MON Group Research Articles

Business feasibility analysis of dairy goat livestock group Gampong Meunasah Mon, Mesjid Raya District, Aceh Besar Regency

Dairy goat is a type of goat that is able to produce milk in an amount that exceeds the needs of its children. Dairy goats are a dual-purpose type of goat because in addition to producing milk, their meat can also be consumed. One of the dairy goat groups in Aceh Besar District is the Meunasah Mon Group, which is located in Gampong Meunasah Mon, Mesjid Raya District. Until now there is no definite data regarding goat milk production, especially in Aceh Besar District. This is because there are not many quality goat farms and goat milk is still not much in demand in the region. Competition for goat milk producers in the region is also low. Livestock business economic analysis is carried out to analyze the balance between income and business. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the dairy goat farming business in Meunasah Mon Village, Mesjid Raya District, Aceh Besar District can be declared eligible. This is evidenced by the results of the analysis where the B/C and R/C ratios were 1.55 and 1.80 respectively and the total income/revenue was Rp. 2,786,000 per month with sales of 53.12 liters (1 ltr/bottle) of fresh milk products.

Essential Oils Combined with Vitamin D3 or with Probiotic as an Alternative to the Ionophore Monensin Supplemented in High-Energy Diets for Lambs Long-Term Finished under Subtropical Climate.

Supplementation with natural additives such as essential oils (EO) or probiotics has resulted in comparable growth performance to that of supplemental monensin in fattening lambs in hot environments. Supra-supplementation levels of vitamin D3 improved the carcass weight and dressing percentage of steers fattened under tropical conditions. We hypothesized that certain combinations of these natural additives could be complementary. For this reason, a feeding trial was carried out using 48 Pelibuey × Katahdin non-castrated male lambs (107 ± 14 d age; 17.9 ± 2.51 kg LW). Lambs were fed an 88:12 concentrate to forage ratio basal diet supplemented (dry matter basis, DMI) with: (1) no additive (CON); (2) 28 mg monensin/kg diet (MON); (3) 150 mg of essential oils containing a combination of thymol, eugenol, vanillin, guaiac, and limonene plus 0.12 mg vitamin D3 (EO + D3)/kg diet; and (4) 300 mg of essential oils containing a combination of carvacrol and cynamaldehyde plus 2 g probiotic (2.2 × 108 CFU of bacillus subtilis/kg diet, EO + BS). Lambs were grouped by initial weight and assigned within six weight groupings to 24 pens (2 lambs/pen, 6 replicas per treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The experiment lasted 121 days. Daily maximal THI exceeded the 80 "danger or "emergency" range for 119 days of the 121 days of the trial. Lambs supplemented with MON had similar DMI, growth performance, and dietary energetics to those of CON lambs. Lambs supplemented with EO + BS had a greater (9.2%, p ≤ 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than the CON and MON groups due to enhanced (10.2%, p ≤ 0.05) dry matter intake. Thus, gain efficiency (GF) and estimated dietary energy were similar for CON, MON, and EO + BS. Lambs receiving EO + D3 had similar (0.254 vs. 0.262 kg/d) ADG but a lower DMI (8%, p < 0.05) compared with EO + BS lambs. Consequently, GF and estimated dietary net energy were greater (4.9 and 3.7%, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) for EO + D3 lambs. Even when ambient heat load was elevated, the efficiency of utilization of dietary energy (observed-to-expected dietary net energy) was close to 1.00 (0.992) expected for EO + D3 lambs. In contrast, efficiency of energy utilization was depressed by -4.4% for lambs on the other treatments. Compared with the other treatments, lambs receiving EO + D3 had greater longissimus muscle area (5.6%, p < 0.05) and lower kidney pelvic fat (21.8%, p ≤ 0.05). There were no treatment effects on shoulder tissue composition or whole cuts (expressed as % of cold carcass weight). Compared to CON, lambs that were fed with natural additives showed 3.5% lower (p ≤ 0.05) intestine mass. All supplemental additives decreased visceral fat mass, which was minimal with EO + D3 treatment. Combinations of essential oils with vitamins or probiotics were superior to antibiotic monensin in finishing diets for feedlot lambs. Combining EO with probiotics promoted DM intake and gain but not gain efficiency, while combining EO with vitamin D3 supra-supplementation increased dietary energy efficiency and improved some carcass characteristics in lambs fattening under high ambient heat loads.

