Molecular Nanotechnology Research Articles

Selected Abstracts from GENOPRO-2017- 4th International Conference on “Emerging Trends in Protein Science and Proteomics”

GENOPRO-2017 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SUMMARY The Department of Biotechnology (Convener: Dr. Nitesh Poddar, Co-convener: Dr. Dinesh Kumar; Organizing Secretary: Er. Sachin Srivastava) organized the 4th International conference entitled “Emerging trends in protein science and proteomics: GenoPro2017” on 15th and 16th Sep, 2017. The theme of the conference is to understand the structural–functional relationship of each protein contents in the whole proteome with the help of cutting edge proteomics tools. Protein science is a cross-disciplinary nomenclature encompassing segments of scientific fields such as molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics, genetics, bioengineering and nanotechnology. The GenoPro2017 international Conference was sponsored by DST-SERB, ICMR, New Delhi and Invertis University, Bareilly. In this 4th international conference GenoPro2017, Dr. Shashi Bala Singh, DS & Director General-Life Sciences (LS), DRDO, New Delhi graced and honored as a Chief Guest. She talked about the biomarkers used in protein science and new fields of proteomics such as nutritional proteomics and translational proteomics. Read more . . .

Physical mechanism on exciton-plasmon coupling revealed by femtosecond pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy

The unclear mechanism of exciton-plasmon coupling interaction in monolayer MoS2-Ag nanoparticles hybrid, as a longstanding target in molecular nanotechnology and catalysis, is systemically investigated with transmission spectra and femtosecond pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy in this paper. The properties of exciton in monolayer MoS2 are strongly enhanced due to the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) induced by Ag nanoparticles, and manifested by obvious changes in transmission spectra. Furthermore, we discuss the dynamic processes of exciton-plasmon coupling interaction with the femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, which indicates that there are three lifetimes, Auger scattering, electron-electron interaction and electron-phonon interaction, and illustrate the reason of the enlarged lifetime in hybrid system. Meanwhile, the intensity of A excitonic state in femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is significantly enhanced by LSPR, instead of excitonic state B. In conclusion, our study can promote the deeper understanding and illustrate the unique merits of the exciton-plasmon coupling interaction in the monolayer MoS2-Ag nanoparticles hybrid system.

Molecular switching on graphyne and graphdiyne: Realizing functional carbon networks in synergy with graphene

Molecular switches have been promising candidates in the context of information storage, sensors, optical devices, etc. and play a prominent role in molecular nanotechnology. Motivated by the recent experimental and theoretical studies on molecular switching in the vicinity of carbon-based materials like fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, herein, we investigate the switching process in two classic molecular switches, azobenzene and disperse orange 3 when adsorbed on graphyne (GY) and graphdiyne (GDY). The adsorption energies of the switches on these networks lie in between the physisorption and chemisorption regimes, lending appropriate control of the cis-trans isomerization process. The computed activation barriers and rates of isomerization on GY and GDY reveal that these materials could be employed in synergy with graphene as templates for azo-based solar thermal fuels and in the domain of data storage devices. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first report (theoretical or experimental) probing molecular switching on GY and GDY.

THE DESIRE FOR TRANSCENDENCE: FAITH IN PROGRESS THROUGH TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT What is transhumanism? According to Bostrom (2005), “Transhumanism is a loosely defined movement that has developed gradually over the past two decades. It promotes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding and evaluating the opportunities for enhancing the human condition and the human organism opened up by the advancement of technology. Attention is given to both present technologies, like genetic engineering and information technology, and anticipated future ones, such as molecular nanotechnology and artificial intelligence” (p.3-14). Therefore, a Posthuman would no longer be a human being but rather a transformation human species. The core issues explored by transhumanism raise some profound questions regarding the good, bad and evils that define human existence and the meaning of human life. In the past, Christian faith provided answers to the meaning of human existence. Today, technology encourages us to use artificial means to impel mankind towards something more than human. This paper addresses this impulse towards transcendence and presents some of the positive outcomes foreseen by theorists such as Bostrom and Kurzweil. A two-tier system and social implication of the role of technology will also be discussed. Keywords Technology, Technology Enhancement, Transhumanism, Society, Two-tiered Society, Moral, Ethics, Economics.

