Momordica Charantia Fruit Extract Research Articles

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biosynthesis by Komagataeibacter hansenii RM-03 using agricultural waste as substrates and BNC-silver nanocomposite preparation

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a remarkable biopolymer synthesised by bacterium, exhibiting exceptional properties. However, conventional Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium, particularly the carbon source, poses challenges of high costs and low productivity. This study explores BNC biosynthesis on a modified HS medium, employing agricultural wastes (sugarcane molasses, banana peel, and pineapple peel) as carbon sources, and compares the overall yield of BNC produced. Sugarcane molasses proved to be the most effective, yielding the highest BNC concentration (8.19 g/L) after 7 days, followed by pineapple peel (2.16 g/L) and banana peel (2.11 g/L). Extensive research was conducted to enhance properties of BNC by an environmentally friendly approach, incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNP) utilising Momordica charantia fruit extract, resulting in a BNC-Ag nanocomposite. The synthesis involved mixing 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) with 15 mL of M. charantia fruit extract to reduce Ag ions to AgNP, which was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy with an absorbance peak between 400 and 410 nm. Characterisation using FESEM and TEM on the synthesized BNC showed minimal impact on BNC fiber diameter from waste-derived carbon sources. XRD indicated slight variations in crystallinity index, with the highest (85%) in TSM-derived BNC. FTIR analysis revealed similar chemical profiles across all BNC, indicating cellulose formation. The BNC-Ag nanocomposite exhibited potent antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) through disc diffusion method with inhibition zones up to 16.8 mm. Overall, the findings from this study contribute to the development of environmentally sustainable for the production of functional BNC materials with enhanced properties for diverse applications.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Properties of Momordica charantia Methanolic Extract Against Selected Bacterial Strains

Introduction: The persistent development of bacterial resistance against currently available antibacterial drugs necessitates the search for new antimicrobial agents. The major part of this research is to overcome drug resistance in infectious agents by utilizing medicinal plants as the main natural source in the production of new pharmaceuticals. As 25-50% of contemporary medications are derived from plants, this sparked renewed interest in therapeutic plants. Due to the largely diverse phytochemical compounds found in crude extracts of medicinal plants, they could be used as an alternative source of antimicrobial agents. This study aims to screen the phytochemical compounds and evaluate the antibacterial effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract, obtained by maceration in 100% absolute methanol. Method: Disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods were performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of M. charantia fruit extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Results: The phytochemical tests conducted revealed that the fruit extracts tested positive for alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. The methanolic extract of M. charantia fruit demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a mean inhibition zone of (17mm±0.82), but not against E. coli or S. typhimurium. For S. aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 125mg/ml and 500mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the current study offers insight into the therapeutic potential of M. charantia where the methanolic fruit extract of the fruit has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and has the potential to be exploited as an antimicrobial agent.

Momordica charantia fruit extract with antioxidant capacity improves the expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in epididymal fluid of chronic stress rats

ObjectiveAlthough the protective effects of Momordica charantia L. (MC) extract on chemical-induced testicular damage have been studied, the preventive effects of MC extract on functional proteins in the epididymis under chronic stress have never been reported. This study investigated the protective effects of MC fruit extract on protein secretion, especially tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, in the epididymis of rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). MethodsTotal phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC) and antioxidant capacities of MC extract were measured. Adult male rats were divided into 4 groups: control group, CUS group, and 2 groups of CUS that received different doses of MC extract (40 or 80 mg/kg). In treated groups, rats were given MC daily, followed by induction of CUS (1 stressor was randomly applied from a battery of 9 potential stressors) for 60 consecutive days. Plasma corticosterone and testosterone levels were analyzed after the end of experiment. Expressions of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70) and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins present in the fluid of the head and tail of the epididymis were quantified using Western blot. ResultsMC extract contained TPC of (19.005 ± 0.270) mg gallic acid equivalents and TFC of (0.306 ± 0.012) mg catechin equivalents per gram, and had 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacity of (4.985 ± 0.086) mg trolox equivalents per gram, radical 50% inhibitory concentration of (2.011 ± 0.008) mg/mL and ferric reducing antioxidant power of (23.697 ± 0.819) µmol Fe(II) per gram. Testosterone level in the epididymis was significantly increased, while the corticosterone level was significantly improved in groups treated with MC extract, compared to the CUS animals. Particularly, an 80 mg/kg dose of MC extract prevented the impairments of HSP-70 and tyrosine-phosphorylated protein expressions in the luminal fluid of the epididymis of CUS rats. ConclusionMC fruit extract had antioxidant activities and improved the functional proteins secreted from the head and tail of the epididymis. It is possible to develop the MC fruit extract as a male fertility supplement for enhancing functional sperm maturation in stressed men.