A feasible HPTLC method for concurrent quantitation of allopurinol-montelukast co-therapy in plasma and evaluation of their hepatic and renal effects in rats: Analytical, biochemical, and histopathological study

Recent studies presented the crucial role of montelukast (MON, a leukotriene receptor antagonist) against gouty arthritis and its protective effect on drug-induced liver and kidney injury. Allopurinol (ALO, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor) is also used for treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it induces hepatotoxicity and acute kidney injury. Therefore, this study introduces the first analytical/biochemical/histopathological assay for MON-ALO co-therapy and aims to: inspect the hepatic and renal impacts of ALO, MON and their combination in rats via biochemical and histopathological examinations, propose and validate a facile HPTLC method for concurrent estimation of ALO-MON binary mixture in human plasma, and employ this method to attain the targeted drugs in real rat plasma. First, the cited drugs in human plasma were simultaneously separated utilizing silica gel G 60 F254-TLC plates. The separated bands were scanned at 268 nm demonstrating appropriate linearities (50.0–2000.0 ng band−1 for each drug) and correlations (0.9986 and 0.9992 for ALO and MON, correspondingly). The calculated detection and quantitation limits, as well as recoveries confirmed the method’s reliability. This procedure was validated, and the stability studies were achieved according to Bioanalytical Method Validation Guideline. This work was extended to investigate the possible hepatic and renal effects of ALO, MON and their co-therapy in rats. Using rat’s gastric tube, the following was administered to four groups of male Wistar rats: Group Ia and Ib as control (received either saline or DMSO), Groups II, III, and IV were given MON, ALO, and MON+ALO, respectively. Good correlation between the measured biochemical parameters and the observed histopathological changes was encountered. Considerable drop in aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, in addition to lower liver damage changes were observed in the combination group compared to MON or ALO-treated groups. Regarding renal changes, ALO-MON co-therapy caused elevation in the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels when compared to controls and MON- or ALO-treated groups. Severe proteinaceous casts accumulation in kidney tubular lumen, severe congestion, and severe tubular necrosis were also noticed in the combination group. Lastly, this study suggests ALO-MON co-treatment not only as a preventive therapy against gouty arthritis but also as a new line to minimize ALO-induced hepatic injury. However, co-administration of ALO and MON should be further studied to assess the benefits and risks in various tissues, adjust the MON dosing, and monitor its nephrotoxic effect.

Effects of Sodium Monensin on Copper Metabolism of Brazilian Santa Inês Sheep Submitted to Different Dietary Copper.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium monensin on the hepatic accumulation of copper in sheep. Twenty-four Santa Inês crossbred sheep were used and allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with six repetitions and considering the factors dietary copper (basal and high) and supplementation (with and without sodium monensin). Thus, four homogeneous groups were formed: control (basal diet); monensin (Mon), 30ppm of monensin; copper (Cu), 10 10mg/kg BW per day of copper; monensin + copper (MonCu). The experimental period lasted 14weeks. Liver and bile samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment to determine mineral element concentrations, and weekly blood samples for biochemical, hematological, and mineral evaluation. Liver copper concentrations at the beginning of the experiment did not vary between groups, while mean liver copper concentrations at the end of the experiment were higher in the MonCu, Cu, and Mon groups when compared to the control. At the end of the study, hepatic copper concentration was influenced by copper (p = 0.0001) and monensin (p = 0.0003) supplementation. Copper-supplemented groups had reduced liver iron contents (p = 0.0287) and increased copper concentrations in bile. The biochemical evaluation showed increased serum GGT and AST activity (p < 0.05) in the Cu and MonCu groups from the eleventh week on compared to the control and Mon groups. The increase in activity of these enzymes was influenced by copper supplementation (p = 0.0340). Monensin interferes positively with the hepatic accumulation of copper and the supplementation of this additive may predispose sheep to copper poisoning.

Bifidobacterium infantis Relieves Allergic Asthma in Mice by Regulating Th1/Th2.

