Mould Board Research Articles

Effect of Different Tillage Systems on Wheat Yield under Laser Land Leveling

"A field experiment was conducted in Al-Adwaniyah region, located on latitude 33° 13' 93.59"" N, and longitude 44° 37' 91.37"" E, at an altitude of 31 m above MSL, during the autumn season of the year 2018 AD to know the effect of laser land leveling, tillage and discharge on water productivity, wheat growth and yield. The experiment consisted of three treatments. The first was the tillage implement with two levels: the mold board plow (T1) and the chisel plow (T2). The second was the slope percentage of the soil surface leveling, with three levels: the conventional leveling (L0), the leveling with the slope percentage of 0.15% (L1), and the leveling with the slope percentage of 0.30% (L2). The third was the discharge rate with two levels: discharge rate of 16 L sec-1 (Q1), and discharge rate of 24 L sec-1 (Q2). The experiment was designed according to the split-split plots design with three replicates. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield, recorded their highest value With T1 of 73.07 cm, and 5.442-ton ha-1 , respectively, weight of 1000 grain with T1 Equally with T2 of 40.36 g 1000 grain-1 . with L1 of 79.69 cm, 42.20 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.347 ton ha-1 , respectively. With Q1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 72.62 cm, 40.98 g 1000 grain-1 , and 5.741-ton ha-1 , Respectively. With T1L1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 80.15 cm, 42.50 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.480-ton ha-1 , respectively. With T1Q1 recorded the highest crop height,weight of 1000 and yield of 74.65 cm, 41.09 g 1000 grain-1 and 5.796-ton ha-1 respectively. With L1Q1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 79.80 cm, 42.65 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.644-ton ha-1 , respectively. With T1L1Q1 recorded highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 82.02 cm, 43.07 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.809-ton ha-1, respectively. 2. The root depth recorded highest depth with T2 of 61.83 mm. With L0 of 67.60 mm. With Q2 of 61.33 mm. With T2L0 of 69.35 mm. With T2Q2 of 63.00 mm. With Q2L0 of 69.35 mm. With T2L0Q2 of 71.10 mm. 3. The crop water productivity and field water productivity recorded the highest productivity with T1 of 13.294 and 13.571kg mm 1 ,respectively. With L1 of 15.079and 15.407 kg mm-1 , respectively. With Q1 of 11.735 and 11.825kg mm 1, respectively. With T1L1 of 16.220and16.719 kg mm 1, respectively. With T2Q2 of 14.326and14.685 kg mm 1 , respectively. With L0Q2 of 15.959and16.374 kg mm 1, respectively. With Q1T1L1 of 17.220and 17.811kg mm 1, respectively."

Effects of Different Rates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) under Mechanized and Traditional Cultivation

In the present study, half of the land was cultivated mechanically by tractor using a two-bladed mould board plough and nine tine harrow. The other half was cultivated by a local farmer who used a bullock and wooden plough. A single seed variety (Marabel) was sown across the entire trial site. Four separate identical fertilizer treatments were used across both the mechanized and traditionally cultivated sites. Phosphorous was applied in the form of diammonium phosphate. Nitrogen was applied in the form of Urea. FAO’s recommended rates for phosphorus (220kg/ha) and nitrogen (330kg/ha) were applied. In addition, additional rates below and above the FAO’s recommendations were also applied, with phosphorous being applied at 0 kg/ha, 110 kg/ha (50% of recommendation) and 440 kg/ha (200% of recommendation). Nitrogen was applied at 0 kg/ha, 165 kg/ha (50% of recommendation) and 660 kg/ha (200% of recommendation). Results on average revealed that across all four fertilizer rates, mechanized cultivation produced 60% higher crop yields (average 32.83mt/ha) compared with traditional cultivation (average 20.5 mt/ha) which resulted in an average of 12.33mt/ha higher yield for mechanized cultivation over traditional cultivation. This yield difference was highly statistically significant (P =0.99(. Additionally, the average gross margin per hectare was 74% higher across the mechanized plots (US$6,552/ha or 373,464AFN/ha) compared with the traditional plots (US$3,772/ha or 215,004 AFN/ha). These figures confirm that use of mechanized cultivation and the application of phosphorus at 440 kg/ha and nitrogen at 660 kg/ha will increase the potato yield and produce a higher cash value and a higher gross margin per hectare.