Effect of unripe fruit extract of Momordica charantia on total cholesterol, total triglyceride and blood lipoproteins in the blood of rats with hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. In this study, the effects of an unripe fruit extract of Momordica charantia on total cholesterol, total triglyceride and lipoproteins in the blood of mice with hyperlipidemia were investigated. In this study, 28 adult male Wistar rats weighing 210 to 250 g were selected and randomly divided into four groups of seven. One group was on a normal diet and the other groups were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to develop hyperlipidemia. Experimental groups in this study were included group 1: control, oral administration of normal food without any drugs or extracts. Group 2: hyperlipidemia mice, feeding with normal food. Group 3: hyperlipidemia mice with a diet containing 4%. Group 4: hyperlipidemia mice with a diet containing 8%. The animals were fed by gavage at a dose of 4% and 8% of M. charantia powder solution for 15 days. Blood samples were taken and the level of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were measured enzymatically. The amount of low-density lipoproteins was calculated by Friedewald's formula. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance. Experimental results showed that immature fruit powder of M. charantia quarantine significantly reduced serum triglycerides in group 8% mice fed rats fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, immature fruit powder of M. charantia increased the level of high-density lipoproteins. There was a statistically significant difference between the level of cholesterol and the level of low-density proteins (LDL). The highest reduction belonged to the group receiving immature powder. The results of the experiment showed that the unripe fruit extract of M. charantia has strong antilipidemic effects on rats fed with a high-fat diet.

Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles.

In this study, we accentuate the facile and green synthesis of ecologically viable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous (A-BGE) and ethanolic (E-BGE) dried bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) fruit extract as reducing and capping agents. Although AgNPs synthesized using BGEs have been reported earlier in fundamental antimicrobial studies, the possible antioxidant activity, antibacterial efficacy against superbugs, and a potential antimicrobial mechanism are still lacking. The characterization of as-prepared AgNPs was studied through UV-vis, TEM, Zeta-potential, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS analysis. The antioxidant ability of BG-AgNPs was extensively evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, which showed that A-BG-AgNPs possessed higher scavenging ability and superior reducing power due to the high phenolic content present in the BG extract. Furthermore, A-BG-AgNPs were highly stable in various physiological media and displayed excellent antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacterial strains (i.e., MIC value of 4 µg/mL). The generation of reactive oxygen species evidenced that the possible antimicrobial mechanism was induced by BG-AgNPs, resulting in bacterial cell damage. Within the minimal hemolysis, the BG-mediated AgNPs possessed synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial agents and open another avenue for the inhibition of the growth of pathogens.

TO STUDY THE PHARMACOKINETIC HERB-DRUG INTERACTION OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA FRUIT EXTRACT AND PURE CHARANTIN WITH NATEGLINIDE IN RATS

Objective: Momordica charantia fruit extract and antidiabetic drug Nateglinide might be used simultaneously in the treatment of diabetes, so the objective of this study was to investigate pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions of Momordica charantia fruit extract and pure charantin with nateglinide in rats. Methods: After oral co-administration of Momordica charantia fruit extract (250 mg/kg) and Charantin (10 mg/kg) with nateglinide in rats, drug concentration parameters peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak plasma concentration (tmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), apparent volume of distribution (Vd), plasma clearance (Cl), and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated by using the non-compartment model. Results: NAT was absorbed into the circulatory system and reached its peak concentration approximately 2 h after being administered individually. tmax of groups co-administered NAT+MCE has been changed to 4h. A significant decrease in Cmax of NAT from 16.28 µg/ml to 11.37 µg/ml and 10.37 µg/ml with NAT with charantin and NAT with MCE groups, respectively. AUC of NAT decreased from 84.53 h/µg/ml to 53.63 h/µg/ml and 47.17 h/µg/ml by co-administration with Charantin and MCE respectively. Co-administration of nateglinide with Charantin and Momordica charantia fruit extract decreased systemic exposure level of nateglinide in vivo with decreasing Cmax and AUC and an increase in t1/2, Cl and Vd. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that nateglinide, Momordica charantia fruit extract, and pure Charantin existed pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions in the rat which has to be correlated with the anti-diabetic study. Further studies should be done to understand the effect of other herbal ingredients of Momordica charantia fruit extract on nateglinide as well as to predict the herb-drug interaction in humans.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Fruit and Seed Extract and their Antimicrobial Activity

