of their participants have become relevant, and consolidation of necessary effective mechanisms of such defense has always been a guarantee of business development in general and investment climate in our country. At the same time, methods of notarial defense of corporate rights require a special attention and research.
 Article 18 of the Civil Code of Ukraine provides that a notary has the right to defend civil rights by making a writ of execution on the debt document in cases and in the manner prescribed by law. It follows that at the level of the codified act it has been actually defined only one way of notarial defense of civil rights – the execution of the writ of execution.
 As of today, the notarial form of defense of the right to dividends by making a writ of execution on the documents is provided only for shareholders. We believe that an appropriate mechanism for defehding the right to dividends should be introduced for participants of other corporate legal entities.
 The established list of types of notarial acts in its absolute majority provides for notarial protection, in particular, preventive function, rather than defendive in its traditional sense. Notarial protection and notarial defense of corporate rights are often inextricably linked. Methods of notarial defense of corporate rights may be: execution of the writ of execution by a notary; imposition and lifting of a ban on the alienation of immovable property (property rights to immovable property), which is subject to state registration and acts as a contribution to the authorized capital of legal entities of corporate type; imposing a ban on the alienation of monetary amounts that will be credited to the applicant requirements, determined in accordance with Part 4 of Art. 65-2 of the Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies", on account of conditional storage (escrow), opened in accordance with the law, etc.

Pelatihan Penentuan Harga Jual UMKM Pabrik Tahu Tempe di Kabupaten Boalemo

Selling price is the monetary amount charged by a business unit to buyers or customers for goods or services sold or delivered. The purpose of the selling price determination method compiled and presented by several tofu and tempeh factories in Gorontalo is to provide information on how to determine product selling price by using the concept of total cost, product cost concept and variable cost concept. The research method that the author uses is a descriptive approach. The results show that some Tofu and Tempe factories already understand determining the selling price of the product. However, the problem is with UMKM in the Tofu and Tempe Factory in Gorontalo and UMKM in Kab. Boalemo still uses a simple method. For this reason, we, the authors, seek this service activity so that the UMKM of the Tofu and Tempe Factory in Gorontalo and the UMKM in the District. Boalemo is able to determine the selling price of the product by using the concept of total cost, product cost concept and variable cost concept.

A Renewed Study on Charitable Giving Among Canadians

Using the Survey of Household Spending from 2012 to 2015, this paper studies (1) the distributions and characteristics of giver types and (2) the determinants of religious and non-religious giving in Canada. The paper employs both multinominal logistic regression and pooled Tobit regression to re-examine the results of two earlier studies [Chan and Lee (2016). Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 12, 1–15; Chan and Lee (2018). Atlantic Canada Economics Review, 1] and adds additional variables (e.g. geography and behavioural addiction). It summarises the most likely characteristics of each of the giver types and re-examines the determinants of religious and non-religious giving among Canadians, ultimately determining that Eastern Canadians are more likely to participate in giving, although Western Canadians give more in terms of monetary amount.

Who is More Willing to Pay for Green Electricity? a Case Study of Anyang City, China

Green electricity (GE) is of great importance for effectively combating climate change and global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The willingness-to-pay (WTP) for GE by end users has great influence on its widespread application, especially at the household level. Researchers have analyzed the mechanisms of residents' WTP and predicted how much they could afford for GE. However, most of these studies have focused on developed (affluent) countries and regions, and residents' WTP as well as the corresponding monetary amount of their WTP were not considered together in previous studies. In this study, we try to fill the gap of the inadequate research of residents' WTP in underdeveloped areas through an analysis of the WTP of urban residents in a small Chinese city (Anyang). A total of 274 household-scale samples were collected by face-to-face interviews in December 2019. We found that approximately 60% of respondents gave a positive response to WTP, with an average value of 8.39 yuan per month. Educational attainment, per capita disposable income in the household, the length of residents' time living in urban areas and the rate of neighbors' approval of WTP are all positively correlated with the tendency of the residents' positive response toward WTP. The three factors of per capita disposable income, the rate of neighbors' approval of WTP and the degree of residents' environmental concerns are positively correlated with the amount of residents' WTP. More importantly, we demonstrated the existence of a weak “Herd Effect” in residents' views of WTP. Finally, some suggestions for policymakers are given, such as raising household income through retraining and raising residents' environmental awareness through education and community advertisements. This study also highlights that the widespread application of GE at the household level will be of great assistance to the GE industry overall. Therefore, the rising economic cost of GE should not be shared by the households in the long term.