BackgroundBifidobacteria are among the probiotics used in treating intestinal diseases and are rarely used for allergic asthma treatment. The present study investigated the mechanism of B. infantis in treating allergic asthma in mice.Material/MethodsA total of 40 male Balb/c mice were randomized into control, ovalbumin (OVA), montelukast (Mon), and B. infantis (B10) groups, and allergic asthma was induced in the OVA, Mon, and B10 groups. Airway reactivity was measured on day 29 by methacholine at various doses. The numbers of total cells and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted by blood cell counter and Diff-Quik staining. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissues. Total IgE and OVA-specific IgE in serum were measured by ELISA. Mucin 5AC expression was detected by Western blot to evaluate airway obstruction. The levels of Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cytokines in BALF and tissues were detected by ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively.ResultsThe mice in the OVA group had airway hyperreactivity, while the symptoms in the B10 group and Mon group were effectively relieved. B10 reduced the number of inflammatory cells in BALF as well as inflammatory cell infiltration in tissues. Moreover, the levels of total serum IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and Mucin 5AC were increased in the OVA group, but were reduced in the Mon group and B10 group. B. infantis increased the levels of Th1 cytokines and decreased those of Th2 cytokines.ConclusionsB. infantis can reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells induced by OVA-specific antibodies in mice. B. infantis has therapeutic effects on allergic asthma by promoting Th1 and inhibiting Th2 immune responses.

PSIX-36 Effect of lauric acid based additives on piglets fecal microbiota

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of two feed lauric acid (LA) based additives on faecal microbiota of piglets. A total of 256 piglets were distributed (from 25 to 66d of age) in 4 treatments: CON-, diet without additives nor antibiotics; CON+, diet with Doxycycline; DIC, CON- diet plus sodium salt of coconut fatty acids distillate at 3kg/t and 1kg/t in starter and grower diets; MON, CON- diet plus monolaurine at 2.1kg/t and 0.7kg/t in starter and grower diets. The dosage of both products was made at the same level of LA (0.96kg LA/t starter and 0.32kg LA/t grower). At the end of the study, the 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. The result showed a drastic decrease in the abundance of the dominating genus Prevotella within the MON group compensated by other genera increase, mostly Selenomonadales. Streptococcus, Treponema, and unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae, Dialister or Bacillus increased their respective abundances. Treponema was more pronounced in the DIC, however, all other mentioned genera did not show a similar increase in abundance. Dialister (a marker for disease in humans) showed significantly lower abundance in DIC. In the bacterial fingerprints, a trend for clustering according to treatment was visible. Six of eight CON- samples formed a separate cluster. Six of eight samples of the DIC formed a cluster that shared very low similarity to the CON-. Four of eight CON+ samples formed a separate cluster. MON samples were interspersed among all samples and showed no distinct clustering. Even though quantitative microbial comparisons were only anecdotal, observations may indicate a more “healthier” microbiota in the DIC than was present in the MON. DIC also showed a much closer similarity of bacterial fingerprints for the pooled samples in the qualitative analysis indicating that DIC had a higher potential to modify the faecal (hindgut) microbiota than MON.

Impact of purified lignin on performance, rumen health, oxidative stress control and meat quality of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of purified lignin as an additive in high-concentrate diets on performance, ruminal health, meat traits, and oxidative stress control in lambs. Thirty-two crossbred Dorper x Santa Ines sheep with an initial live weight and age of 23±6.3 kg and 60 days, respectively, were kept in individual pens and fed a diet composed of Cynodon sp. hay (10%) and concentrate (90%). The experimental design was a randomized block with four treatments: control, no additives; MON, 15 mg/kg DM of monensin, a known ionophore; LKR, 12.5 g/kg DM of Kraft lignin; SeE, 0.33 mg/kg of selenium and 100 IU/kg DM of vitamin E, which are known antioxidants. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and after 29 and 54 days of feeding for the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activity. After 55 days of feeding, the lambs were slaughtered and the incidence of rumenitis and papillary morphology were evaluated, as well as carcass and meat traits and shelf life. The data were analyzed using the MIXED model of the SAS 9.3 program at a 5% level of significance. The treatments exerted no effect on performance or carcass traits. Animals fed LKR showed a higher incidence of lesions on the rumen wall (P = 0.03). There was no interaction between time and treatment. The treatments exerted no effect on the activity of most enzymes evaluated, but higher peroxidase activity was observed after 29 days of feeding in LKR animals compared to the MON (P = 0.005) and SeE (P = 0.015) groups. After 29 days of feeding, lower catalase activity (P = 0.030) was observed in animals fed MON compared to control, and MON animals showed lower activity compared to SeE after 54 days (P = 0.042). The SeE treatment was effective in maintaining low lipid peroxidation since this treatment exhibited the lowest values throughout the period of simulated display (P = 0.005). Kraft lignin exerted no protective effect on the rumen wall mucosa nor a positive effect on performance but increased the activity of peroxidases, indicating antioxidant activity.