Momordica charantia is a phenolic rich vegetable. In this study, the fruits and seeds extract of M. charantia were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using biotechnological approach. Structural, morphological, and antimicrobial properties of the synthesized Ag-NPs were characterized using UV/Vis Spectrophotometry, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), High Resolution Transmission Electronics Microscopy (HRTEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). In DLS, the average particle size of Ag-NPs was found 17.5 ± 2.1 nm and 18.3 ± 1.9 nm using seed and fruit extract, respectively. HRTEM has revealed their spherical structure for both seed and fruit extract of M. charantia. FESEM images found Ag-NPs with the size between ~20 and ~35 nm. The Ag NPs exhibited Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) centered at 405 nm for seed extract and 402 nm for fruit extract using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. FT-IR results showed phenolic and carbohydrate compounds involved in the synthesis of the Ag NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized Ag NPs has found highly rich in antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium. Thus, bioconversion of Ag NPs by M. charantia could be employed as a potential antibacterial source to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms from agricultural and food preservation industry.

Role of Momordica charantia in preventing the natural aging process of skin and sexual organs in mice.

Although various methods for improving the natural aging of skin have been examined, an effective method is currently unavailable. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of Momordica charantia on the natural aging of skin of mice and how sex differences influenced these effects. To this end, we bred female and male hairless mice without ultraviolet ray irradiation and physical stress for 2 years. During the study period, mice were orally administered 50 mg/kg/day Momordica charantia fruit extract, three times per week. The characteristics of naturally aging skin, in terms of moisture retention, hydration, thickness, and reduced wrinkle score, improved after Momordica charantia treatment in both male and female mice. Furthermore, reduced cell apoptosis was observed in the female ovaries and male testes, and the levels of testosterone and 17β-estradiol in blood were maintained. After treatment with Momordica charantia, the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and hyaluronidase (HAYL)2 decreased in the skin of female mice, whereas the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-33 increased in the male mice. These results indicated that the natural aging of the skin was decelerated by Momordica charantia via regulation of the 17β-estradiol/mast cell/MMP-1/HAYL2 and testosterone/mast cell/IL-33 signaling pathways in female and male mice, respectively.

A simple, cost-effective, and rapid separation process for the isolation of anticoagulant active fraction from the fruit extract of Momordica charantia: Characterization of bioactive components and anticoagulant mechanism of active fraction in a mouse model.

A simple, rapid, and cost-effective process for the separation of an active anticoagulant fraction from the aqueous fruit extract of Momordica charantia by using rice husk as adsorbed is described. The in vitro anticoagulant activity of active anticoagulant fraction was comparable to commercial anticoagulants heparin and warfarin. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phytols in the active anticoagulant fraction, nevertheless; it was devoid of glycosides, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and carbohydrates. By gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis, decanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (22.3%), dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester-d5 (17.3%), dodecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (12.5%), and 4-B-methylandrostane 2,3-diol-1,17-dione (11.4%) were identified as the most abundant constituents of active anticoagulant fraction. Presence of αβ-fibrinogenase enzyme was identified by biochemical assay but not by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis suggesting presence of a novel protease enzyme in this fraction. The active anticoagulant fraction demonstrated biding to fibrinogen but not to thrombin or Factor Xa, inhibited the collagen/ADP-induced mammalian platelet aggregation, showed in vitro thrombolytic activity, noncytotoxic to mammalian cells, showed in vivo plasma defibrinogenation and anticoagulant activities, and inhibited k-carrageen-induced thrombus formation in the tails of mice. Therefore, active anticoagulant fraction (an herbal drug) may find therapeutic application for the prevention and/or treatment of hyperfibrinogenemia/thrombosis-associated cardiovascular disorders.