Vibrating Dual Bent-Share Cultivator

In this research, the suitability of a vibrating dual bent share cultivator was studied. Therefore, an eccentric pin slider mechanism was designed to vibrate the 2 shanks laterally, employing a tractor power takeoff. this study investigates the sector performance of the vibrating dual bent share cultivator with three different vibration frequencies (0, 0.88, and a couple of Hz) during a clay loam soil at two working depths (100 and 200 mm) and having a water content of a 0.7 or 0.9 plastic limit. rock bottom values of the draught, specific draught, and MWD were recorded at a vibration frequency of two Hz and a working depth of 100 mm. The draught force, specific draught, and MWD of the non-vibration implement were reduced by employing a vibration frequency of two Hz. The coefficient of determination and F values proved that the vibration frequency was simpler than the soil water content and therefore the working depth on the draught, specific draught, and MWD. Although a dual bent share cultivator needs low energy compared with a mould board plough, the vibration of the twin bent share cultivator could also be recommended as an efficient energy demanding implement within the soil manipulation process.

Impact of Tillage and Residue Management on Hydro-physical Properties of Clay Soil under Rice-wheat Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

A field experiment on the residual impact of tillage operations and organic residues incorporation on hydro-physical properties of clay soil under the rice-wheat cropping system in split-plot design with three replications was carried out at the experimental farm of BAU, Sabour. The treatments of tillage operations and application of organic residues, along with their interactions, significantly decreased the soil strength/compaction and consequently bulk density of the soils over control. It was confirmed by the positive and highly significant correlation of soil strength with the bulk density (r = 0.802**). The maximum decrease was noted under T3 (Mould board plough) and C6 (GM + rice husk) and their interactions. A significant decrease in clod size was observed under treatments T3 and C6 and their interactions over control. The maximum increase in stable water-stable aggregates was estimated under treatments T3 and C6 and their interactions (T3 x C6) due to an increase in porosity and decrease in compaction of the soils which led to increasing in hydraulic conductivity. This was further confirmed by a positive and highly significant correlation of hydraulic conductivity with MWD (r = 0.788**) and negatively and highly significant correlation with compaction (r = -0.646**) and BD (r = -0.846**). It was revealed that the soil moisture content showed a variable increase with variable depth and observed their maximum values in T4 (28%) and C6 (29%) treatments at 45-60 cm depth of the soils. The increase in yield of wheat grain was highest under the influence of treatments (MB) T3 and C6 (GM + rice husk) and their interaction. These observations were further confirmed by the positive and highly significant correlation of yield of wheat grain with MWD (r = 0.514*) and HC (r = 0.482*) and negative and highly significant correlation with soil strength (r = -0.649**). The most effective treatments were T3 and C6 and their interactions, while minimum improvements were noted under T1 (desi plough) and C3 (paddy straw) and their interactions.

Energy and carbon footprints of wheat establishment following different rice residue management strategies vis-à-vis conventional tillage coupled with rice residue burning in north-western India

Energy and carbon (C) footprints have close nexus in agriculture. Agri-inputs are energy intensive and lead to significant C equivalent (CE) emissions. We studied energy and C footprints during wheat establishment following different rice residue management (RRM) strategies: residue retention with Happy Seeder (HS); removal after bailing + zero till drill (ZT); incorporation with rotavator tillage + drill (RT) and mould board plough tillage + drill (MBP) vis-à-vis burning + conventional tillage + drill (CT)to identify options for balancing energy, C footprints and C sequestration. Total energy input (EI) with residue retention was significantly (p < 0.05) lower by 1540.9–3884.5 MJ ha−1 (5.9–13.8%) than residue removal/burning. Although, energy output (EO) was significantly lower with residue retention/removal, yet energy productivity (EP) did not differ significantly. Total CE emissions were highest in CT and lowest in ZT. Fertilizer-N was the major hotspot of energy (37.5–45.2% of EI) and C footprints (53.6–87.9% of total CE emissions). As compared to CT, residue retention offers reduction in C and energy footprints ∼14.1 and 12.9%, respectively. Results reveal that rice residue burning is not a viable option as it leaves high C footprints and lowers the amount of C added to soil organic C pool and C sustainability.

