Moulded Bricks Research Articles

Soil cross breeding: Mechanical strength analysis of intermixed soils used as unfired earth brick

Mechanical strength of brick is significantly influenced by soil properties, deeming some soils unusable. This paper investigates the effect of mixing soils from different sources, Hyogo (a chlorite soil) and Tokyo (an albite soil) from Japan, on the flexural and compressive strength of unfired earth brick. Before conducting strength tests on moulded bricks made from original soil mixes and intermixed soils, both soil samples were individually separated into two portions, sand and fines. To better understand the strength behaviour of the resulting brick specimen, the physical and chemical properties of used raw materials were characterised using various techniques including X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) X-ray diffraction (XRD), water and nitrogen sorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and ionic conductivity. The results revealed that the replacement of the fines portions in unadulterated soil mixes induced an increase in flexural and compressive strength for brick specimen made with albite soil, while significant reduction in strength was recorded with brick specimen made with fines portion replaced in chlorite soil. Furthermore, the former intermixed soil exhibited higher strengths than specimen made from unadulterated soils. Chlorite clay minerals comprised of desired properties to enhance performance of albite soil sand particles in a brick composite. This justified the dependence of selected soil parameters that play critical roles in the performance behaviour of the produced bricks. The obtained findings could serve as guidelines to production and performance enhancement of unburnt brick by amalgamating various soils.

Evaluation of interlocking moulded bricks with the effective usage of agro - waste fibres in construction industry

For a very long time, fibres have been employed in building materials. The use of natural and synthetic fibres in prior studies and investigations has yielded promising findings because their presence has proved considerable benefits for the composite material's overall mechanical and physical qualities. The major objectives of this work were the creation of manually crushed interlocking mud bricks and a study of their compressive strength. Mud bricks containing rice husk (1–6% by weight of soil) and wheat straw (1–6 % by weight of soil) were made to accomplish this. Straw husk, a soil additive that varied from 1 to 6 %by weight, was also made by mixing rice husk and wheat straw. Compressive strength analysis was utilized to look at the interlocking mud bricks strength and failure pattern. Bricks made of mud under control had shrinkage cracks, whereas bricks made of fibres did not exhibit any symptoms of shrinkage cracking (wheat straw, rice husk and straw husk). As the number of fibres in the mud brick samples increased, there was a corresponding drop in compressive strength. However, interlocking mud bricks with fibres in them met the minimal strength requirements of several mud brick standards. Therefore, interlocking mud bricks with fibres can be used in earthen building as a long-lasting, cost-effective, and eco-friendly material based on the findings of compressive strength tests.

Meroitic building techniques: some observations from Abu Erteila (Sudan). Сonstruction materials and methods.

The article is devoted to the general tendencies in the architecture of the Meroit period (c. 3rd century BC – 4th century AD) of the Kingdom of Kush (c. 9th century BC – 4th century AD), local building materials and technologies that determined the distinctive appearance of Meroitic architecture. Construction activity under Natakamani and Amanitore rules covered almost the entire territory of the state. By the 1st century BC the Meroe district had significant resources and became a large centre of monumental architecture, around which cult complexes were built in the neighboring settlements, such as Hamadab, Awlib and Abu Erteila. This construction was achieved not only through stone mining, but also through applying advanced building methods, sophisticated brick-making techniques, and combined materials (mud brick and fired brick, iron and sandstone, wood and plaster), as the second part of the article describes the 1st century AD at Abu Erteila temple complex. The dimensional and proportional analysis and the description of the building materials and architectural elements used were applied to two small Meroitic temples (main one small ) found at Kom II in Abu Erteila. The analysis of the main temple's dimensions showed that its construction had taken the form of an Egyptian royal cubit (52.3sm). The preliminary excavations showed the proportions of 8:5, which had been recorded in the plans and facades of many other temples of the Meroitic period. The materials used for the construction of these two temples demonstrated the mixed technique of building used by the Meroites, when mud bricks were used for the main mass of the walls, fired bricks were used for the facing of the walls and the pylon, and moulded bricks of burnt red clay and sandstone were used for the architectural elements. Three types of foundations can be traced in the temple complex, which varied depending on the time of construction, height of the walls or specific features of the site soil. Methods to control swelling and cracking of the ground along the plastered surfaces with paintings close to the ground level are also documented. The various passageways in the two temples had thresholds of burnt bricks or dark sandstone, pilasters along the sides, and pillar stones for single or double doors, showing the well-developed construction in many temples of this historical period. Consequently, many of the surviving sandstone architectural details (columns, cornices, friezes, torus mouldings, water spouts, elements of relief decoration etc.) found inside and near the main temple, based on the unified style of various temples in the region, allowed to make an early general reconstruction of the temple.