The Primary Mechanism of Cellular Internalization for a Short Cell- Penetrating Peptide as a Nano-Scale Delivery System.

Development of effective drug delivery systems (DDS) is a critical issue in health care and medicine. Advances in molecular biology and nanotechnology have allowed the introduction of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can form the basis of drug delivery systems by virtue of their ability to support the transport of cargoes into the cell. Potential cargoes include proteins, DNA, RNA, liposomes, and nanomaterials. These cargoes generally retain their bioactivities upon entering cells. In the present study, the smallest, fully-active lactoferricin-derived CPP, L5a is used to demonstrate the primary contributor of cellular internalization. The secondary helical structure of L5a encompasses symmetrical positive charges around the periphery. The contributions of cell-specificity, peptide length, concentration, zeta potential, particle size, and spatial structure of the peptides were examined, but only zeta potential and spatial structure affected protein transduction efficiency. FITC-labeled L5a appeared to enter cells via direct membrane translocation insofar as endocytic modulators did not block FITC-L5a entry. This is the same mechanism of protein transduction active in Cy5 labeled DNA delivery mediated by FITC-L5a. A significant reduction of transduction efficiency was observed with structurally incomplete FITC-L5a formed by tryptic destruction, in which case the mechanism of internalization switched to a classical energydependent endocytosis pathway. These results support the continued development of the non-cytotoxic L5a as an efficient tool for drug delivery.

A Microsphere-Supported Lipid Bilayer Platform for DNA Reactions on a Fluid Surface.

We report a versatile microsphere-supported lipid bilayer system that can serve as a general-purpose platform for implementing DNA nanotechnologies on a fluid surface. To demonstrate our platform, we implemented both toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) and DNAzyme reactions, which are typically performed in solution and which are the cornerstone of DNA-based molecular logic and dynamic DNA nanotechnology, on the surface. We functionalized microspheres bearing supported lipid bilayers (μSLBs) with membrane-bound nucleic acid components. Using functionalized μSLBs, we developed TMSD and DNAzyme reactions by optimizing reaction conditions to reduce nonspecific interactions between DNA and phospholipids and to enhance bilayer stability. Additionally, the physical and optical properties of the bilayer were tuned via lipid composition and addition of fluorescently tagged lipids to create stable and multiplexable μSLBs that are easily read out by flow cytometry. Multiplexed TMSD reactions on μSLBs enabled the successful operation of a Dengue serotyping assay that correctly identified all 16 patterns of target sequences to demonstrate detection of DNA strands derived from the sequences of all four Dengue serotypes. The limit of detection for this assay was 3 nM. Furthermore, we demonstrated DNAzyme reactions on a fluid lipid surface, which benefit from free diffusion on the surface. This work provides the basis for expansion of both TMSD and DNAzyme based molecular reactions on supported lipid bilayers for use in molecular logic and DNA nanotechnology. As our system is multiplexable and results in fluid surfaces, it may be of use in compartmentalization and improved kinetics of molecular logic reactions and as a useful building block in a variety of DNA nanotechnology systems.

Potential applications and human biosafety of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, potential applications of nanomaterials in medicine have been widely researched in recent years. Nanomaterials themselves can be used as image agents or therapeutic drugs, and for drug and gene delivery, biological devices, nanoelectronic biosensors or molecular nanotechnology. As the composition, morphology, chemical properties, implant sites as well as potential applications become more and more complex, human biosafety of nanomaterials for clinical use has become a major concern. If nanoparticles accumulate in the human body or interact with the body molecules or chemical components, health risks may also occur. Accordingly, the unique chemical and physical properties, potential applications in medical fields, as well as human biosafety in clinical trials are reviewed in this study. Finally, this article tries to give some suggestions for future work in nanomedicine research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reorientation of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) crystal in thin film induced by polyethylene glycol