Weeds Biomass as Affected by Tillage Practices and Cropping Systems under a Semiarid Environment

ABSTRACT: Tillage practice has a significant role on weeds eradication and soil water conservation in crop production. Under semiarid agriculture, the monsoon rains (65%) are major source of water in Potohar, Pakistan, which can effectively be used mostly for winter crops production. To evaluate the impact of different tillage system for prevailing cropping systems and their weeds biomass under semiarid conditions, field experiment was conducted at the Arid University Research Farm Koont Rawalpindi (Pakistan) during crop growth seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15. Tillage systems as treatments were (a) three cultivations with a cultivator, as control treatment, (b) mold-board with two cultivations, (c) chisel-plough with two cultivations and (d) minimum tillage (only tillage performed at sowing time) with glyphosate. Sowing was made using drill for all cropping systems i.e. a, b, and d except c which was planted on bed (made by bed planter). In addition to ploughing treatments, different cropping systems (a) wheat - fallow (b) wheat and brassica - fallow, (c) wheat and chickpea - fallow and (d) wheat - cluster bean (green manure crop) were also used for minimum two years rotations. On average in both study years, interactive effect of treatments (mold board with 2 cultivations) for the rotation wheat and brassica - fallow showed a reduction in weeds dry biomass of Anagallis arvensis (blue pimpernel, 55.6%), Asphodelus tenuifolius (jungle onion, 42.3%), Chenopodium album (common goosefoot, 40.8%), Circium arvense (creeping thistle, 53.1%), Convolvulus arvensis (field bind weed, 56.6%) and Cynodon dactylon (vilfa stellata, 45.8%) within 60 days after sowing (DAS) as compared with the control treatment (three cultivations on a wheat - fallow cropping system). Similar trends were observed at the crop maturity stage. Results of the experiment showed that better weed biomass suppression can be achieved by using moldboard plough for cultivation with followed by wheat- brassica cropping system and/or wheat - chickpea intercropping for semiarid soil condition in Pakistan.

Studies on Selected Mechanized Solutions for Efficient Incorporation of Green Manure Crop

A comparative study on incorporation of green manure crop (Sesbania aculeata) with a newly developed tractor operated biomass incorporator (BI) was conducted in contrast to prevailing technologies. Average depth of soil cut with BI (174.7 mm) was significantly higher than rotavator (71.3 mm), disc harrow (114 mm) and disc harrow plus cultivator (121 mm) at crop growth stage I (36 DAS) and stage II (50 DAS). Size of cut with BI (202 mm and 326.5 mm) was significantly lower than disc harrow, disc harrow pluscultivator and mould board plough at crop growth stage I and II. Field capacity of BI and conventional mould board plough was significantly lower than rotavator and disc harrow because of smaller width of coverage of two-bottom implements. Fuel consumption was significantly higher for rotavator at both stages of crop growth. Pulverization index was lowest with rotavator (6.70 mm and 6.98 mm), followed by BI, disc harrow plus cultivator, disc harrow and mould board plough at both crop stages. Bulk density index was significantly high for BI, followed by rotavator, mould board plough, disc harrow plus cultivator and disc harrow at both crop stages. Mixing index with BI (97.1 %) was significantly higher than all other implements. Biomass incorporator resulted in analogous mixing index at both crop stages. For all other implements, decrease in mixing index was recorded.

