Momentum Transfer Theory Research Articles

Theory of angular momentum transfer from light to molecules

We present a theory describing the interaction of structured light, such as light carrying orbital angular momentum, with molecules. The light-matter interaction Hamiltonian we derive is expressed through couplings between spherical gradients of the electric field and the (transition) electric multipole moments of a particle of any nontrivial rotation point group. Our model can therefore accommodate an arbitrary complexity of the molecular and electric field structure, and it can be straightforwardly extended to atoms or nanostructures. Applying this framework to rovibrational spectroscopy of molecules, we uncover the general mechanism of angular momentum exchange between the spin and orbital angular momenta of light, molecular rotation, and its center-of-mass motion. We show that the nonzero vorticity of Laguerre-Gaussian beams can strongly enhance certain rovibrational transitions that are considered forbidden in the case of nonhelical light. We discuss the experimental requirements for the observation of these forbidden transitions in state-of-the-art spatially resolved spectroscopy measurements. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Semi-empirical analysis of leptons in gases in crossed electric and magnetic fields. I. Electrons in helium.

In this series, we outline a strategy for analyzing electrons and muons in gases in crossed electric and magnetic fields using the straightforward transport equations of momentum-transfer theory, plus empirical arguments. The method, which can be carried through from first principles to provide numerical estimates of quantities of experimental interest, offers a straightforward, physically transparent alternative to "off-the-shelf" simulation packages, such as Magboltz and GEANT. In this first article, we show how swarm data for electrons in helium gas subject to an electric field only can be incorporated into the analysis to generate electron swarm properties in helium gas in crossed electric and magnetic fields and to estimate the Lorentz angle in particular. The subsequent articles in the series analyze muons in crossed fields using similar transport theory, though the absence of muon swarm data requires empiricism of quite a different nature.

Theory and simulations of angular momentum transfer from swift electrons to spherical nanoparticles in scanning transmission electron microscopy

Electron beams in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) exert forces and torques on study samples, with magnitudes that allow the controlled manipulation of nanoparticles (a technique called electron tweezers). Related theoretical research has mostly focused on the study of forces and linear momentum transfers from swift electrons (like those used in STEM) to nanoparticles. However, theoretical research on the rotational aspects of the interaction would benefit not only the development of electron tweezers, but also other fields within electron microscopy such as electron vortices. Starting from a classical-electrodynamics description, we present a theoretical model, alongside an efficient numerical methodology, to calculate the angular momentum transfer from a STEM swift electron to a spherical nanoparticle. We show simulations of angular momentum transfers to aluminum, gold, and bismuth nanoparticles of different sizes. We found that the transferred angular momentum is always perpendicular to the system's plane of symmetry, displaying a constant direction for all the cases considered. In the simulations, the angular momentum transfer increased with the radius of the nanoparticle, but decreased as the speed of the electron or the impact parameter increased. Also, the electric contribution to the angular momentum transfer dominated over the magnetic one, being comparable only for high electron's speeds (greater than 90% of the speed of light). Additionally, for nanoparticles with 1 nm radius of the studied materials, we found validity criteria for the small-particle approximation (in which the nanoparticle is modeled as an electric point dipole). We believe that these findings contribute to the understanding of rotational aspects present in STEM experiments, and might be useful for further developments in electron tweezers and other electron microscopy related techniques.

Kinetic-energy dissipation and fluctuations in strongly damped heavy-ion collisions within the stochastic mean-field approach

Background: Microscopic mean-field approaches have been successful in describing the most probable reaction outcomes in low-energy heavy-ion reactions. However, those approaches are known to severely underestimate dispersions of observables around the average values that has limited their applicability. Recently it has been shown that a quantal transport approach based on the stochastic mean-field (SMF) theory significantly improves the description, while its application has been limited so far to fragment mass and charge dispersions. Purpose: In this work, we extend the quantal transport approach based on the SMF theory for relative kinetic energy dissipation and angular momentum transfer in low-energy heavy-ion reactions. Results: As the first application of the proposed formalism, we consider the radial linear momentum dispersion, neglecting the coupling between radial and angular momenta. We analyze the total kinetic energy (TKE) distribution of binary reaction products in the $^{136}$Xe+$^{208}$Pb reaction at $E_\mathrm{c.m.}=526$ MeV and compare with experimental data. From time evolution of single-particle orbitals in TDHF, the radial diffusion coefficient is computed on a microscopic basis, while a phenomenological treatment is introduced for the radial friction coefficient. By solving the quantal diffusion equation for the radial linear momentum, the dispersion of the radial linear momentum is obtained, from which one can construct the TKE distribution. We find that the calculations provide a good description of the TKE distribution for large values of energy losses, TKEL $\gtrsim$ 150 MeV. However, the calculations underestimate the TKE distribution for smaller energy losses. Further studies are needed to improve the technical details of calculations. (Shortened due to the word limit)