INHIBITION OF LIPOXYGENASES AND CYCLOOXYGENASES BY Momordica charantia

Momordica charantia (MC) is a climber belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. While there are accumulating evidences showing its pharmacological activities, the effects of fractionation and processing on its anti-inflammatory activity have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of MC raw juice and fractions from MC fruit extract and to evaluate the effect of processing methods on its anti-inflammatory activity. First, MC juice was extracted using a conventional juicer (raw juice) and fractionated using a solid phase extraction method into five fractions; strong acid, weak acid, neutral, weak base, and strong base fractions. The raw juice and its fractions then were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibition assays. The results showed that the COX-1 inhibition activity of MC can be attributed to the neutral metabolites (52.60% inhibition). In contrast, the anti-COX-2 activity of MC was found exerted collectively by metabolites in multiple fractions (strong base, neutral, strong acid fractions). Contrarily, metabolites from all five fractions contributed to the MC inhibition activities on 5-LOX (55.51% inhibition for raw juice) and 15-LOX (55.3% inhibition for raw juice). Additionally, the current findings showed that the juice processing technique influenced the plant bioactivity, where juice extract obtained from slow juicer showed consistently higher anti-inflammatory activities than juice from conventional juicer. In summary, the current study provided evidences of anti-inflammatory action of MC and its fractions, which may contribute towards an improved processing and fractionation strategy.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening of Momordica charantia extracts against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains

A comparative study for screening the antibiotic potential of Momordica charantia successive extracts in vitro against eleven multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Momordica charantia fresh fruit was extracted successively in different solvents in the order of increasing polarity from hexane to aqueous followed by screening against eleven antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion and agar well diffusion method. A study on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium xerosis are reported for the first time. Significant inhibitory activity was noted against most of the resistant human pathogenic strains. Findings reported that ethyl acetate fraction shows the highest zone of inhibition while hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous extract were almost resistant. The antibacterial efficacy of Momordica charantia is found to be significant. It’s also concluded that the controversy on the antibacterial activity of Momordica charantia fruit extract in different solvents is based on several factors like the solvent used for extraction, plant part, concentration, method of extraction, etc. M. charantia extracts could be used as an alternative anti-microbial to replace antibiotics for treating a broad spectrum of multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Copper Oxide Nanomaterial Derived from Momordica charantia.

BackgroundIn the emerging field of nanotechnology, copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials are considered to be one of the most important transition metal oxides owing to its fascinating properties. Its synthesis from green chemistry principles is gaining importance as next-generation antibiotics due to its simplicity, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, CuO nanorods (CuO NRs) were synthesized from the aqueous fruit extract of Momordica charantia and characterized using different analytical techniques. Further, the biomedical therapeutic potential was evaluated against multi-drug resistant microbial strains.Materials and MethodsTo synthesize CuO NRs, 0.1M of CuSO4.5H2O solution was added to aqueous extract of Momordica charantia in a 1:3 (v/v) ratio (pH=11) and heated at 50°C followed by washing and drying. The synthesized CuO NRs were subjected to characterization using different analytical techniques such as UV visible spectroscopy, zeta sizer equipped with zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, the application as a biomedical therapeutic potential was evaluated in vitro using well diffusion method against eleven multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial strains, a fungus- Trichophyton rubrum and in ovo against the R2B virus using haemagglutination (HA) test.ResultsCharacterization was preliminarily done by the spectral study that confirms the absorbance band at 245nm. FTIR analysis at 628 cm−1 peak identified copper oxide vibration. SEM analysis revealed agglomerated particle clusters. However, with TEM clear nanorods of average diameter of 61.48 ± 2 nm were observed. EDAX confirmed CuO formation while XRD showed a typical monoclinic structure with 6 nm crystallite size. Biological screening of CuO NRs showed significant results against both in vitro and in ovo methods. Significant inhibitory activity (p<0.0001) was noted against most of the resistant human pathogenic strains including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest efficacy was observed against Bacillus cereus with a 31.66 mm zone of inhibition. Besides, the therapeutic potential of CuO NRs against Corynebacterium xerosis, Streptococcus viridians and R2B strain of Newcastle disease is reported for the first time.ConclusionBased on the present results, it could be expected that green synthesized CuO NRs would find potential applications in the field of nanomedicine.

The Protective Role of Momordica charantia Fruit Extract on Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Rabbits

The Protective Role of Momordica charantia Fruit Extract on Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Rabbits

Nanoliposomal encapsulation of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) fruit extract as a rich source of health-promoting bioactive compounds

Bitter Gourd fruit is a rich source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic compounds but due to its instability and bitter taste, there are limitations for adding in food formulations. Our goal was to load this charantin-rich extract within nanoliposomes; the studied variables were different concentrations of lecithin (1, 3, 5% w/w) and extract (0.5, 1% w/w). Physicochemical properties including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were determined along with characterization of chemical bonds and morphology by FTIR and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that particle size and PDI varied in the range of 125–255 nm and 0.167–0.235, respectively. Z-potential of nanoliposomes (−38.5 to −35.5 mV) indicated a good electrostatic repulsion and high physical stability. Encapsulation efficiency varied from 72.95 to 84.43% so that nanoliposomes containing 1% lecithin and 0.5% extract had the highest encapsulation efficiency. FTIR results suggested the formation of hydrogen bonds between polar areas of lecithin and hydroxyl groups of the extract. AFM images indicated the existence of nano-scaled particles with relatively spherical structures and uniform size distribution. Our study indicated the high efficiency of nanoliposomes for loading bioactive compounds of Bitter Gourd extract and its possible use in food and drink formulations.