Development of an Integrated Tool for Small-Scale Maize Farming in Uganda

About 62% of the maize produced in developing countries is cultivated manually owing to limited access to appropriate technology. Available technologies perform a single operation, necessitating farmers to buy multiple implements, which is expensive. In this study, an ox-drawn tool integrating a plough, planter and cultivator for small-scale maize farming was developed and its performance evaluated. Planting and cultivating units were designed and fabricated for assembly onto an existing standard ox-plough beam. The integrated tool was tested in the field to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of cultivation and planting of maize. Results showed that the planting unit had an average seed rate of 35.4 kg/ha with a seed damage of 4% and an effective field capacity of 0.15 ha/h at a field efficiency of 87.3%. The cultivating unit had an effective field capacity of 0.1 ha/h and a weeding efficiency of 86%. The efficiency, effectiveness and reliability for field operations are superior to manual operations currently used by farmers and are comparable to single-unit prototypes developed in other countries. This demonstrates the technical feasibility of integrating planting and cultivation units onto an existing mould board plough instead of buying multiple tools.

Studies on Selected Mechanized Solutions for Efficient Incorporation of Green Manure Crop

A comparative study on incorporation of green manure crop (Sesbania aculeata) with a newly developed tractor operated biomass incorporator (BI) was conducted in contrast to prevailing technologies. Average depth of soil cut with BI (174.7 mm) was significantly higher than rotavator (71.3 mm), disc harrow (114 mm) and disc harrow plus cultivator (121 mm) at crop growth stage I (36 DAS) and stage II (50 DAS). Size of cut with BI (202 mm and 326.5 mm) was significantly lower than disc harrow, disc harrow pluscultivator and mould board plough at crop growth stage I and II. Field capacity of BI and conventional mould board plough was significantly lower than rotavator and disc harrow because of smaller width of coverage of two-bottom implements. Fuel consumption was significantly higher for rotavator at both stages of crop growth. Pulverization index was lowest with rotavator (6.70 mm and 6.98 mm), followed by BI, disc harrow plus cultivator, disc harrow and mould board plough at both crop stages. Bulk density index was significantly high for BI, followed by rotavator, mould board plough, disc harrow plus cultivator and disc harrow at both crop stages. Mixing index with BI (97.1 %) was significantly higher than all other implements. Biomass incorporator resulted in analogous mixing index at both crop stages. For all other implements, decrease in mixing index was recorded.

EFFECT OF USE TWO TYPES OF PLOWS ON GROWTH COMPONENTS AND YIELD OF WHEAT IN NINEVEH PROVINCE NORTH OF IRAQ

A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2012 - 2013 in clay soil to study the effect of use two types of plows on on growth components and yield of wheat, two varieties ( Begal and sham 6) and two types of plow (mold board and disc plow ) with three replicate used, The characteristic studded in experimen. , Plant height , length of spike, number of seeds per spike, Number of spikes per unit area , weight of 1000 kernel, yield of wheat RCBD design, SAS program used to analysis the experiment, begal variety was surpassed on plant height, spike length , and yield. Disc plow was surpass on plant height, spike length, number of spike -1, and yield The interaction shown the variety bigal with disc plow gave the best result in plant height, spike length, harvest index and yield which it gave 1817.8 kg /h.

Opportunities and prospects of minimum soil tillage in Eastern Siberia

The article considers a multifaceted and universal impact on the soil machine tillage. This agrotechnical method is the most costly and environmentally dangerous with its formulaic and irrational use. Throughout the world, the annual mouldboard tillage led to a number of negative phenomena resulted in the development of erosion, dehumification and a drop in soil fertility. So the doctrine about the minimization of methods and tillage systems appeared. It has been established that both the mold board and the subsurface tillage have both positive and negative aspects. Minimalization of tillage is also not panacea, it has both promising opportunities and limitations. In this regard, at the present stage, the most appropriate combination and alternation mold board and subsurface, deep and shallow techniques up to the sowing in field crop rotations directly. It is most promising to improve the tillage based on the application of multi-operation tillage machines and mechanisms that combine tillage, sowing, fertilizing, levelling and rolling in a single pass across the field.