Advantages of Additive Technologies Usage in Design of Cooling Channels

Main aim of this paper is to analyze the thermal behavior of different cooling channels and to describe advantages of manufacturing of a mold with these channels using a 3D printer instead of drilling machines. This work was primarily done by the usage of virtual simulation. Validation of thermal simulations was performed by usage of simple analytical solution. A simple model of molded brick was designed to analyze the cooling time and the temperature distribution in the mold when changing the cross section of the cooling channels. Three types of different rectangular cross-sections and one circular were chosen. All of them have the same area. The cooling channel with circular cross section was positioned closer to the part in next design and influence of this change was analyzed. Last tested configuration is conformal cooling channel with a channel path twice longer. It is obvious, that most suitable configuration of cooling channels is combination of conformal design with rectangular shape as close as possible to plastic part.

PENGEMBANGAN BATAKO SISTEM INTERLOCKING UNTUK BANGUNAN TAHAN GEMPA

Earthquakes as a natural phenomenon have caused many casualties and property.for the examples human casualties from the Aceh earthquake on December 26th, 2006 more than 180 thousand people, the Nias earthquake on March 15th, 2005 have more than 3000 of victims andlast the Yogyakarta earthquake on 27th May 2006 over 5700 victims. Based on observations most of the human victims caused by falling by the collapsed building. One of the elements of the building that is easy to fail when an earthquake strike is part of the wall.The walls are composed of clay bricks or concrete bricks only able to withstand axial force but weak in resisting lateral force perpendicular to the plane. Innovation model of brick to overcome the problem is batako interlocking system. Batako hooks (Interlock block) is a wall building material that has a hook to lock movement due to lateral force. Interlock block is the development of the brick by adding lips on certain sides as a lock. The developed brick model with a dimensions length of 30 cm, height of 15 cm and thickness of 10 cm, which is equipped with bulge / lips on all four sides. The portion of the mixture used is 1 cement: 5 sand. The molded brick was applied to a wall-mounted pairs product with a length of 1.5 m and a height of 1 m. Based on the calculation of material requirement from brick wall, it is known that the specific material for inserting an interlocking brick is 25% less than conventional batako pairs, besides the time required to obtain a neat pair of interlocking bricks is 7.5 minutes faster when compared with Installation of conventional brick.

Rethinking the origins of Han Dynasty stone-carved tombs

ABSTRACTHan Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) stone-carved tombs were constructed from carved stone slabs or a combination of moulded bricks and carved stones, and were distributed in Central and Eastern China. Such multi-chambered stone tombs were very popular among the Han people, but they were entirely new in Han China, and were a major departure from previous precedents. Han Dynasty stone-carved tombs have long been considered as an independent invention within China. However, this paper debates this, arguing instead that the origins and development of stone-carved tombs were related to outside stimuli.

Embodied Energy & Cost Issues of Tank-Bed-Lime Based Geopolymer Adobes

It is well-known that a product or a system is sustainable if it is economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly. Load bearing masonry is one such example which is quite sustainable, especially if the masonry units are locally available. It is important to quantify the environmental benefits and cost, if an alternative to an existing technology is to be suggested. Of course the issues related to acceptance have to be discussed and addressed. This paper presents the quantification of embodied energy and cost of lime-pozzolana-cement (LPC) geopolymer based masonry units made using locally available bulk ingredients viz. tank-bed soil (TBS) and brick-powder (BP). The masonry adobe units developed have achieved the target performance in terms of strength, low water absorption and relative ease of production. Simultaneously the issues related to cost are also discussed in this paper. The studies have revealed that the bulk contributor to embodied energy and cost of geopolymer adobes are the alkaline materials viz sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. However, the embodied energy and cost per unit strength appears to be better than that of conventional table moulded bricks in south India, especially when alkaline solution at 2M concentration is used with LPC.