EFFECT OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA AND SYZYGIUM CUMINI EXTRACT ON SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Diabetes is a group of disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels. Disturbances in serum electrolytes like sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are found in diabetes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the disturbances in concentrations of serum electrolytes in hyperglycemic crisis and the effect of syzygium cumini and momordica charantia standardized aqueous extracts on serum electrolytes (Na+and K+) in normal and diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes is induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg b. w in rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups (normal control, disease control, metformin, test 1 and test 2). In test groups 1 and 2, SASESC (standardized aqueous seed extract of syzygium cumini) and SAFEMC (standardized aqueous fruit extract of momordica charantia) were respectively administered orally to alloxan induced diabetic rats, and their serum electrolyte levels were observed at 1st, 4th, 7th and 14th days.Results: By the 14thday, the Na+ and K+ levels in groups 4 and 5 were almost normal. However, in group 3 (standard), Na+levels were relatively lower and K+ levels were relatively higher than groups 4 and 5 (test). In group 2 (disease control) as compared to group 1 (normal control), a decrease in Na+ and increase in K+ levels was observed even on day 14.Conclusion: Treatment with anti diabetic drugs like metformin, syzygium cumini (test-1), momordica charantia (test-2) restored the electrolyte levels almost back to normal over a period of study (14 d). There was significant (**P&lt;0.01, *P&lt;0.05) normalization of electrolyte levels in diabetic rats. It was concluded that syzygium cumini and momordica charantia showed better efficiency in restoring the electrolyte imbalance as compared to metformin during our study.

Pectin mediated synthesis of curcumin loaded poly(lactic acid) nanocapsules for cancer treatment

The curcumin was widely reported to be an efficient therapeutic drug for the cancer treatment and was known to affect the apoptosis of cancer cells. An effort has been made to synthesis a cost-effective and productive system for a sustained curcumin release. The curcumin encapsulated PLA nanocapsules were synthesized with the assistance of pectin from Momordica charantia fruit extract through emulsification-solvent evaporation method. It was surprising to note that the method resulted in particles within nanoregime and had encapsulation efficiency around 90%. The in vitro release studies have shown a sustained curcumin release, after a burst release in the initial 12 h. The plate-counting method adopted to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) had provided the minimal inhibitory concentration of nanocapsules. The in vitro cell tests with normal cells and cancer cells, in addition to the hemolytic study demonstrate the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the curcumin loaded PLA nanocapsules. The PLA-10Cur NPs with nano-formulation could easily penetrate into the cancer cells and can cause a sustained drug release for the effective cancer treatment. The study unveils an eco-friendly and emulsification-solvent evaporation strategy for developing nanocapsules for loading drugs for the targeted drug delivery.

Exceptionally stable green-synthesized gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of trace metal ions and volatile aromatic compounds

The manuscript reports synthesis of exceptionally stable gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using Momordica charantia fruit extract. The synthesis approach was optimized by refining three experimental variables including source of the fruit extract (peel, seed, and seed coat), pH of the solution, and temperature of the reaction medium. As synthesized GNPs showed excellent stability against various thiolated compounds (e.g., thioglycolic acid, thiourea, l-cystine, 1-dodecanethiol, and cysteamine hydrochloride). Moreover, these nanoparticles showed distinctive colorimetric responses against Cd2+ and thiophenol (TP) from their potential interferences. The limit of detection (LOD) values for Cd2+ and TP were determined as 0.186 and 0.154μM, respectively.

Green synthesis of zero valent colloidal nanosilver targeting A549 lung cancer cell: In vitro cytotoxicity.