Nucleon Electromagnetic Structure from Lattice QCD

We present an evaluation of nucleon to Δ electromagnetic form factors within Lattice QCD. The EMR and CMR ratios are calculated both in the quenched theory and using two degenerate flavors of dynamical Wilson fermions. We obtain values in qualitative agreement to experiment. In addition, we evaluate the isovector Sachs electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon both in the quenched and unquenched theory for momentum transfer squared in the range between 0.1 and 2 GeV2. The nucleon magnetic moment and r.m.s. radii are obtained using chiral effective theory to extrapolate to the physical pion mass.

Self-diffusion in single-component Yukawa fluids

It was suggested in the literature that the self-diffusion coefficient of simple fluids can be approximated as a ratio of the squared thermal velocity of the atoms to the ‘fluid Einstein frequency,’ which can thus serve as a rough estimate of the friction (momentum transfer) rate in the dense fluid phase. In this article we test this suggestion using a single-component Yukawa fluid as a reference system. The available simulation data on self-diffusion in Yukawa fluids, complemented with new data for Yukawa melts (Yukawa fluids near the freezing phase transition), are carefully analyzed. It is shown that although not exact, this earlier suggestion nevertheless provides a very sensible way of normalization of the self-diffusion constant. Additionally, we demonstrate that certain quantitative properties of self-diffusion in Yukawa melts are also shared by systems like one-component plasma and liquid metals at freezing, providing support to an emerging dynamical freezing indicator for simple soft matter systems. The obtained results are also briefly discussed in the context of the theory of momentum transfer in complex (dusty) plasmas.

Discovery and Study of Spiral Galaxies with Dark Matter in a Series of Clusters in the Northern Galactic Hemisphere

Data from the Merged Catalog of Galaxies (MERCG) are used to study the dynamic characteristics of spiral galaxies with absolute magnitudes M ≥ −20m.6 in the Perseus, A779, and Coma clusters and the Great Wall formation. The diameters of the galaxies from the MERCG were used to determine the radius R D corresponding to the possible radius within which dark matter is concentrated. The dynamic parameters M dyn and M dyn /L B of the spiral galaxies were calculated based on the condition of centrifugal equilibrium. The theory of angular momentum transfer was used to estimate the central surface density m 0 and angular momentum K of stars in the spiral galaxies. A comparison of the dynamic parameters of the spiral galaxies with M ≥ −20m.6 and M ≤ −20m.6 reveals a statistically significant reduction in the number of spiral galaxies with M ≥ −20m.6 that have a larger fraction of dark matter. The following values have been obtained for these clusters: Perseus (35.3%), A779 (17.4%), Coma (12.6%), and Great Wall (23.6%).

Radiative heat transfer and nonequilibrium Casimir-Lifshitz force in many-body systems with planar geometry

A general theory of photon-mediated energy and momentum transfer in N-body planar systems out of thermal equilibrium is introduced. It is based on the combination of the scattering theory and the fluctuational-electrodynamics approach in many-body systems. By making a Landauer-like formulation of the heat transfer problem, explicit formulas for the energy transmission coefficients between two distinct slabs as well as the self-coupling coefficients are derived and expressed in terms of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the single bodies. We also show how to calculate local equilibrium temperatures in such systems. An analogous formulation is introduced to quantify momentum transfer coefficients describing Casimir-Lifshitz forces out of thermal equilibrium. Forces at thermal equilibrium are readily obtained as a particular case. As an illustration of this general theoretical framework, we show on three-body systems how the presence of a fourth slab can impact equilibrium temperatures in heat-transfer problems and equilibrium positions resulting from the forces acting on the system.

Particulate matter emissions and gaseous air toxic pollutants from commercial meat cooking operations

This study assessed the effectiveness of three novel control technologies for particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compound (VOC) removal from commercial meat cooking operations. All experiments were conducted using standardized procedures at University of California, Riverside's commercial test cooking facility. PM mass emissions collected using South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Method 5.1, as well as a dilution tunnel-based PM method showed statistically significantly reductions for each control technology when compared to baseline testing (i.e., without a catalyst). Overall, particle number emissions decreased with the use of control technologies, with the exception of control technology 2 (CT2), which is a grease removal technology based on boundary layer momentum transfer (BLMT) theory. Particle size distributions were unimodal with CT2 resulting in higher particle number populations at lower particle diameters. Organic carbon was the dominant PM component (>99%) for all experiments. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds and showed reductions with the application of the control technologies. Some reductions in mono-aromatic VOCs were also observed with CT2 and the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) CT3 compared to the baseline testing.

