Original Moment Research Articles

Reinforcement schemes for cold-formed steel joists with a large web opening in the flexural zone: an experimental investigation

The objective of this investigation was to develop an economical and an efficient reinforcement scheme for large web openings in cold-formed steel (CFS) joists in flexural zones that would restore the original moment resistance of the section. This investigation considered commonly used floor joists in North American CFS construction. Tests on joists webs with no openings and with large circular and square openings located at the mid-depth revealed that large openings can reduce the flexural strength by 23%. A reinforcement scheme was established consisting of the screw fastening of bridging channels [38.1 mm × 12.7 mm (1.5″ × 0.5″)] with the same thickness as the receiving joist, along the compression and the tensile edges of the opening, using a screw spacing of 31.75 mm. Three identical tests utilizing the proposed reinforcement scheme restored the corresponding flexural strengths of the CFS section under consideration, and the failure locations were outside the reinforced opening regions.

The Customs of Conquest: Legal Primitivism and British Paramountcy in Northeast India

The discourse around indigeneity, customary rights of possession and claims to political autonomy in Northeast India conventionally traces the postcolonial protectionist legislation for ‘tribes’ to various acts passed under the late colonial state, the most significant precursor being seen as the Government of India Act, 1935. This article will argue that one can in fact trace the ‘original moment’ in the idea of customary law for ‘tribes’ much further back in history, to the early decades of the nineteenth century. This historical moment was anchored in the beginnings of the East India Company’s conquest of the Garo hills in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, in the appropriation of the land and revenue of the Garos and in the ethnogenesis of the ‘hill Garo’. The article will explore the ways in which the beginning of the invention of customary law and traditional authority in Northeast India under East India Company rule was impelled by the Company’s demands for revenue and was shielded and secured by the deployment of military power across the hills. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the strategies of imperial control first introduced in the region were reproduced across the rest of Northeast India, underscoring the significance of the Garo hills as the first ‘laboratory’ of colonial rule in the region as well as sharpening our understanding of the character of the early colonial state. The article thus takes as its task the historicization of the categories of ‘customary law’, ‘traditional/indigenous authority’ and the ‘hill tribe’, all of which form the basis of late colonial and postcolonial legislation on the ‘tribe’.

'Public order is the first business of government': The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and the making of a liberal counterinsurgent police-industrial complex

ABSTRACT Recent studies of post-1968 U.S. policing have situated the neoliberal carceral state and the concomitant rise of mass incarceration within a liberal capitulation to conservative law-and-order ‘militarization’. At the putative domestic center of this story, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), established in 1968 by Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson and greatly expanded under Republican Richard Nixon, has often served as a useful, if underacknowledged, subject of police and criminal justice buildup. Instead of viewing Johnson and his administration as misled or miscalculated actors, however, this essay recontextualizes the bipartisan consensus of LEAA through a particularly liberal counterinsurgency project that synthesized police-military hardware and community software. As the state’s go-to response to the political-economic and racial-colonial crises brought on by urban rebellions, LEAA’s brand of liberal counterinsurgency was instrumental in mobilizing a police-industrial complex through partnerships between police, military, academia, and industry. Drawing on archival research into police periodicals, agency publications, and project reports, I consider how a revived analysis of LEAA’s police-industrial complex can help abolitionist scholars and organizers rethink this origin moment of mass incarceration and police ‘militarization’ as representative of a conjunctural fix to the fundamental counterinsurgent project of U.S. policing and state power.

Reliability Sensitivity Analysis Method for Mechanical Components

Based on the univariate dimension-reduction method (UDRM), Edgeworth series, and sensitivity analysis, a new method for reliability sensitivity analysis of mechanical components is proposed. The univariate dimension-reduction method is applied to calculate the response origin moments and their sensitivity with respect to distribution parameters (e.g., mean and standard deviation) of fundamental input random variables. Edgeworth series is used to estimate failure probability of mechanical components by using first few response central moments. The analytic formula of reliability sensitivity can be derived by calculating partial derivative of the failure probability P f with respect to distribution parameters of basic random variables. The nonnormal random parameters need not to be transformed into equivalent normal ones. Three numerical examples are employed to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method by comparing the failure probability and reliability sensitivity results obtained by the proposed method with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS).