Understanding the crystal structure and thermal behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHx) and its blends thin film under spatial confinement is crucial for its application in molecular scale devices and advanced nanotechnology. In this study, we investigate the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the morphology and molecular orientation of PHBHx thin films using scanning probe microscope and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Unexpectedly, we found that with addition of PEG no hydrogen bonds were detectable in the thin film of PHBHx/PEG blend. PEG destroyed the edge-on lamellar orientation of PHBHx leading to the chain axis to pack preferentially in a direction between the out-of-plane and in-plane along with a flat surface. More importantly, analysis of the q space of (020) diffraction indicated that PHBHx crystal tends to form a densely packed lamellae after the addition of PEG. The thermal behaviors of such densely packed lamellae crystals were examined by temperature-dependent infrared-reflection absorbance spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation analysis. It was revealed that the crystal structure of PHBHx/PEG blends were stable during the melting process despite the decrease of the crystallinity. We speculate that the reorientation and thermal stability of the crystalline PHBHx/PEG blends were due to PEG acting as an effective solvent that not only lowered the surface energy of chain folding surface but also changed the kinetics of PHBHx crystallization. This interesting observation will provide new insights into understanding of the crystallization kinetics of PHBHx thin film under spatial confinement.

Application and significance of molecular targeted nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies. Current radiological examination is quite limited in diagnosing early HCC. Various treatments for HCC have definite indications, and there is still no effective treatment and prevention for recurrence and metastasis. Based on the recent development of molecular targeting nanotechnology for specific molecules in liver cancer cells, early diagnosis and the monitoring of recurrence and metastasis for HCC can be improved, and the specificity of drug in targeting cancer cells and the therapeutic effect on HCC can be significantly enhanced. The article reviewed the application and significance of molecular targeting nanotechnology in HCC diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Molecular targets; Nanotechnology; Early diagnosis; Target therapy

Imaging proteins at the single-molecule level

Imaging single proteins has been a long-standing ambition for advancing various fields in natural science, as for instance structural biology, biophysics, and molecular nanotechnology. In particular, revealing the distinct conformations of an individual protein is of utmost importance. Here, we show the imaging of individual proteins and protein complexes by low-energy electron holography. Samples of individual proteins and protein complexes on ultraclean freestanding graphene were prepared by soft-landing electrospray ion beam deposition, which allows chemical- and conformational-specific selection and gentle deposition. Low-energy electrons do not induce radiation damage, which enables acquiring subnanometer resolution images of individual proteins (cytochrome C and BSA) as well as of protein complexes (hemoglobin), which are not the result of an averaging process.

Application of photodynamic therapy in gastrointestinal disorders: an outdated or re-emerging technique?

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality that involves the administration of a photosensitizer followed by local illumination with a specific wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen. PDT is minimally invasive, has high selectivity for cancer, and has good patient compliance due to the simplicity of the procedure; therefore, PDT is widely used as a palliative and salvage treatment in patients with various gastrointestinal malignancies. When used as a salvage treatment for locoregional failures after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer, favorable results have been reported. PDT in conjunction with biliary stenting is a promising palliative treatment for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, and can be used as an advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Recent clinical reports of PDT for treating non-resectable pancreatic cancer also show promising results. To widen the application of PDT, the integration of PDT with molecular imaging and nanotechnology is being extensively studied. Based on these new developments, PDT is likely to re-emerge as a valuable technique in the treatment of diverse gastrointestinal diseases.

Synthesis and functionalization of protease-activated nanoparticles with tissue plasminogen activator peptides as targeting moiety and diagnostic tool for pancreatic cancer.

BackgroundFunctionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are one promising tool for detecting specific molecular targets and combine molecular biology and nanotechnology aiming at modern imaging. We aimed at ligand-directed delivery with a suitable target-biomarker to detect early pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Promising targets are galectins (Gal), due to their strong expression in and on PDAC-cells and occurrence at early stages in cancer precursor lesions, but not in adjacent normal tissues.ResultsMolecular probes (10-29 AA long peptides) derived from human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) were selected as binding partners to galectins. Affinity constants between the synthesized t-PA peptides and Gal were determined by microscale thermophoresis. The 29 AA-long t-PA-peptide-1 with a lactose-functionalized serine revealed the strongest binding properties to Gal-1 which was 25-fold higher in comparison with the native t-PA protein and showed additional strong binding to Gal-3 and Gal-4, both also over-expressed in PDAC. t-PA-peptide-1 was selected as vector moiety and linked covalently onto the surface of biodegradable iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs). In particular, CAN-doped maghemite NPs (CAN-Mag), promising as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were selected as magnetic core and coated with different biocompatible polymers, such as chitosan (CAN-Mag-Chitosan NPs) or polylactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) obtaining polymeric nanoparticles (CAN-Mag@PNPs), already approved for drug delivery applications. The binding efficacy of t-PA-vectorized NPs determined by exposure to different pancreatic cell lines was up to 90%, as assessed by flow cytometry. The in vivo targeting and imaging efficacy of the vectorized NPs were evaluated by applying murine pancreatic tumor models and assessed by 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The t-PA-vectorized NPs as well as the protease-activated NPs with outer shell decoration (CAN-Mag@PNPs-PEG-REGAcp-PEG/tPA-pep1Lac) showed clearly detectable drop of subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor staining-intensity indicating a considerable uptake of the injected NPs. Post mortem NP deposition in tumors and organs was confirmed by Fe staining of histopathology tissue sections.ConclusionsThe targeted NPs indicate a fast and enhanced deposition of NPs in the murine tumor models. The CAN-Mag@PNPs-PEG-REGAcp-PEG/tPA-pep1Lac interlocking steps strategy of NPs delivery and deposition in pancreatic tumor is promising.

Mechanically Induced Opening-Closing Action of Binaphthyl Molecular Pliers: Digital Phase Transition versus Continuous Conformational Change.

Reversible dynamic control of structure is a significant challenge in molecular nanotechnology. Previously, we have reported a mechanically induced continuous (analog) conformational variation in an amphiphilic binaphthyl, where closing of molecular pliers was achieved by compression of a molecular monolayer composed of these molecules at the air-water interface. In this work we report that a phase transition induced by an applied mechanical stress enables discontinuous digital (1/0) opening of simple binaphthyl molecular pliers. A lipid matrix at the air-water interface promotes the formation of quasi-stable nanocrystals, in which binaphthyl molecules have an open transoid configuration. The crystallization/dissolution of quasi-stable binaphthyl crystals with accompanying conformational change is reversible and repeatable.

Light-Induced Translation of Motorized Molecules on a Surface.

Molecular machines are a key component in the vision of molecular nanotechnology and have the potential to transport molecular species and cargo on surfaces. The motion of such machines should be triggered remotely, ultimately allowing a large number of molecules to be propelled by a single source, with light being an attractive stimulus. Here, we report upon the photoinduced translation of molecular machines across a surface by characterizing single molecules before and after illumination. Illumination of molecules containing a motor unit results in an enhancement in the diffusion of the molecules. The effect vanishes if an incompatible photon energy is used or if the motor unit is removed from the molecule, revealing that the enhanced motion is due to the presence of the wavelength-sensitive motor in each molecule.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Single-Stranded Clonal Pure Oligonucleotides.

Single-stranded oligonucleotides, or oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs), are very important in several fields of science such as molecular biology, diagnostics, nanotechnology, and gene therapy. They are usually chemically synthesized. Here we describe an enzymatic method which enables us to synthesize pure oligonucleotides which can be up to several hundred long bases.

Computation of Dielectric Response in Molecular Solids for High Capacitance Organic Dielectrics.