Turbulence Characteristics of Flow Under Combined Wave–Current Motion

This paper describes an experimental study carried out in a laboratory flume with a smooth surface to investigate the effect of a surface wave on unidirectional current. The measured velocity data were analyzed within the framework of the phase averaging for combined wave–current flow and verified by velocity equations based on the phase-averaged Prandtl momentum-transfer theory. The results highlight the changes induced on the mean velocity profile, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stress in a plane of symmetry due to the superposition of surface waves of different frequencies. Modifications in the mean velocities, the turbulence intensities, and the Reynolds shear stresses with respect to the current-only flow are explored. As the frequency of the surface waves in unidirectional current changes, the results show variations in the mean flow and in the turbulence statistics that may affect the local sediment mobility in the coastal region.

An Analytical Model for the Distributions of Velocity and Discharge in Compound Channels with Submerged Vegetation.

Based on the momentum transfer theory, an analytical model is proposed for the velocity and discharge distributions in compound channels with submerged vegetation on the floodplain. The partially vegetated channel was divided into three sub-regions, i.e. the main channel region, the floodplain region with submerged vegetation and the floodplain region without vegetation. For each region, the force balance relationship was established, and the momentum transfer between different regions was presented. Verification by the experimental data and comparison with the traditional method shows that the proposed method is capable of predicting for the velocity and discharge distributions in compound channels with submerged vegetation and is superior to the conventional method. The results also show that when the momentum transfer between different regions is ignored, the computed discharge will be much lager than the measured data, and the error increases with the discharge, especially in the floodplain region.

Mobilities of Li+ - (2-butanol)n (n = 1-2) ions in He gas

SynopsisMobilities of Li+- (2-butanol)n (n = 1-2) ions in helium gas have been measured at 83 K and room temperature using a low temperature drift tube. The experimental mobilities are significantly smaller than the polarization limit values within the measured effective temperature range. Using the 12-6-4 potential, we have performed calculation of the mobilities in frame of the two-temperature momentum transfer theory. The agreement between the experimental and calculated mobilities is fairly good.

Distribution of Spiral Galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters and Their Dynamic Features

The dynamic characteristics of spiral galaxies with absolute magnitudes M ≥ −20m.6 in the Virgo and Fornax clusters are studied using data from the Merged Catalog of Galaxies MERCG. The galactic diameters from MERCG are used to determine the radius RD that defines the region of possible concentration of dark matter, and the dynamic parameters Mdyn and Mdyn/LB of the spiral galaxies are calculated based on the centrifugal equilibrium condition. Results from the theory of angular momentum transfer are used to estimate the central surface density m0 and angular momentum K of stars in these galaxies. A comparison of the dynamic parameters of the spiral galaxies with M ≥ −20.6 and M ≤ −20.6 reveals a statistically significant higher fraction of dark matter in the spiral galaxies with M ≤ −20.6, at 26.3% in Virgo and 27% in Fornax.

High-order fluid model for streamer discharges: I. Derivation of model and transport data

Streamer discharges pose basic problems in plasma physics, as they are very transient, far from equilibrium and have high ionization density gradients; they appear in diverse areas of science and technology. This paper focuses on the derivation of a high-order fluid model for streamers. Using momentum transfer theory, the fluid equations are obtained as velocity moments of the Boltzmann equation; they are closed in the local mean energy approximation and coupled to the Poisson equation for the space charge generated electric field. The high-order tensor in the energy flux equation is approximated by the product of two lower order moments to close the system. The average collision frequencies for momentum and energy transfer in elastic and inelastic collisions for electrons in molecular nitrogen are calculated from a multi-term Boltzmann equation solution. We then discuss, in particular, (1) the correct implementation of transport data in streamer models; (2) the accuracy of the two-term approximation for solving Boltzmann's equation in the context of streamer studies; and (3) the evaluation of the mean-energy-dependent collision rates for electrons required as an input in the high-order fluid model. In the second paper in this sequence, we will discuss the solutions of the high-order fluid model for streamers, based on model and input data derived in this paper.