Vulnerability of Clitics and Articles to Bilingual Effects in Typically Developing Spanish-English Bilingual Children.

This study examines bilingual effects in Spanish-English bilingual children with good maintenance of the minority language. The present study compares the performance of a group of Spanish-monolingual children (MON; n=30) with two groups of Spanish-speaking bilingual children (Low English proficiency group: LEP; n=36; High English proficiency group, HEP; n=36) on the elicited productions of Spanish articles and object clitics. Our results suggest that children with LEP performed significantly lower than MON children of the same age on both articles and clitics in Spanish. However, children with HEP, who were a year older on average, performed similarly to the MON group. Both groups of bilingual children produced errors of clitic omission and substitution, but these errors were minimal in the MON group. The results suggest that Spanish clitics and articles are vulnerable to bilingual effects for English/Spanish speaking children with good Spanish maintenance.

Clinical effect of fluticasone propionate, montelukast sodium and ketotifen in treatment of cough variant asthma in children

To study the clinical effect of different combinations of fluticasone propionate (Flu), montelukast sodium (Mon) and ketotifen (Ket) in the treatment of children with cough variant asthma (CVA). A total of 280 children with CVA who were admitted to the department of respiratory medicine from June 2015 to January 2018 were randomly divided into Flu+Mon+Ket, Flu+Mon, Flu+Ket, Mon+Ket, Flu, Mon and Ket groups, with 40 children in each group. The children in each group were given corresponding drug(s), and the course of treatment was 3 months for all groups. The condition of cough, cough symptom score, pulmonary function and adverse drug reactions were evaluated after 2 and 3 months of treatment. The children were followed up to observe recurrence. After treatment, cough symptom score tended to decrease in all 7 groups, with increases in percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) and percentage of predicted peak expiratory flow (PEF%). After 2 months of treatment, the Flu+Mon+Ket group had a significantly lower cough symptom score and significantly higher FEV1% and PEF% than the other groups (P<0.05). After 2 and 3 months of treatment, the Ket group had a significantly higher cough symptom score and significantly lower FEV1% and PEF% than the other groups (P<0.05). After 3 months of treatment, there were no significant differences in cough symptom score, FEV1% and PEF% among the other groups (P>0.05). There was a low incidence rate of adverse events in all 7 groups, and there was no significant difference among the 7 groups (P>0.05). The Ket group had a significantly higher recurrence rate of cough than the other groups (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference in this rate among the other groups (P>0.0024). For children with CVA, a combination of Flu, Mon and Ket has a better clinical effect than a combination of two drugs and a single drug at 2 months of treatment and is safe. After 3 months of treatment, Flu or Mon alone has a similar effect to drug combination. Ket alone has a poor clinical effect and a high recurrence rate after drug withdrawal.

Monensin controlled-release capsule administered in late-pregnancy differentially affects rumination patterns, metabolic status, and cheese-making properties of the milk in primiparous and multiparous cows