Understanding supplier motivation to engage in multiparty performance-based contracts: The lens of Expectancy theory

Research on performance-based contracts (PBCs) has emphasized outcome uncertainty (lack of outcome attributability) as an obstacle to applying such contracts effectively and has investigated possible ways to mitigate this uncertainty. Most studies primarily address dyadic buyer-supplier contracts and the uncertainty that originates in the environment or in buyer behaviour. However, suppliers often also depend on other suppliers and sub-suppliers in the process of outcome creation. Such reciprocal interdependencies between more than two parties cannot easily be addressed through dyadic contracts. This paper examines how effective multiparty PBCs can be designed to align the interests of multiple suppliers. To develop our a priori conceptualisation, we first review the literature and identify the factors that affect suppliers' willingness to engage in PBCs, drawing on Expectancy theory to unravel the motivational effects of rewards. We then use case studies from the construction sector to investigate how these factors apply to multiparty PBCs and identify specific variables that influence supplier motivation in such settings. Based on our findings, we propose that expectancy (the relationship between effort and performance) is enhanced by parties’ joint participation in the planning and control of project activities, their reputation, and specific contractual elements such as the codification of collaboration or reward design in hybrid PBCs. Instrumentality (the link between performance and reward) is primarily affected by the perceived fairness of the reward sharing and codified collaboration, and valence (the relationship between reward and supplier objectives) is mainly influenced by the monetary amounts at stake.

On extensive dynamics of a Cournot heterogeneous model with optimal response.

The objective of this paper is the study of the dynamical properties analysis of an original specification of the classical Cournot heterogeneous model with optimal response; specifically, a new approach that considers ordinal utility instead of cardinal monetary amounts is proposed where the classical decision of quantity is disentangled from the decision on imitation. The analysis is performed by means of bifurcation diagrams, the 0-1 test for chaos, power spectral density, histograms, and trajectory analysis. For this purpose, a new perturbation parameter ε of the initial condition is introduced, and together with the intensity of choice parameter β determining the share of responders vs imitators, the system is researched. Depending on ε and β, extreme reach dynamics, and coexisting attractors, periodic and chaotic trajectories are investigated through massive simulations. Those dynamics represent alternation between stability, cycles and chaos in the market. As the dynamics are completely endogenous, it means that swings in economy are intrinsic to the system and that they may persist unless controlled.

Consistent Underestimation in the Intuitive Summation of Monetary Amounts

Consistent Underestimation in the Intuitive Summation of Monetary Amounts

Трансформация банковского бизнеса в условиях турбулентности экономики

The subject of the study is the processes of transformation of banking business in the conditions of economic turbulence, contributing to the emergence of new products, the introduction of digital innovations, and improving the quality of customer service. The purpose of the work is to establish the current state of the Russian banking sector in the conditions of economic turbulence. The research summarizes the processes of transformation of banking business and justifies the choice of its management model, identifies current trends in the transformation of banking business: the intensification of the use of digital technologies in banking operations, customer-oriented credit institutions, uneven distribution of bank offices in the country. Through a systematic and comprehensive analysis, acute problems of the banking business that require priority solutions have been identified: the creditworthiness of customers, the lack of long-term resources, insufficient provision of the country with credit institutions, the predominance of the population's resources in the banking capital, the low degree of investments of monetary amounts in the real sector of the economy. Conclusions are drawn that strengthening the role of the mega-regulator, the use of strict administrative measures to replenish the shortage of cheap and long-term credit resources, increasing the importance of investment banks; as well as the introduction of personalized mandatory standards for banks' activities will contribute to bringing the Russian banking sector to a higher level of development, which will increase the level of GDP and stimulate economic growth in the long term.

Vulnerability curves for masonry buildings affected by hyperconcentrated flows as natural disaster risk management tools for the quantification of material damage

The damage assessment caused by floods, earthquakes, hurricanes among others phenomenons in the world are analyzed with methodologies such as “Vulnerability curves”. In Peru, disasters caused by hyperconcentrated flows are alarming due to a climatic variability such as the “El Niño Costero” phenomenon. Therefore, this research has developed vulnerability curves for 1 and 2-story confined masonry buildings in Urb. San Idelfonso, Ica - Peru; linking the variables: flow depth, associated with the event produced by heavy rains at the top of the “Quebrada Cansas” caused by the “El Niño Costero” phenomenon in 2017, and the percentage of the damage based on the methodology of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), whose formula is the repair value and total building value. The monetary amounts and items of the buildings are obtained from the RM 415-2017-VIVIENDA of the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru. The process consisted of hydrological modeling in HEC-HMS, hydraulic modeling in FLO-2D, damage percentage estimate and vulnerability curves production. Finally, the vulnerability curves for hyperconcentrated flows were contrasted with similar studies regarding curves for flooding and debris flow. The results of the investigation showed that the “El Niño Costero” phenomenon in 2017 had an economic impact of at least 1.3 million soles in Urb. San Idelfonso. In addition, at least 24 buildings had a complete damage and 21 buildings an extensive damage.