The dielectric response of a material is central to numerous processes spanning the fields of chemistry, materials science, biology, and physics. Despite this broad importance across these disciplines, describing the dielectric environment of a molecular system at the level of first-principles theory and computation remains a great challenge and is of importance to understand the behavior of existing systems as well as to guide the design and synthetic realization of new ones. Furthermore, with recent advances in molecular electronics, nanotechnology, and molecular biology, it has become necessary to predict the dielectric properties of molecular systems that are often difficult or impossible to measure experimentally. In these scenarios, it is would be highly desirable to be able to determine dielectric response through efficient, accurate, and chemically informative calculations. A good example of where theoretical modeling of dielectric response would be valuable is in the development of high-capacitance organic gate dielectrics for unconventional electronics such as those that could be fabricated by high-throughput printing techniques. Gate dielectrics are fundamental components of all transistor-based logic circuitry, and the combination high dielectric constant and nanoscopic thickness (i.e., high capacitance) is essential to achieving high switching speeds and low power consumption. Molecule-based dielectrics offer the promise of cheap, flexible, and mass producible electronics when used in conjunction with unconventional organic or inorganic semiconducting materials to fabricate organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The molecular dielectrics developed to date typically have limited dielectric response, which results in low capacitances, translating into poor performance of the resulting OFETs. Furthermore, the development of better performing dielectric materials has been hindered by the current highly empirical and labor-intensive pace of synthetic progress. An accurate and efficient theoretical computational approach could drastically decrease this time by screening potential dielectric materials and providing reliable design rules for future molecular dielectrics. Until recently, accurate calculation of dielectric responses in molecular materials was difficult and highly approximate. Most previous modeling efforts relied on classical formalisms to relate molecular polarizability to macroscopic dielectric properties. These efforts often vastly overestimated polarizability in the subject materials and ignored crucial material properties that can affect dielectric response. Recent advances in first-principles calculations via density functional theory (DFT) with periodic boundary conditions have allowed accurate computation of dielectric properties in molecular materials. In this Account, we outline the methodology used to calculate dielectric properties of molecular materials. We demonstrate the validity of this approach on model systems, capturing the frequency dependence of the dielectric response and achieving quantitative accuracy compared with experiment. This method is then used as a guide to new high-capacitance molecular dielectrics by determining what materials and chemical properties are important in maximizing dielectric response in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). It will be seen that this technique is a powerful tool for understanding and designing new molecular dielectric systems, the properties of which are fundamental to many scientific areas.

An autonomous chemically fuelled small-molecule motor.

Molecular machines are among the most complex of all functional molecules and lie at the heart of nearly every biological process. A number of synthetic small-molecule machines have been developed, including molecular muscles, synthesizers, pumps, walkers, transporters and light-driven and electrically driven rotary motors. However, although biological molecular motors are powered by chemical gradients or the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), so far there are no synthetic small-molecule motors that can operate autonomously using chemical energy (that is, the components move with net directionality as long as a chemical fuel is present). Here we describe a system in which a small molecular ring (macrocycle) is continuously transported directionally around a cyclic molecular track when powered by irreversible reactions of a chemical fuel, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride. Key to the design is that the rate of reaction of this fuel with reactive sites on the cyclic track is faster when the macrocycle is far from the reactive site than when it is near to it. We find that a bulky pyridine-based catalyst promotes carbonate-forming reactions that ratchet the displacement of the macrocycle away from the reactive sites on the track. Under reaction conditions where both attachment and cleavage of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl groups occur through different processes, and the cleavage reaction occurs at a rate independent of macrocycle location, net directional rotation of the molecular motor continues for as long as unreacted fuel remains. We anticipate that autonomous chemically fuelled molecular motors will find application as engines in molecular nanotechnology.

Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor for Detection of N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase Based on a "Light-Switch" Molecule Combined with DNA Dendrimer.