Dry season predictive technique for estimating the hydrocarbon degradation in a continuous discharge of wastewater in pond system

A new correlation has been developed in this paper for predicting hydrocarbon degradation in a continuous discharge of wastewater in a pond system for dry season. The correlation was developed using force balance model on a fluid element in a pond (hydrodynamic model). Mathematical technique known as separation of variables was applied to the general solution obtained from the hydrodynamic model. The degradation rate of individual hydrocarbon was estimated and attributed to change in microbial growth, physico-chemical properties of wastewater due to momentum transfer experience on the system. An experimental study was as well conducted in examining the reliability of this method. The predictions of this correlation are in acceptable agreement with the theoretical data, demonstrating the reliability of this predictive technique for estimating the individual hydrocarbon degradation in a continuous discharge of wastewater in a pond system under the influence of momentum transfer. The predictive model for estimating the effect of momentum transfer on the hydrocarbon degradation in a pond system is given as: Accurate experimental data on additional systems are needed to develop a reliable momentum transfer theory particularly for process representation at wind velocity higher than discharged velocity. Key words: Hydrocarbon degradation, momentum transfer, correlation, microbial growth, model, dry.

Calculation Method about Vertical Distribution of Saturated Sediment Concentration Based on Exchange Equilibrium

Diffusion theory is the leading one which is used to study the vertical distribution of sediment concentration. And diffusion coefficient is a key parameter to determine the vertical distribution of suspended sediment. First of all, the calculation methods are introduced based on the momentum transfer theory and fluctuating velocity. According to the sediment equation of exchange equilibrium in vertical, the new expression is obtained for sediment diffusion coefficient and the vertical distribution of sediment concentration. By the flume experimental data and field data in natural river, the difference is analyzed among the different expressions.

Dynamical features of spiral galaxies in the local system, the coma cluster and its surroundings

The dynamical features of spiral galaxies with absolute magnitudes M ≥ −20m.6 in the Local system of galaxies, in the Coma cluster, and in its surroundings are studied based on data from the Merged Catalogue of Galaxies (MERCG). The measured diameters of the galaxies are used to determine the radius R D , regarded as the region where a maximum concentration of dark matter is possible. The dynamic parameters M dyn and M dyn/L B for the spiral galaxies are calculated using the condition of centrifugal equilibrium, and the theory of angular momentum transfer is used to estimate the central surface density μ0 and angular momentum K of the stars in these galaxies. A comparison of the dynamical parameters of the spiral galaxies with absolute magnitudes M ≤ −20m.6 and M ≥ −20m.6 reveals a statistically significant excess in the estimated fraction of dark energy in the galaxies with M ≥ −20m.6, their smaller size, and greater number in the Coma cluster and its surroundings.

Improved Momentum-Transfer Theory for Ion Mobility. 1. Derivation of the Fundamental Equation

For the first time the fundamental ion mobility equation is derived by a bottom-up procedure, with N real atomic ion-atomic neutral collisions replaced by N repetitions of an average collision. Ion drift velocity is identified as the average of all pre- and postcollision velocities in the field direction. To facilitate velocity averaging, collisions are sorted into classes that "cool" and "heat" the ion. Averaging over scattering angles establishes mass-dependent relationships between pre- and postcollision velocities for the cooling and heating classes, and a combined expression for drift velocity is obtained by weighted addition according to relative frequencies of the cooling and heating encounters. At zero field this expression becomes identical to the fundamental low-field ion mobility equation. The bottom-up derivation identifies the low-field drift velocity as 3/4 of the average precollision ion velocity in the field direction and associates the passage from low-field to high-field conditions with the increasing dominance of "cooling" collisions over "heating" collisions. Most significantly, the analysis provides a direct path for generalization to fields of arbitrary strength.

On the approximation of transport properties in structured materials using momentum-transfer theory

In this paper, we present a fluid model for electrons and positrons in structured and soft-condensed matter utilizing dilute gas phase cross-sections together with a structure factor for the medium. Generalizations of the Wannier energy and Einstein (Nernst–Townsend) relations to account for coherent scattering effects present in soft-condensed matter are presented along with new expressions directly relating transport properties in the dilute gas and the structured matter phases. The theory is applied to electrons in a benchmark Percus–Yevick model and positrons in liquid argon, and the accuracy is tested against a multi-term solution of Boltzmann's equation (White and Robson 2011 Phys. Rev. E 84 031125).

The onset of convection in a tridisperse porous medium

This paper develops a theory of mass, momentum, and heat transfer in a tridisperse porous medium. Coupling between three different scales present in this medium is accounted for by introducing momentum and interphase heat transfer coupling coefficients. The developed theory is then applied to solve the classical Rayleigh–Bénard problem, for the onset of convection in a horizontal layer uniformly heated from below, for this new type of a porous medium. The formulation uses the Darcy law, which now results in three different filtration velocities in three porosity scales present in this medium. The linear stability analysis leads to an expression for the critical Rayleigh number as a function of three volume fractions, two permeability ratios, two thermal capacity ratios, two thermal conductivity ratios, two inter-phase heat transfer parameters and two inter-phase momentum transfer parameters. The dependence of the critical Rayleigh number on these parameters is investigated.