An eco-friendly green approach was proposed to synthesise stable, cytotoxic colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Momordica charantia (M. charantia) fruit extract. Bioinspired green method adopted for fabrication of AgNPs because of easy, fast, low-cost and benign bioprocess. Phytocomponents played the crucial role in capping, stabilisation and inherent cytotoxic potential of colloidal nanosilver. The physiochemical, crystalline, optical and morphological properties of AgNPs were characterized using UV-vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX and AFM. FT-IR reveals the presence of carbonyl, methyl, polyphenol (flavonoid), primary and secondary amine (protein), carboxyl group, ester as major functional groups over the surface of nanomaterials. Mechanistic pathway for formation and stabilisation of colloidal nanosilver has been discussed. Average crystalline size of AgNPs was found to be 12.55 nm from XRD. TEM shows AgNPs nanosphere with size range 1-13.85 nm. Consistency in spherical morphology was also confirmed through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM measurement provided image Rq value 3.62, image Ra 2.47, roughness Rmax 36.4 nm, skewness 1.99 and kurtosis 9.87. The SRB assay revealed substantial in vitro noticeable anti-cancer activity of colloidal nanosilver on A549 and HOP-62 human lung cancer cells in a dose dependent manner with IC50 value of 51.93 µg/ml and 76.92 µg/ml. In addition, M. charantia capped AgNPs were found to be more biocompatible in comparison to M. charantia FE. Our study demonstrated the integration of green chemistry principle in nanomaterials fabrication and focused on the potential use of M. charantia fruit extract as an efficient precursor for biocompatible AgNPs anodrug formulation with improved cytotoxic applications.

Encapsulation of polyphenolic antioxidants obtained from Momordica charantia fruit within zein/gelatin shell core fibers via coaxial electrospinning

Abstract This study dealt with fabricating and characterizing nano fibrillar bilayer structures encapsulated with Momordica charantia fruit extract. Coaxial shell core zein/ gelatin nano fiber structure was successfully produced at 20 kV, 0.5 ml/h and 10 cm of voltage, flow rate and emitter/collector distance, respectively. The gelatin fiber was encapsulated with bitter gourd extract (BGE) at 5–15% (w/w%) loading rate. Statistical analysis of scanning electron micrographs showed the encapsulation process resulted in a non-significant (P > 0.05) increase in average fiber diameter. Morphological analysis through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed fabrication of the bilayer structure as well as encapsulation of the extract. Furthermore, spectroscopic analysis by FTIR illustrated the formation of composite coaxial fibers through electrospinning process. However, encapsulation at various loading rates did not result in any chemical interaction between core and wall materials. Thermogravimetric graphs of encapsulated fibers, at all core loadings, illustrated an additional third phase, absent in non-encapsulated fibers, which confirms encapsulation occurrence. Moreover, glass transition temperature decreased in both first and second heating scans of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms due to BGE encapsulation process. Furthermore, coaxial encapsulation process managed to conserve an average of 88% of antioxidative content and potency in all cases. Besides this, shelf stability of the encapsulated extract at both refrigerated and ambient conditions were significantly extended when compared to their non-encapsulated counterparts.

Characterization of phytoconstituents and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of silver-extract nanoparticles synthesized from Momordica charantia fruit extract

BackgroundOur present study was conducted to characterize the phytoconstituents present in the aqueous extract of Momordica charantia and evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of silver-extract nanoparticles (Ag-Extract-NPs).MethodsSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by reducing AgNO3; and NaBH4 served as reducing agent. After screening of phytochemicals; AgNPs and aqueous extract were mixed thoroughly and then coated by polyaniline. These NPs were characterized by using Visual inspection, UV spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and TEM techniques. Antimicrobial activities were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.ResultsAqueous extract of M. charantia fruits contain alkaloid, phenol, saponin etc. UV–Vis spectrum showed strong absorption peak around 408 nm. The presence of –CH, −NH, −COOH etc. stretching in FTIR spectrum of Ag-Extract-NPs endorsed that AgNPs were successfully capped by bio-compounds. SEM and TEM result revealed that synthesized NPs had particle size 78.5–220 nm. Ag-Extract-NPs showed 34.6 ± 0.8 mm zone of inhibition against E. coli compared to 25.6 ± 0.5 mm for ciprofloxacin. Maximum zone of inhibition for Ag-Extract-NPs were 24.8 ± 0.7 mm, 26.4 ± 0.4 mm, 7.4 ± 0.4 mm for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. typhi. We found that Ag-Extract-NPs have much better antibacterial efficacy than AgNPs and M. charantia extract has individually. It is also noticed that gram negative bacteria (except S. typhi) are more susceptible to Ag-Extract-NPs than gram positive bacteria.ConclusionAg-Extract-NPs showed strong antibacterial activity. In order to make a reliable stand for mankind, further study is needed to consider determining the actual biochemical pathway by which AgNPs-extracts exert their antimicrobial effect.