Here, a novel "light-switch" molecule of Ru (II) complex ([Ru(dcbpy)2dppz](2+)-DPEA) with self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) property is proposed, which is almost nonemissive in aqueous solution but is brightly luminescent when it intercalates into DNA duplex. Owing to less energy loss and shorter electron-transfer distance, the intramolecular ECL reaction between the luminescent [Ru(dcbpy)2dppz](2+) and coreactive tertiary amine group in N,N-diisopropylethylenediamine (DPEA) makes the obtained "light-switch" molecule possess much higher light-switch efficiency compared with the traditional "light-switch" molecule. For increasing the loading amount and further enhancing the luminous efficiency of the "light-switch" molecule, biotin labeled DNA dendrimer (the fourth generation, G4) is prepared from Y-shape DNA by a step-by-step assembly strategy, which provides abundant intercalated sites for [Ru(dcbpy)2dppz](2+)-DPEA. Meanwhile, the obtained nanocomposite (G4-[Ru(dcbpy)2dppz](2+)-DPEA) could well bind with streptavidin labeled detection antibody (SA-Ab2) due to the existence of abundant biotin. Through sandwiched immunoreaction, an ECL immunosensor was fabricated for sensitive determination of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), a typical biomarker for diabetic nephropathy (DN). The detemination linear range was 0.1 pg mL(-1) to 1 ng mL(-1), and the detection limit was 0.028 pg mL(-1). The developed strategy combining the ECL self-enhanced "light-switch" molecular and DNA nanotechnology offers an effective signal amplification mean and provides ample potential for further bioanalysis and clinical study.

Nanotechnology Innovations & Business Opportunities in Renewable Energy Sector

Nanotechnology, being anticipated general purpose breakthrough technology of 21st century, has potential to solve problems related to human civilizations pertaining to both basic needs and aspirations for comfort life. Out of basic needs of human which include food, drinking water, energy, cloth, shelter, health and clean environment, perhaps, solving energy problem by providing a way to generating, storing, and converting it to required form at any time and any amount of time called ‘ubiquitous energy’ is the opportunity and the challenge for scientific world and for human prosperity. In this paper, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities of nanotechnology innovations and business opportunities in energy sector. The nanotechnology impact on seven areas of energy sector including solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, oil-fuel based energy, artificial photosynthesis, energy storage and effective energy management to promote nanotechnology based energy as ubiquitous energy are discussed and reviewed.The paper includes possible innovations and research opportunities in nano-modified solar cells, Nano-influenced Fuel storage cells, and nanotech based artificial photosynthesis. We have also used ABCD analysis to discuss the business opportunities by studying the advantages, benefits, constraints and disadvantages of nanotechnology based energy solutions. Finally, a futuristic possible solution is proposed for the problem of how to solve ever demanding energy crisis using Molecular Nanotechnology model.

Nanotechnology Innovations & Business Opportunities in Renewable Energy Sector

Nanotechnology, being anticipated general purpose breakthrough technology of 21st century, has potential to solve problems related to human civilizations pertaining to both basic needs and aspirations for comfort life. Out of basic needs of human which include food, drinking water, energy, cloth, shelter, health and clean environment, perhaps, solving energy problem by providing a way to generating, storing, and converting it to required form at any time and any amount of time called ‘ubiquitous energy’ is the opportunity and the challenge for scientific world and for human prosperity. In this paper, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities of nanotechnology innovations and business opportunities in energy sector. The nanotechnology impact on seven areas of energy sector including solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, oil-fuel based energy, artificial photosynthesis, energy storage and effective energy management to promote nanotechnology based energy as ubiquitous energy are discussed and reviewed.The paper includes possible innovations and research opportunities in nano-modified solar cells, Nano-influenced Fuel storage cells, and nanotech based artificial photosynthesis. We have also used ABCD analysis to discuss the business opportunities by studying the advantages, benefits, constraints and disadvantages of nanotechnology based energy solutions. Finally, a futuristic possible solution is proposed for the problem of how to solve ever demanding energy crisis using Molecular Nanotechnology model.