The increased resistance to disease observed after monensin treatment could reflect a reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress. We hypothesised that if monensin supplementation was given before calving, it would help in controlling inflammation, reduce the susceptibility to disease and increase the performance. Fourteen pregnant heifers (PR) and 24 multiparous cows (ML) were randomly assigned to a treated group (Mon) or a control group (Ctr). The Mon group received 32.4 g of monensin in a controlled-release capsule 21 days before calving (expected release rate, 335 mg/d for 95 days). Their health status, rumination activity, and plasma parameters were monitored from –28 to 56 days from calving. The milk yield (MY), milk composition, and cheese-making properties were also monitored. Rumen samples were collected at 30 days from calving to assess the volatile fatty acids composition and investigate immunological parameters. After calving, the Mon group had fewer clinical diseases, an increased rumination time, and a higher MY. Monensin reduced the infiltration of both T and B cells in rumen fluid. In ML, the Mon group had lower levels of β-hydroxybutyrate in the early postpartum period and a lower level of total reactive oxygen species. Of PR, the Mon group had a tendency for lower levels of nonesterified fatty acids, higher levels of ceruloplasmin after the first month of lactation, a tendency for lower levels of paraoxonase, higher levels of γ-glutamyl transferase and higher levels of total reactive oxygen species. Monensin treatment decreased the cheese-making properties in the milk of PR.HighlightsMonensin improved the performance of all the animals and decreased the disease incidence in all of them.Monensin heightened the inflammatory and oxidative stress status and reduced the cheese-making properties in pregnant heifers.Although different effects were seen in cows with different parity, dairy cows generally beneficed of monensin administration.

PP.08.11

Objective: Monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension is well known experimental model in rats. Undergoing processes in failing right ventricle are still not completely known. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) seems to play a role in compensating mechanism alongside with caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and its phosphorylated isoform (pTyr14CAV-1). Therefore we hypothesized that levels of these proteins might be changed in right ventricle in experimentally induced pulmonary hypertension. Design and method: Group of 13 male Wistar rats was injected with monocrotaline (MON; 60 mg/kg) and 7 control rats (CON) received vehicle. Separate group of 20 (MON) and 10 (CON) rats was used for hemodynamic measurements. Animals were weighted frequently and vital functions were measured using MouseOx meter. Rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks or immediately if showing dyspnea, lethargy and significant weight loss. Results: MON-treated rats exhibited decrease in body weight when compared to controls (MON: 294 ± 9 g vs. CON: 328 ± 6, P < 0.01). There was a significant increase in the right ventricular systolic pressure (MON: 50.65 ± 6.28 vs. CON: 21.52 ± 2.49, P < 0.01). Right ventricular weight was significantly increased (MON: 0.29 ± 0.02 vs. CON: 0.17 ± 0.01, P < 0.05), whereas left ventricular weight was not significantly changed (MON: 0.69 ± 0.03 vs. CON: 0.70 ± 0.05). Expression of Hsp90 in the right ventricle of monocrotaline treated rats was significantly increased (MON: 234 ± 44 vs. CON: 100 ± 7, P < 0.05), while in left ventricle remained stable (MON: 126 ± 14 vs. CON: 100 ± 3). Caveolin-1 expression in the right ventricle of MON group was decreased (MON: 66 ± 14 vs. CON: 100 ± 9), as well as in the left ventricle (67 ± 11 vs. CON: 100 ± 23). Expression of pTyr14CAV-1 was significantly decreased in the right ventricle (MON: 48 ± 13 vs. CON: 100 ± 14, P < 0.05), while in the left ventricle was unchanged (80 ± 24 vs. CON: 100 ± 22). Conclusions: Increased level of Hsp90 along with lowered expression of CAV-1 isomers might play an important role in hypertrophied and dysfunctional right ventricle in monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension model.

연령이 홀스타인 육우송아지 등심 및 우둔의 카르니틴, 유리아미노산 및 핵산 관련 물질 함량에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of age on the contents of carnitine, free amino acid, and nucleotide-related compound in Holstein calf meat. Twenty calves were allocated into four age groups (3, 6, 9, or 12 mon of age; n=5/group), and ribeye (M. longissimus dorsi) and top round (M. semimembranosus) were excised from left side of each carcass on day 1 post-mortem. Carnitine contents for ribeye and top round were 0.79～1.16 and 0.65～1.26 mg/100 g, respectively, and those showed a tendency to be the highest in 3 mon group. The contents of majority of free amino acids were the highest (p<0.05) in ribeye and top round from 12 mon group. The contents of adenosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, and inosine were the highest (p<0.05) in ribeye and top round from 12 mon group, but hypoxanthine content was the lowest (p<0.05) in those from 12 mon group. These findings suggest that age decreases the carnitine content but increases free amino acid and good taste-related nucleotides contents in Holstein calf meat.