The origin of the Subcarpathian choreographic culture and its perception in literary sources

The aim of the article — to analyze and highlight the preconditions for the emergence of Subcarpathian choreographic culture and to carry out historiographical analysis of published artistic, folklore, ethnographic literary sources, which are focused on the consideration and perception of the origin and development of dance culture of Subcarpathia.
 The methodology. General scientific, specific scientific and special methods were used to reveal the general principles of the research topic. The basic methodological basis is based on the culturological approach. Since culture is constantly in the process of movement, a hermeneutic approach and a historical method of research were used to study it. The method of analysis is a thorough method that was used in the study of various literature sources and substantiation of conclusions.
 The results. It can be stated that the issue of the emergence of the culture of Subcarpathia has not been studied sufficiently. The first mention of its origin is found in the chronicles. The fiction reflects the life, way of life, culture, dance in particular, the people of Subcarpathia. Of great value are historical and ethnographic works in which scholars study the rites and dance traditions of the region. Researches of choreographic art by V. Avramenko, K. Vasylenko, V. Verkhovynets, R. Herasymchuk are more immersed in the coverage of the development of choreographic art. Modern scientists continue and improve the scientific works on the theory of choreography that are based on the works and creative heritage of their predecessors. However, there is a lack of research on the interaction of regional cultures and the cultures of neighbouring peoples in relation to the culture of Subcarpathia, which gives impetus to further research in this area.
 In our opinion, in terms of research by scientists and analysis of literary sources, the choreographic art of the Carpathian region was formed for a fairly long period of time and continues its development today.
 The scientific topicality. This work is probably the first attempt to investigate the moment of origin of Subcarpathian culture, the influence of other cultures and to analyze and structure in more detail the literary sources that reveal this issue, as this issue has not acquired a sufficient comprehensive coverage of modern domestic science.
 The practical significance. The information contained in the article can be useful for students, teachers and researchers of Subcarpathian culture.

Accidental synthesis of a previously unknown quasicrystal in the first atomic bomb test

The first test explosion of a nuclear bomb, the Trinity test of 16 July 1945, resulted in the fusion of surrounding sand, the test tower, and copper transmission lines into a glassy material known as "trinitite." Here, we report the discovery, in a sample of red trinitite, of a hitherto unknown composition of icosahedral quasicrystal, Si61Cu30Ca7Fe2 It represents the oldest extant anthropogenic quasicrystal currently known, with the distinctive property that its precise time of creation is indelibly etched in history. Like the naturally formed quasicrystals found in the Khatyrka meteorite and experimental shock syntheses of quasicrystals, the anthropogenic quasicrystals in red trinitite demonstrate that transient extreme pressure-temperature conditions are suitable for the synthesis of quasicrystals and for the discovery of new quasicrystal-forming systems.

An Efficient Uncertainty Propagation Analysis Method for Problems Involving Non-Parameterized Probability-Boxes

Abstract As a kind of imprecise probabilistic model, probability-box (P-box) model can deal with both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in parameters effectively. The P-box can generally be categorized into two classes, namely, parameterized P-box and non-parameterized P-box. Currently, the researches involving P-boxes mainly aim at the parameterized P-box, while the works handling the non-parameterized P-box are relatively inadequate. This paper proposes an efficient uncertainty propagation analysis method based on cumulative distribution function discretization (CDFD) for problems with non-parameterized P-boxes, through which the bounds of statistical moments and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a response function with non-parameterized P-box variables can be obtained. First, a series of linear programming models are established for acquiring the lower and upper bounds of the first four origin moments of the response function. Second, based on the bounds of the origin moments, the CDF bounds for the response function can be obtained using Johnson distributions fitting and an optimization approach based on percentiles. Finally, the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by investigating two numerical examples.