Effect of Local Additives on Engineering Properties of OkeleleIlorin (Nigeria) Clay

Most additives usually used in clay are imported to the country, Nigeria. Meanwhile there are several agricultural bi-products and other materials which are regarded as wastes in the country that are underutilized which could be used as additives to alter/improve clay properties. Previous works had revealed that some properties of many Nigerian clays need to be improved on to be found suitable for many engineering applications. This paper aims at investigating the effects of the locally available additives on properties of a selected clay sample. The clay sample obtained from a popular Okelele clay deposit at Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria was purified through the process of picking/sorting, crushing/grinding and sizing (sieving). The sieved clay sample was thoroughly mixed with five (5) different locally available additives (Palm kernel nutshell, Anthill, rice-husk ash, Groug) and Portland cement separately at the ratio of 1:14 by weight. The mixtures were moulded into rectangular shaped brick of 50mm x 50mm x 50mm diameter. The moulded bricks were fired at the temperature of 1200 0 C, which were subjected to series of laboratory tests using British Standard (BS) American Standard of Testing of Materials (ASTM). However, the result revealed that the additive has significant effect on the properties of the clay. The result of this study also revealed that the additives possess the ability to enhance the strengths of the clay, its mouldness and prevent its cracking and rupture during firing. As such, these additives are suitable as replacement for Portland cement (as additive) in clay material for engineering applications. The effects of the additives on the strength of the clay at yield and at failure are geometrically in order arrangement of groug, anthill, palm kernel nutshell and rice husk better than Portland cement as additive to clay.

MINERALOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MEDIEVAL BRICK SAMPLES FROM BÉKÉS COUNTY (SE HUNGARY)

Brick samples from nine archaeological sites representing seven contemporary medieval settlements in Békés County (SE Hungary) were analysed by quantitative X‐ray powder diffraction, optical microscopic, scanning electron microscopic and coupled thermal analytical – evolved gas analytical methods. The aims of this study were to give a mineralogical–petrographical characterization of the brick samples, to gain possible information on the raw clay and the admixed materials, and to determine the firing techniques applied in medieval southeastern Hungary. The mineralogical composition of the samples suggests that the locally extracted clay was mixed with fluvial sand and wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) chaff. The moulded bricks were fired in clamps. The different degrees of calcite consumption suggest that the firing temperature ranged from ∼750°C to ∼950°C. Moreover, the well‐developed reaction coronas on calcite grains indicate long firing times, lasting perhaps several days.

Comparative Study of Freeze and Thaw Test Procedures on Molded Brick

Abstract A testing program was conducted to compare the results of three different freeze/thaw test procedures on molded brick. The bricks were tested in accordance with ASTM C67-02a (performed continuously without weekend interruptions), Dutch Standard NEN 2872-89 (Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut (Netherlands Standards Institute—NEN)), and a non-standardized test similar to tests performed by other researchers that included boiling the brick prior to freezing, referred to as the “Boil to Freeze” test. The effects of the tests were compared by assessing visual damage and measuring changes in ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements and 24 h cold water absorption values on each brick before and after freeze/thaw testing. In addition to the freeze/thaw tests, the bricks were also tested for basic physical properties including compressive strength and absorption. A statistical analysis was made of the test results to compare the effects (severity) of three different freeze/thaw tests.