Characterization of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Staphylococcus aureus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; infections among children in an outpatient clinic, China

Objective: We aimed to investigate the epidemiology and identify antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates from children with skin and soft tissue infections attending an outpatient clinic in Southern China. Method: An observational study of outpatient pediatric patients was conducted in a rural area of Guangxi. Infections were characterized in 230 patients and staphylococcal isolates tested for susceptibility to a range of antibiotics. Results: Among the 307 patients, 38.5% were infants. Culture yielded Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in 230 patients, of which 24 (10.4%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcal strains were most isolated from hand, foot and umbilicus. The 1-12 mon group had the highest staphylococcal infection rate (86%), followed by the 6-12 year group, but MRSA was more common in the older children (19.5% of S. aureus). MRSA had significantly more resistance than MSSA to chloromycin (46% vs 11%), clindamycin (67% vs 19%), gentamicin (33% vs 2%), rifampicin (25% vs 2.9%), and sulphamthoxazole-trimethoprim (17% vs 3%). Conclusion: S. aureus remains a leading cause of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections. Over 10% of isolates were methicillin-resistant with high rates of resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics, reducing options for therapy and limiting choices for empirical treatment.

비육기간이 홀스타인육 패티의 산화안정성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 비육기간이 홀스타인육 패티의 산화안정성에 미치는 영향에 관해 구명하고자 실시하였다. 18, 21 및 24개월령 홀스타인 거세우 등심(M. longissimus dorsi) 패티를 <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 12일간 저장하면서 지방산화, 단백질산화, 육색소산화 및 육색을 분석하였다. 일반성분 중 지방 함량은 24개월령이 18개월령보다 높았다(p<0.05). 저장 중 TBARS 함량과 metmyoglobin 농도는 8일째부터 24개월령이 높았다(p<0.05). Conjugated dienes 함량은 저장 4일째부터 21과 24개월령이 높았으며(p<0.05), carbonyl 함량은 12일째에 24개월령이 높았다(p<0.05). 표면육색 중 명도(<TEX>$L^*$</TEX>)는 저장 4일째부터 21과 24개월령이 낮은 경향을 보였다. 적색도(<TEX>$a^*$</TEX>)는 24개월령이 저장기간 동안 가장 빨리 감소하였으나 (p<0.05), 황색도(<TEX>$b^*$</TEX>)는 가장 높은 값을 유지하였다. 따라서 비육기간이 높을수록 홀스타인육 패티의 지방산화, 단백질산화, 육색소 산화가 촉진되었다. 특히 24개월령의 산화안정성이 가장 낮았다. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the fattening period (18, 21, and 24 mon) on the oxidative stability of Holstein beef patties. The ground Holstein steer beef samples (M. longissimus dorsi) were stored at <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 12 d and used for lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, myoglobin oxidation, and color measurements. Fat content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 24 mon group than in the 18 mon group. 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content and metmyoglobin concentration were the highest (p<0.05) in the 24 mon group from 8 d of storage. Conjugated dienes content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 21 and 24 mon groups. Carbonyl content was the highest (p<0.05) in the 24 mon group at 12 d of storage. In surface meat color, the CIE <TEX>$L^*$</TEX> value showed a lower level in the 21 and 24 mon groups from 4 d of storage. Although the CIE <TEX>$a^*$</TEX> value was further lowered, the CIE <TEX>$b^*$</TEX> value maintained a higher value in the 24 mon group during storage, compared to the other groups. Therefore, greater fattening period increased lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and myoglobin oxidation in Holstein beef patties. Partially, the 24 mon group had the lowest oxidative stability.