Quadrupole dominance in the light Sn and in the Cd isotopes

[Background] The BE2 rates of the Sn isotopes for $N\le 64$ exhibit enhancements hitherto unexplained. The same is true for the Cd isotopes. [Purpose] Describe the electromagnetic properties of the Sn and Cd isotopes [Method] Shell model calculations with a minimally renormalized realistic interaction, supplemented by Quasi and Pseudo-SU3 symmetries and Nilsson-SU3 selfconsistent calculations. [Results for $N\le 64$] Shell model calculations with the neutron effective charge as single free parameter describe well the BE2(2>0) and BE2(4>2) rates for $N\le 64$ in the Cd and Sn isotopes. The former exhibit weak permanent deformation corroborating the prediction of a Pseudo-SU3 symmetry, which remains of heuristic value in the latter, where the pairing force erodes the quadrupole dominance. Calculations in $10^7$ and $10^{10}$-dimensional spaces exhibit almost identical patterns: A vindication of the shell model. [Results for $N\ge 64$] Nilsson-SU3 calculations describe BE2 patterns in [112-120]Cd and [116-118]Sn isotopes having sizable quadrupole moment of non-rotational origin denoted as q-vibrations. No calculations are proposed for the heavier species, for which the conventional seniority dscription is assumed for Sn, while in Cd the quadrupole moments change sign. [Conclusion] A radical reexamination of traditional interpretations in the region has been shown to be necessary, in which quadrupole dominance plays a major role. What emerges is a bumpy but coherent view.

Robust Magnetoelectric Effect in the Decorated Graphene/In2Se3 Heterostructure.

The magnetoelectric effect is a fundamental physical phenomenon that synergizes electric and magnetic degrees of freedom to generate distinct material responses like electrically tuned magnetism, which serves as a key foundation of the emerging field of spintronics. Here, we show by first-principles studies that ferroelectric (FE) polarization of an In2Se3 monolayer can modulate the magnetism of an adjacent transition-metal (TM)-decorated graphene layer via a ferroelectrically induced electronic transition. The TM nonbonding d-orbital shifts downward and hybridizes with carbon-p states near the Fermi level, suppressing the magnetic moment, under one FE polarization, but on reversed FE polarization this TM d-orbital moves upward, restoring the original magnetic moment. This finding of robust magnetoelectric effect in the TM-decorated graphene/In2Se3 heterostructure offers powerful insights and a promising avenue for experimental exploration of ferroelectrically controlled magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) materials.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КНИГИ “LEBEN SCHLEIERMACHERS” В. ДИЛЬТЕЯ НА ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЮ "РЕЧЕЙ О РЕЛИГИИ" Ф. ШЛЕЙЕРМАХЕРА У С. ФРАНКА

The article raises the question of the reception of Dilthey’s book “Leben Schleiermachers” by Frank in his analysis of Schleiermacher’s work. On the one hand, the authors demonstrate the obvious presence of Dilthey’s vision of Schleiermacher’s philosophy of religion in Frank. On the other hand, they note original moments in Frank’s understanding of “Speeches on Religion”. The consideration results in an obviousness of the constitutive role of Dilthey’s work in Frank’s interpretation of Schleiermacher. Essentially, the latter’s article presented to the Russian philosophical public not one, but two outstanding German thinkers: not only Schleiermacher, but also Dilthey. At the same time, this analysis performed suggests that the study of works by Dilthey, while translating and comprehending the works by Schleiermacher , enabled Franck to better appreciate the “selected affinity” between the thought of the German historian and his own emerging philosophical intentions. In that way, Dilthey became for Frank both a guide to the world of German and European spiritual culture in general, and a highly significant philosophical “interlocutor” who influenced not only directly – through the reception of certain specific ideas, such as the concept of “experience” or the distinction between “understanding” and “explanation”, but also through the interpretation of the heritage of such outstanding German thinkers as Hegel or Goethe, a description of the dynamics of European philosophical and theological ideas and, above all, the philosophy of religion and philosophical theology of Schleiermacher.

Особенности взаимодействия России и стран Северной Европы в сфере спорта: исторический аспект

The article examines development of cooperation between Russia and the North European countries in the sphere of sport. The author suggests his own periodization of the Russian - North European sports relations history from the moment of professional sport origin and regular sports competitions introduction till nowadays, identifies peculiarities of each period. Scientific originality of the study involves a comprehensive analysis of Russia’s sports relations with the North European countries. Influence of intensive cooperation in sport on international relations is revealed. The research findings are as follows: the author proves that cooperation in sport helped to overcome political tension and to establish friendly neighbourhood relations between Russia and the North European countries.