On the Risk Management of Demand Deposits and Interest Rate Margins

This paper deals with risk mitigation of interest rate margins related to banks demand deposits. We assume that demand deposits are linked to interest rates and business risk, which cannot be fully hedged on financial markets. The dynamics of forward market rates follows a standard market model (i.e. BGM model). The demand deposit is the monetary amount put in to account by clients. It is accounting in M1 (monetary aggregate 1). Using a linear regression, the deposit rates are related to the market rates in linear ways. We take the viewpoint of an asset and liability manager focusing on the bank's net operating income at a given quarter according to standard accounting rules. We use the static hedging strategies for bank deposit. We illustrate our results using data from 1997 -- 2019 for both US and Euro zones. This allows us to illustrate and compare the hedging of the interest rate margin for these two main zones, for which the deposit rate setting are clearly different (roughly speaking, in the US zone the deposit rate is equal to about half of the interest rate while, in the Euro zone, the two rates are much closer).

Leveraging Creativity in Charity Marketing: The Impact of Engaging in Creative Activities on Subsequent Donation Behavior

Charities are constantly looking for new and more effective ways to engage potential donors in order to secure the resources needed to deliver services. The current work demonstrates that creative activities are one way for marketers to meet this challenge. Field and lab studies find that engaging potential donors in creative activities positively influences their donation behaviors (i.e., the likelihood of donation and the monetary amount donated). Importantly, the observed effects are shown to be context independent: they hold even when potential donors engage in creative activities unrelated to the focal cause of the charity (or the charitable organization itself). The findings suggest that engaging in a creative activity enhances the felt autonomy of the participant, thus inducing a positive affective state, which in turn leads to higher donation behaviors. Positive affect is demonstrated to enhance donation behaviors due to perceptions of donation impact and a desire for mood maintenance. However, the identified effects emerge only when one engages in a creative activity—not when the activity is noncreative, or when only the concept of creativity itself is made salient.

Pengaruh Pembayaran Non Tunai dan Tingkat Suku Bunga Kebijakan Terhadap Sistem Pembayaran di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of non-cash payments and policy interest rates on the demand for money in Indonesia in the long and short term. The analysis method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM) with secondary data including electronic money, Card-Based Payment Instruments, BI-RTGS, SKNBI, policy interest rates and M2. The results showed that in the long run, electronic money and APMK had a positive and significant effect on the demand for money. SKNBI and BI-RTGS had a negative and significant effect on demand for money. “In the short term, APMK has a positive and significant effect on money demand. E-Money, SKNBI and BI-RTGS both have positive and insignificant effects on money demand. Policy interest rates have a negative and insignificant effect on money demand in the long and short term. The implication of this research is that in the future there will be more and more people transacting non-cash because it is considered safer, easier and faster. In addition, the demand for base money is reduced which in turn can affect the implementation of the central bank's duties in implementing monetary policy, especially controlling monetary amounts. The development of information technology will have implications for the reduced role of base money in payment transactions.

Specifics of Evidence in a Case on the Recovery of Monetary Amounts Due to Payment of Mandatory Payments and Sanctions Established by Law from Individuals

In the article, the author discusses the importance of using methods of proof in an administrative case that has its own legal nature and, thus, differs from civil proof. An algorithm for proving a specific type of administrative case has been developed for the law enforcement officer, which clearly shows both the subject and the limits of proof.

Patterns of cataract surgery-related litigations in the United States from 2000-2020

ABSTRACT Background: Awareness of the outcomes of cataract surgery-related malpractice litigation in the United States allows for ophthalmologists to better understand how to improve patient care and reduce litigation. Methods: United States malpractice trials involving cataract surgery were searched in the LexisNexis legal database. Monetary amounts were inflation-adjusted to 2020 dollars. Results: Over the past 20 years, 482 cataract surgery litigations from 37 states were identified. New York (27.5%), Florida (8.9%), and California (8.3%) had the most cases. However, District of Columbia (11.63), New York (6.86), and Rhode Island (3.80) had the most cases per 1,000,000 residents. 48.5% of verdicts were for the defendant, 11.8% were for the plaintiff, and 30.5% were settled. Leading reasons for litigation were retinal detachment and endophthalmitis. The average amounts demanded, offered, and awarded were $1,224,061, $241,314, and $1,350,600, respectively. When comparing 2000-2010 and 2011-2020, amounts demanded (p=0.039) in the second decade significantly increased but amounts awarded (p=0.118) did not. Conclusions: Almost half of reviewed cataract-related malpractice litigation resulted in a defendant verdict. Settlements or plaintiff verdicts were costly with amounts awarded averaging above $1 million. Over the past decade, while plaintiffs are requesting significantly more, there was no significant increase in awarded amounts.