Components of asthma control and treatment response of individual control criteria in children: Analysis of the PEACE study

The aim of asthma management is to achieve and maintain clinical control. Control data for children is sparse. This analysis evaluated factors associated with not achieving well-controlled (WC) asthma using data from a study in 548 children with uncontrolled asthma. Post hoc analysis of factors affecting the probability of not achieving WC asthma in children receiving salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/100 µg bd (SFC) or montelukast 5 mg od (MON), included: reasons for patients failing the asthma control criteria; achievement of overall asthma control; time course of improvement in individual outcomes and composite score; factors associated with not achieving WC asthma. The proportion of patients failing individual control criteria at baseline was: β2-agonist rescue use: 96%, peak expiratory flow (PEF): 91%, symptoms: 78%, and night-time awakenings: 66%. Most patients failed the composite control score for more than one reason with 482 (99%), 387 (80%), and 249 (52%) failing 2, 3, or 4 control criteria, respectively. Overall asthma control was achieved by 166 (59%) patients in the SFC group and 96 (36%) in the MON group (P < 0.001). Time course of control differed between individual control components with symptoms responding most rapidly and PEF most slowly. Factors significantly influencing the probability of not achieving WC asthma were treatment with MON, country, and night-time awakenings at baseline, treatment being the most important. Different outcomes improve at different rates. Assessment of one or a few outcomes over-estimates the level of asthma control. An overall composite score in combination with the proportion of patients failing on three or more criteria seemed to most accurately reflect the level of control. Compared with SFC treatment, MON was three times less likely to result in good asthma control.

Costo-Efectividad del Tratamiento de Salmeterol/Fluticasona en Comparación con Leucotrieno Montelukast para el Control del Asma Infantil

ObjectiveTo assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of SFC compared with MON for the control of persistent asthma in children. MethodsWe conducted an economic evaluation on a 12-week prospective randomized open-label parallel-group comparison of SFC versus MON in children with symptomatic asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids and short-acting β2-agonists. Asthma-related medication, unscheduled physician contacts and hospitalizations were collected prospectively. The main effectiveness measure was percentage of asthma-controlled week with no short-acting β2-agonist use during the study period. The analysis was conducted from the Mexican healthcare perspective using 2010 unit cost prices, and only direct costs were considered, all costs are reported in US dollar. . The model was made fully probabilistic to reflect the joint uncertainty in the model parameters. ResultsOver the whole treatment period, the median percentages of asthma-controlled weeks were 83.3% in the SFC group and 66.7% in the MON group (SFC-MON difference, 16.7%; 95% CI, 8.3–16.7; P < 0.001 in favor of SFC). The mean total cost of the SFC regimen was $ 2,323 compared with $ 3,230 for the MON regimen. The SFC was the dominant strategy (both more effective and less expensive) using the SFC was associated with an incremental cost per additional asthma-controlled of $ (5,467). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis tested numerous assumptions about the model cost and efficacy parameters and found that the results were robust to most changes. ConclusionsThis analysis demonstrates that, compared with MON, SFC may be cost saving from the Mexican health care perspective for the treatment of pediatric patients with asthma. SFC provided a reduction in the number of severe exacerbations, frequent asthma symptoms and rescue medication use. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis indicated the dominance of SFC because of both lower costs and greater efficacy.

Influence of a polyclonal antibody preparation on the &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; degradability of three energy sources

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against specific ruminal bacteria on the in situ degradability of dry-grounded maize grain (DMG), high moisture maize silage (HMMS) starch and citrus pulp (CiPu) pectin. Nine ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design, replicated three times in a factorial arrangement of treatments of two rumen modifiers represented by monensin and PAP plus a control group, and the three energy sources (DMG, HMMS and CiPu). Each period had 21 days, where 16 were used for adaptation to treatment and five for data collection. The group treated with PAP showed an effect on the soluble fraction (“a”) of DMG starch, decreasing it by respectively 45.3% and 45.4% compared to the CON and MON groups. No effect of PAP was observed for any in situ degradability parameters of starch from HMMS or pectin of CiPu. It was concluded that the polyclonal antibody preparation had limited effect on the in situ degradability of the tested energy sources. Keywords : In sacco degradability, ionophores, polyclonal antibody preparation, ruminal digestion