Social and technological dimensions; and constraint analysis in sugarcane cultivation of Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India

Bridging the yield gap in any crop cultivation should be the prime objective of any research efforts. By following the recommended production-cum-protection technologies, farmers can bridge the yield gap in any crop. As per sugarcane is concerned, the average cane yield in Tamil Nadu is 101 t/ha, which is lower than the potential yield of 203.7 t/ha resulting in yield gap of 50.42%. With this in mind, a study has been initiated to explore the social and technology dimensions and constraints involved in cane cultivation to addressing the issue of yield gap. Six blocks from Theni district under Rajshree Sugars &amp; Chemicals Ltd were selected as study area. Information collected from sixty sugarcane farmers with semi structured interview schedule. The study revealed that majority (91.7%) of the respondents had more than 5 years of experience in sugarcane cultivation. Further, it revealed that the technologies, seed rate (83.3%), planting season (75.00%), primary tillage with mould board / disc plough (67%), gap filling, two split application of N and K (58.3%) and Organic fertilizer application (58.3%), stubble shaving, off baring (50.0%) had adoption rate of more than 50 percentage. Major constraints faced by cent per cent of the respondents were; non availability of labour and high labour cost, prolonged drought and water scarcity, low procuring cost per by sugar factory, yield reduction due to continuous cultivation of sugarcane. The novelty and importance of the study is that it mainly analysis all the sugarcane production and protection technologies from seed rate to harvest in three point continuum viz., fully adopted, partially adopted and not adopted.

Evaluation of best management practices for sediment and nutrient loss control using SWAT model

The intensive study of an individual watershed is required to develop effective and efficient watershed management plans. Identification of critical erosion-prone areas of the watershed and implementation of best management practices (BMPs) is necessary to control the watershed degradation by reducing the sediment and nutrient losses. The present study evaluates and recommends the BMPs in an agriculture-based Marol watershed (5092 km2) of India, using a hydrologic model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). After successful calibration and validation, the model simulated daily/monthly discharge and sediment were found satisfactory throughout the simulation period. The model was then applied with a calibrated set of parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of various management practices for sediment and nutrient loss control. Keeping in mind the existing agricultural practices, socio-economic aspects and geography of the study area, the management practices were focused on four crops (Maize, Rice, Soybeans and Ground nut), three fertilization levels (high, medium and low), four tillage treatments (Field cultivator, Conservation tillage, Zero tillage and Mould board plough), and two conservation operations (Contour farming and Filter strips). The simulated annual average sediment yield from the watershed was found to be 12.2 t.ha−1yr−1. The water balance analysis revealed that, the evapo-transpiration is predominant over the watershed (approximately 46.3% of the annual average rainfall). Reduction in sediment yield and nutrient loss was observed with alternate cropping treatments of Groundnut and Soybean, as compared to Paddy and Maize cultivation. Overall, based on simulated results, the field cultivator tillage practice and conservation practices viz., contour farming and filter strips, could be adopted to reduce sediment yield and nutrient losses in the critical sub-watersheds of the study area and in other watersheds with similar hydro-climatic conditions.

Identification of environment friendly tillage implement as a strategy for energy efficiency and mitigation of climate change in semiarid rainfed agro ecosystems

Agriculture and associated sectors have a significant impact on environment such as GHG emissions, depletion of mineral and fossil resources. Agriculture contributes 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions of which seed bed preparation has a significant share. It contributes 23–44% of total CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel consumption and soil organic carbon oxidation. Increasing consciousness on environment and food security has created interest towards low-energy agriculture and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Hence identification of a primary tillage implement can be a powerful strategy to mitigate the climate change through reduced fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) for cleaner agricultural production and to improve the environment quality. Therefore, the present study focuses on identifying the energy efficient and environment friendly primary tillage implement by analyzing the energy and carbon efficiency indicators. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of commonly used primary and secondary tillage implements in single or in combination for seed bed preparation in developing countries like Cultivator (CV), Cultivator followed by Disc Harrow (CVH), Disc Plough (DP), Disc Plough followed by Disc Harrow (DH), Mould Board Plough (MP), Mould Board Plough followed by Disc Harrow (MPH), Rotovator (RO), Bullock Drawn Plough (BP), Bullock Drawn Harrow (BH), No Tillage (NT) on energy conservation, environment impact and global warming potential. The aim of the study was to identify climate smart primary tillage implement for clean production technology to improve the environmental quality in semi-arid rainfed conditions of India. CV, MP and RO recorded higher soil based greenhouse gas emissions. NT and Animal Drawn Implements recorded lower soil-based greenhouse gas emissions. Fuel consumption-based CO2 emissions for preparatory cultivation and sowing were found to be 92, 81, 60, 60 and 40 per cent lower in BP, BH, tractor drawn CV, DH, RO respectively as compared to MPH RO and MPH f recorded higher total CO2 equivalents over other tillage implements used in the present experiment. Among the different methods, reduced tillage with DH recorded higher energy use efficiency and carbon efficiency. Our study indicated that primary tillage implement with minimum soil disturbance and lower number of operations is an ideal environment friendly practice for mitigation of climate change as it recorded low Global Warming Potential (GWP), energy and cost of cultivation with minimum yield reduction.