Boiling-up of a superheated Lennard-Jones liquid in a channel with solid smooth walls

Nucleation of bubbles in a stretched Lennard-Jones liquid located between two flat smooth solid walls has been investigated by the molecular dynamics method. A dense monomolecular liquid layer is maintained on the wall surface during near-wall boiling-up at the moment of bubble origin. The centers of bubbles are located mainly at a distance of (1.5–3) molecular diameters from the walls. The nucleation rate in the near-wall layer is two orders of magnitude higher than in a homogeneous liquid. Liquid boiling-up in the presence of smooth wettable walls proceeds by the mechanism of homogeneous nucleation, independently of the bubble formation location.

Slope hybrid reliability analysis considering the uncertainty of probability-interval using three-parameter Weibull distribution

A reliability model is proposed to solve the problem of hybrid uncertainty with both random and interval variables in slope engineering. A hybrid uncertainty model based on the dimension reduction method and Taylor expansion is constructed to approximate the limit state function. Using the polynomial theorem and variable transformation method, the origin and center moments’ interval of the limit state function are calculated. Moment information is applied to the expansion of a three-parameter Weibull distribution, and the cumulative distribution function and probability density function of limit state function are determined. As a result, the failure probability interval of the slope is calculated. The interval uncertainty problem is transformed into an interval certainty problem using Taylor expansion without solving for the statistical moment of limit state function using multiple integrals and iteratively searching for the most probable failure points. The numerical results from two slopes show that the proposed method is effective and feasible.

Time-variant reliability analysis via approximation of the first-crossing PDF

Time-variant reliability analysis can effectively estimate the safe state of structures under dynamic uncertainties during their lifecycle. However, one of its key challenging issues is computational efficiency. To improve the efficiency, this paper develops an approximation of the first-crossing probability density function (PDF) method, termed AFC-PDFM, based on the first-crossing theory. The response surface of the first-crossing time point (FCTP) about input variables is first estimated by using the moving least squares method (MLSM) and uniform design. Furthermore, an iterative algorithm is developed to compute the origin moments of the FCTP based on the MLSM response surface. Finally, the PDF of the FCTP is obtained by combining the origin moments and the maximum entropy method to avoid direct calculations of the first-crossing rate, which is often intractable, and then the time-variant reliability is estimated. Three examples are implemented to testify and validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and potential applications to engineering problems.

Ab initio predictions for the reaction mechanism and orbital topological properties of the formation of Neptunimine, Plutonimine, and its side products.

Exploring the different mechanisms involved in the application of actinide is necessary to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of actinide science. In this study, the mechanisms of gas-phase Np and Pu atoms dissociating NH3 molecules forming Neptunimine and Plutonimine complexes were systematically investigated using different approaches of density functional theory. A new dehydrogenation channel was discovered. The results reveal that the intermediates HAn-NH2 are the lowest energy in the overall reaction, and the direct planar evolution dehydrogenations are the lowest energy reaction path. Besides, the mechanism of the initial complexation process is discussed on the electron localization function, atoms-in-molecules, atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld atomic charges, and electron density difference analysis. The results indicate that An-N in complex I exhibits a very weak covalent interaction, and it comes down to pulling the original dipole moment of the NH3 molecule and stretched between An atom and three H atoms. Graphical abstract.

«Universale latissimae universalitatis»: origine della creazione e natura del fluxus nel De causis di Alberto

Among the authors of the 13th century, Albert the Great is perhaps - together with Thomas Aquinas - the one who chose to confront more closely the metaphysical instances of the Liber de causis. The anonymous work, an original readaptation of Proclus’ Elementatio theologica, not only found in Albert one of its most passionate interpreters, but also profoundly shaped his thought. It is difficult to establish whether it was more the Liber de causis that modelled Albert’s philosophical and theological reflection, or Albert’s reading of it that profoundly influenced the posterity of the De causis. One of the best known aspects of Albert’s thought is undoubtedly his metaphysics of flow, and more particularly his attempt to harmonise the Christian doctrine of creatio ex nihilo with the Neoplatonic model of procession and emanation. In this article I jointly analyse: (i) Albert’s definition of the flow; (ii) the way he describes the process of creation by the First Cause; (iii) the different definitions he offers of the first product of the First Cause. In this way, I hope to show that the nature of the flow - considered in its moment of origin (which coincides with the origin of the entire creation) - can be more adequately understood if considered in its relationship to that of the first created product, and vice versa.

The trigonometric orthogonality of phase-stepping curves in grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging: Integral property and its implications for noise optimization.

Grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging (GPCI) is a promising technique for clinical applications as it can provide two newly emerging imaging modalities (differential phase-contrast and dark-field contrast) in addition to the conventional absorption contrast. As far, phase-stepping strategy is the most commonly used approach in GPCI to indirectly acquire differential phase-contrast and dark-field contrast. It is known that the obtained phase-stepping curves (PSCs) have the cosine property and the convolution property, leading to two types of information retrieval approaches in literature: the Fourier component analysis and the multi-order moment analysis. The purpose of this paper is to derive a new property of PSCs and apply the property to noise optimization for information retrieval. Based on the cosine expression of the flat PSC without the sample and the well-established convolution relationship between the flat PSC and the sample PSC, we reveal an important integral property of PSCs: the inner product of PSCs and an arbitrary function contains only zero-order and first-order components in the Fourier series. Furthermore, we apply the property to the direct multi-order moment analysis and propose a set of generalized forms including an optimal one in the presence of noise. To validate the effectiveness of our analysis, we compared the simulated and real experiment results retrieved by the original direct multi-order moment analysis with the ones retrieved by our proposed noise-optimal form. A significant improvement of noise performance by our method is observed and the improvement ratio in differential phase-contrast is consistent with our theoretical calculation (39.2%). In this paper, we reveal a new integral property of the acquired PSCs with and without samples in GPCI, which can be applied to information retrieval approaches like the direct multi-order moment analysis. Then we optimize these approaches to improve the noise performance, offering great potentials of dose reduction in practical applications.

Ultra-low remanence and weak magnetic agglomeration of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles caused by high magnetic moment Tb3+ doping

The structure and magnetic properties of the magnetite can be substantial corrected by incorporating foreign cations. In this work, Tb3+ was successfully incorporated into magnetite and superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles were obtained, using solvothermal method. The doping of Tb3+ greatly reduces the Mr and Hc values of the magnetite. Due to the doping of high magnetic moment Tb3+, the original magnetic moment of the magnetite is destroyed and magnetic domain are decomposed, resulting in a significant reduction in remanence and magnetic agglomeration. The remarkable effect of Tb3+ doping degaussing will provide new prospects for the application of magnetite materials in the superparamagnetic direction.

Non‐Double‐Couple Moment Tensors of Earthquakes Calculated Using Empirical Green’s Functions

AbstractWe present a joint inversion for empirical Green’s functions (EGFs) and high‐resolution non‐double‐couple (non‐DC) moment tensors. First, the EGFs are constructed using known moment tensors of earthquakes occurring in a small focal zone. Second, the estimated EGFs are applied to refine the original moment tensors used for constructing the EGFs. Because the EGFs describe the velocity model better than the standard GFs, the refined moment tensors are more accurate. The method is applied to real observations of earthquakes of the 2008 swarm in West Bohemia, Czech Republic, where tiny details in fracturing in the focal zone are revealed. Refined moment tensors indicate fault closing caused by compaction of fault gouge during fracturing process related to fault weakening by fluids in the focal zone. The application of the proposed inversion can improve moment tensors reported in existing local, regional, or global catalogs for areas with a concentrated seismicity.

Semi-dynamic maintenance scheduling for multi-station series systems in multi-specification and small-batch production

This paper proposes a new semi-dynamic Opportunistic Maintenance (OM) policy for multi-station series systems, with considering the changing production environment brought by the multi-specification and small-batch production mode. It combines the advantages of the time-window-based OM policy, which can decrease the complexity of the solution space for PM grouping, and the dynamic OM policy, which is capable of adapting to the changing production environment. Whenever one of the stations reaches its original Preventive Maintenance (PM) moment, an OM decision cycle of the system begins. During this decision cycle, all the stations, whose original PM moments are within the presented dynamic Maintenance Time Window (MTW), form a PM group. This dynamic MTW is different for each station, and it is obtained based on the predetermined static MTW and the dynamic impacts from the current production task. The static MTW is constant, and it is derived according to the expected production plan without considering the changing production environment. To balance the maintenance cost for the obtained PM group, the PM is not performed right at the time when one of the stations reaches its original PM moment, and it is postponed. The optimal duration of the postponement is dynamically obtained by minimizing the total maintenance cost within this duration. Finally, numerical examples and comparisons are illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed semi-dynamic OM policy.