Anti-inflammatory effects of montelukast on smoke-induced lung injury in rats

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Aim: To evaluate the effects of montelukast in smoke- induced lung injury.Methods: 28 Wistar-Albino rats were enrolled into 4 groups with 7 rats per group. The healthy control group was exposed to fresh air while all rats in the 3 experimental groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for 20 weeks for 2 hours per day. After histopathological verification of smoke induced lung injury, montelukast (0.1 mg/kg) dissolved in Na2CO3 was given in one group (MON), Na2CO3 only was given in another group (MON control) and placebo was injected in the third group (COPD control) intraperitoneally for 21 days. At the end of this period blood samples were obtained for serum TNF-α assessment and light and electron microscopy analy- ses were performed on the lung tissues of sacrificed rats.&#x0D; Results: Serum TNF-α levels in the MON group were signifi- cantly lower than in the MON control and COPD control groups (38.84 ± 4.9 pg/ml, 77.5 ± 5.8 pg/ml and 79.2 ± 6.9 pg/ml respectively, p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore there was no sta- tistically significant difference between the MON group and healthy controls with respect to serum TNF-α levels (38.84 ± 4.9 pg/ml vs. 29.5 ± 3.6 pg/ml, p &gt; 0.05). Light and electron microscopic evaluation of the lungs demonstrated that the total histopathological damage score of the lung samples was significantly lower in the MON group than in MON controls and COPD controls (5.14 ± 0.5, 8.4 ± 0.6 and 8.7 ± 0.4 respec- tively, p &lt; 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the MON group and healthy controls (5.1 ± 0.6 vs 2.3 ± 0.2, p &gt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: These findings suggest that montelukast might have a protective effect on smoke-induced lung injury in rats both from a histopathological and inflammatory point of view.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Anti-inflammatory effects of montelukast on smoke-induced lung injury in rats

AimTo evaluate the effects of montelukast in smoke-induced lung injury.Methods28 Wistar-Albino rats were enrolled into 4 groups with 7 rats per group. The healthy control group was exposed to fresh air while all rats in the 3 experimental groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for 20 weeks for 2 hours per day. After histopathological verification of smoke induced lung injury, montelukast (0.1 mg/kg) dissolved in Na2CO3 was given in one group (MON), Na2CO3 only was given in another group (MON control) and placebo was injected in the third group (COPD control) intraperitoneally for 21 days. At the end of this period blood samples were obtained for serum TNF-α assessment and light and electron microscopy analyses were performed on the lung tissues of sacrificed rats.ResultsSerum TNF-α levels in the MON group were significantly lower than in the MON control and COPD control groups (38.84 ± 4.9 pg/ml, 77.5 ± 5.8 pg/ml and 79.2 ± 6.9 pg/ml respectively, p < 0.05). Furthermore there was no statistically significant difference between the MON group and healthy controls with respect to serum TNF-α levels (38.84 ± 4.9 pg/ml vs. 29.5 ± 3.6 pg/ml, p > 0.05). Light and electron microscopic evaluation of the lungs demonstrated that the total histopathological damage score of the lung samples was significantly lower in the MON group than in MON controls and COPD controls (5.14 ± 0.5, 8.4 ± 0.6 and 8.7 ± 0.4 respectively, p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the MON group and healthy controls (5.1 ± 0.6 vs 2.3 ± 0.2, p > 0.05).ConclusionThese findings suggest that montelukast might have a protective effect on smoke-induced lung injury in rats both from a histopathological and inflammatory point of view.

Greenhouse Gas, Animal Performance, and Bacterial Population Structure Responses to Dietary Monensin Fed to Dairy Cows

The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive and rumen microbial modifier, monensin sodium (monensin), on selected variables in lactating dairy cows. Monensin fed cows (MON, 600 mg d(-1)) were compared with untreated control cows (CON, 0 mg d(-1)) with respect to the effects of monensin on the production of three greenhouse gases (GHG), methane (CH(4)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)), along with animal performance (dry matter intake; DMI), milk production, milk components, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and the microbial population structure of fresh feces. Measurements of GHG were collected at Days 14 and 60 in an environmental chamber simulating commercial dairy freestall housing conditions. Milk production and DMI measurements were collected twice daily over the 60-d experimental period; milk components, PUN, and MUN were measured on Days 14 and 60. The microbial population structure of feces from 6 MON and 6 CON cows was examined on three different occasions (Days 14, 30, and 60). Monensin did not affect emissions of methane (CH(4)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)). Over a 24-h period, emissions of CH(4), N(2)O, and CO(2) decreased in both MON and CON groups. Animal performance and the microbial population structure of the animal fresh waste were also unaffected for MON vs. CON cows.