Load resistance of masonry wallettes and shear triplets retrofitted with GFRP composites

Masonry is one of the conventional materials that is being used throughout the world due to its accessibility, functionality and cost but they fail in earthquakes mainly due to their low tensile and shear resistance. The objective of this investigation is to study the effectiveness of GFRP composite retrofitting on the behaviour of masonry wallettes and shear triplets that are cast with low stiffness table moulded bricks and high stiffness cement mortar through experimental and finite element study. Experiments were conducted on masonry wallettes under compression in different orientations and triplets under shear. Finite element models for the analysis of wallettes and shear triplets is developed using the FE software ABAQUS and validated with the experimental data. The concepts of macromodeling with smeared crack concrete model for masonry wallettes and micromodeling with the elastic properties of brick and mortar for shear triplets are used for the analysis. The changes in deformational capacity and ultimate load resistance are calculated for varying thickness and fiber orientations of GFRP composites. Based on this study, it is concluded that the strength and axial stiffness of the wallettes under compression and strength of shear triplets is increased due to external bonding of GFRP composites. The comparison of finite element and experimental results proved that macromodeling can be used to study behaviour of masonry wallettes retrofitted with GFRP composites and micromodeling is feasible for the analysis of small scale specimens such as triplets.

Strength and elasticity of brick masonry prisms and wallettes under compression

The characteristics of brick masonry are influenced by the properties of bricks and mortar. This paper attempts at studying the properties of brick masonry using table moulded bricks and wire-cut bricks of India with various types of mortars. The strength and elastic modulus of brick masonry under compression have been evaluated for strong-brick soft-mortar and soft-brick strong-mortar combinations. Various sizes of prisms and wallettes have been tested during these experiments to study the size effect and different bonding arrangements. The failure mechanisms of such specimens have been studied. Attempts are also made to derive empirical relationships for masonry strength as a function of brick and mortar strength in the Indian context.

Quality GRP used in Legoland construction

Children worldwide are familiar with Lego's brightly coloured injection moulded bricks. But to build its new family park in the UK the Danish company turned to GRP moulders to provide it with Lego bricks some 40 times as big. Trevor Starr of Technlex visited the park to see how Lego's high quality demands were met.

THE CONSERVATION OF THE MUDEJARTEMPLETEAT THE ROYAL MONASTERY OF OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE, EXTREMADURA (CACERES), SPAIN

AbstractThis paper presents the program initiated to conserve the templete in the Mudejar Cloister in the Royal Monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The program included evaluation of the original materials, development of repair materials and design of a conservation program for the templete. The paper concentrates on the analysis and conservation of the stuccos of the templete, which is a typical mudejar-style structure of molded brick with an exterior stucco finish. Samples of stucco from the templete were analyzed by microscopy, both reflected and transmitted light; acid digestion (gravimetric analysis); water vapor transmission rate; and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Samples of pigments and salts were identified by microchemical methods. Data from these analyses were used to develop a replication stucco mix and a grout mix that would be physically and chemically compatible with the existing materials. The process of developing the mixes is described. Application of these materials to the co...

The nickel content of moulded bricks as building material

Contact DermatitisVolume 21, Issue 1 p. 63-63 The nickel content of moulded bricks as building material E. Hegyi, E. Hegyi Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bratislava, and District Hygienic Station, Nové Zámky, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Gašparik, J. Gašparik Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bratislava, and District Hygienic Station, Nové Zámky, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this author E. Hegyi, E. Hegyi Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bratislava, and District Hygienic Station, Nové Zámky, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Gašparik, J. Gašparik Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bratislava, and District Hygienic Station, Nové Zámky, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb04696.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume21, Issue1July 1989Pages 63-63 RelatedInformation

The Molded Brick Cornice in the Valley of Virginia

The Molded Brick Cornice in the Valley of Virginia

Rye House, Hertfordshire, and Aspects of Early Brickwork in England

The remaining gatehouse of Rye House, or Rye House Castle, in Hertfordshire—part of an originally much larger complex—is an early dated example of brick building in this country and possesses a number of interesting and significant features, notably in its very early employment of moulded bricks for various decorative features. Despite this fact, the building has never been fully described or discussed, and it is the object of the present paper to fill this lacuna. The paper is the result of a survey and study of the site carried out during 1972 with exemplary help from the Lee Valley Regional Park Authority, the present owners of the site.

Structural Surveying And Diagnosis Of TheCentral Market Of Valencia, Spain

This paper provides an overview of the structural problems of an important and significant historic building of Valencia city. This building could be ascribed to the Modernist style, though it is a rather late example. The metallic structure of the ground floor covers 7,200 square metres, defining a very simple plan in Latin cross shape. In the same architectural ensemble there are included several pavilions which belong to the eclecticist movement. The brick vaulted basement of the building, covering the same surface of the market is also very interesting. Although the building has been looked after its functional aspects, it has not been maintained from a structural and constructive point of view. This case study is presented to examine the application of non-destructive investigative techniques to historic buildings, without interfering in their every day use. INTRODUCTION The Central Market of Valencia was built between 1918 and 1929, based on the plans of a project dated 1914. It is a Modernist Style building, located on the site of a demolished abbey, within the historic area of the city. The polygonal perimeter adapts to the complex medieval urban layout (Fig. 1). The plan, of basilic design, is organised by means of two symmetrical axes, which are the arms of the Latin cross. The plan is completed by means of secondary bays, parallel to the longer bay. The Fish Market area, with an octagonal plan, is attached to one of the sides of the General Market area. In this way, the plan of the Transactions on the Built Environment vol 4, © 1993 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 194 Structural Repair and Maintenance of Historical Buildings building adapts to the irregular shape of the site. Its height is respectful with the four storeyed buildings of the surroundings. The principal bays, coinciding with the arms of the cross are 107 and 51 metres long. The width of the central bays is 23.80 metres, and 13.60 metres for the secondary ones. The ground floor space is used for the daily retail market sale, and the basement, created for the wholesale of fish, is used at the moment as a parking area. There are two pavilions built in brick, on each side of the principal entrance of the Market, and another one attached to the opposite facade (Fig. 2). All these pavilions have an administrative use. This large and complex building maintains its original use. No maintenance works have been done on it, except those to provide the supplies which are necessary to develop the activity of daily market. Several damages have been detected on the walls and stone decorative elements, that we recommend should be studied. CONSTRUCTIVE DESCRIPTION The structure of the ground floor is made of metallic trusses, with riveted unions, separated from one another by 6.80 metres. A dome with a 14.00 metres diameter is located over the transept, being the keystone at 27.00 metres high. A square grid formed by depressed arches, defines the vaulted structure of the basement. The arches are supported by circular columns, made of moulded bricks. Tensile rods are embedded in the floor depth. Masonry is used for the foundations. The pentagonal shaped facades, are defined by means of stone ashlars. The facades are made of brick, dressed with stone up to the basement, and with decorated tiles up to the window sill. Big arched openings with metallic windows (3 or 5 depending on the width of the facade), are shut in its upper part with stained glass allowing the sales area to be illuminated by the sunlight, and with horizontal glass fittings in its lower part, to allow natural ventilation. The roofing, supported by means of metallic beams fixed between the trusses, is composed of prefabricated concrete slabs, 4 cm thick, and tiled with ceramic plane tiles. The vaults of the basement, formed by three sheets of bricks supports the floor of the sales area by means of brick walls of irregular height. Transactions on the Built Environment vol 4, © 1993 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 Structural Repair and Maintenance of Historical Buildings 195

XVIII. Observations upon some Ancient Buildings in Prussia; by John Adey Repton, Esq. F.S.A. In a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary

Permit me through your hands to communicate to the Society of Antiquaries, a few Specimens of ancient Buildings, collected during a professional journey in Prussia. I did not meet with any remains of pure Saxon or Norman Architecture, i. e. buildings consisting of the Semi-circular Arch alone. The earliest specimens of antiquity I have been able to find, are those composed of a mixture of the Semi-circular and the Pointed Arch, as in the drawings marked I. and II. If we are to judge from the style of Architecture in England, these buildings appear to have been erected between the year 1150 and 1200; and which is remarkable, they are composed of moulded bricks, of which we have no example in this country at so early a period (except in the works of the Romans). In the northern part of Germany bricks are generally used, and frequently covered with composition, see a specimen of a church tower in Berlin, in the drawing No. III. the character of which is of the reign of our Henry the Third. The drawing No. IV. represents two windows from another Church in Berlin, which may be considered curious from the slenderness and great length of the munnions, composed of moulded bricks, which like the church windows in Holland are carried to great perfection, and differ much from the heavy brick munnions as executed in England during the 16th and 17th centuries.