Noise exposure to tractor drivers in field operations

Equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) at the tractor drivers' ear level was assessed in tillage operations. Measurements were performed on six models of tractors attached with five different tillage implements namely mould board plough, disc plough, rotavator, disk harrow and duck foot cultivator and operated at three different forward speeds. Noise exposure to the drivers was compared with the permissible exposure limits (PELs) in OSHA (1983) and NIOSH (1998). The results showed that noise intensity at the drivers' ear level varied between 91.7 and 97.5 dB(A). Increase in tractor forward speed increased noise intensity. Noise exposure was considerably higher with rotavator as compared with other tillage implements, while noise exposure was comparable in other tillage implements. Noise exposure to the tractors drivers exceeded the PELs for 8 h operation. According to PELs in OSHA and NIOSH, the tractors should be operated nearly 2 and 7 h, respectively.

Noise exposure to tractor drivers in field operations

Equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) at the tractor drivers' ear level was assessed in tillage operations. Measurements were performed on six models of tractors attached with five different tillage implements namely mould board plough, disc plough, rotavator, disk harrow and duck foot cultivator and operated at three different forward speeds. Noise exposure to the drivers was compared with the permissible exposure limits (PELs) in OSHA (1983) and NIOSH (1998). The results showed that noise intensity at the drivers' ear level varied between 91.7 and 97.5 dB(A). Increase in tractor forward speed increased noise intensity. Noise exposure was considerably higher with rotavator as compared with other tillage implements, while noise exposure was comparable in other tillage implements. Noise exposure to the tractors drivers exceeded the PELs for 8 h operation. According to PELs in OSHA and NIOSH, the tractors should be operated nearly 2 and 7 h, respectively.

Soil physical properties, nitrogen uptake and grain quality of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by tillage systems and nitrogen application

Soil compaction is a global issue pertaining to agricultural lands. The frequent use of farm machinery and field operations at the same depth are the major causes of soil compaction. The gradual increase in soil compaction deteriorates maize grain quality due to reduced nitrogen (N) uptake. Quality food production by reducing soil compaction is the need of time, which can be achieved through deep tillage and N management. In this study, three tillage systems viz. conventional tillage (using cultivator), tillage with mould board plough +2-cultivations (MBP), and tillage with chisel plough +2-cultivations (CP); and three nitrogen levels viz. 100, 150 and 200 kg ha–1 were used to evaluate their effect on soil properties, N uptake and grain quality in maize. Lower bulk density (1.41 Mg m–3), higher total porosity (0.47 m3 m–3) and higher nitrogen uptake (96.01 kg ha–1) was recorded under chisel plough (CP) compared with other tillage systems. Different N levels had significant effect on grain and total N uptake and grain quality, while soil properties remains unaffected. Higher N uptake was recorded with 200 kg ha–1 N application than other treatments. Similarly, 8.51% and 8.57% more grain protein contents were recorded with 200 kg ha–1 N during first and second year respectively. Unlike grain protein, starch and oil contents were negatively affected by N application being higher starch (71.7%) and oil contents (3.41%) with less N supply (100 kg ha–1). However, interaction effect of tillage and nitrogen levels was found non-significant for all studied parameters except for oil contents. Higher oil contents were recorded with MBP along with 100 kg ha–1 N application. Overall study indicated that deep ploughing with CP is important for maize to explore more soil area for nutrient uptake and N is also important for improving grain quality especially protein contents an important food constituent.

УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД СИСТЕМ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ ТА УДОБРЕННЯ

УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД СИСТЕМ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ ТА УДОБРЕННЯ

耕作方式对玉-豆轮作地表节肢动物多样性及其营养结构的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 耕作方式对玉-豆轮作地表节肢动物多样性及其营养结构的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201709221712 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,吉林大学;吉林大学,商丘师范学院,中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41501263，41430857）；中国博士后科学基金面上项目（2016M590269）；河南省科技厅科技攻关项目（172102410054）；商丘师范学院骨干教师项目（2015GGJS15）；2014年河南省哲学社会科学规划项目（2014CJJ087） Response of ground-dwelling arthropod community diversity and its trophic structure in relation tillage regimes under maize-soybean rotation Author: Affiliation: College of Surveying and Planning,Shangqiu Normal University,,,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为阐明长期不同耕作方式对轮作种植模式黑土农田地表节肢动物多样性及其营养结构的影响，2015年5月至9月间，利用陷阱法对连续13年玉米大豆轮作模式的定位试验站三种耕作方式（免耕、垄作、秋翻）的地表节肢动物群落进行了调查。共捕获动物1002只，隶属于3纲11目29科37个类群，凹唇蚁、玉米毛蚁和直角通缘步甲为优势类群。免耕（NT，no tillage）有利于增加蜘蛛类群密度，垄作（RT，ridge tillage）和秋翻（MP，mould board plough）显著增加了玉米毛蚁密度。耕作方式仅对群落密度有显著影响显著影响（P < 0.05），而大豆不同生育阶段显著或极显著的影响地表节肢动物群落组成特征（P < 0.05；P < 0.001）。长期玉米大豆轮作种植的地表节肢动物群落营养功能群在不同耕作方式中所占比例不同，保护性耕作方式（NT、RT）更有利于捕食性和植食性动物的生存和繁殖，常规耕作（MP）则是杂食性动物占据优势，明显呈现对不稳定环境的适应。大豆不同生育期，各功能群的个体数与类群数的动态变化不尽一致，不具有明显的规律性。研究结果表明，免耕轮作对维持地表节肢动物群落内部物种间的关系及其营养结构有着较为重要的作用，保护性耕作和轮作种植模式相结合可维持农田生态系统平衡。 Abstract:Conservation tillage, such as reduced tillage or no-tillage, may play an important role in increasing soil organic matter, reducing soil erosion, and providing a more complex and favorable habitat for soil-dwelling organisms. Aboveground arthropods are important components of ecosystems, promoting a number of key functions, such as decomposition of organic matter and some herbivorous pest control. The abundance and diversity of food web components depends highly on the rotation system and soil management. To reveal the effect of tillage regimes on the diversity and trophic structure of ground-dwelling arthropods under maize-soybean rotation in the black soil of Northeast China, five field investigations were conducted with three tillage regimes (no tillage, NT; ridge tillage, RT; mould board plough, MP) at a 13-year tillage regime experiment station. A total of 1002 arthropod individuals belonging to 3 classes, 11 orders, 29 families, and 37 groups were collected. Formica sanguinea Letreille, Lasius alienus Foerster, and Poecilus gebleri Dejean were the dominant species and accounted for 60.58% of the total individuals. The results showed that NT was beneficial to the spider population resulting in increased densities, and RT and MP significantly increased the density of Lasius alienus. Tillage regimes only significantly affected the density of arthropod communities in different growth stages (P < 0.05), whereas different growth stages of soybeans significantly or highly significantly affected the density, groups, and diversity of the arthropod community under different tillage regimes (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). In the long-term, under the maize and soybean rotation system, the proportion of trophic functional groups was different under the different tillage practices. The results indicated that the long-term conservation tillage (NT and RT) was more conducive to the survival of predators and herbivorous arthropods. Omnivores were dominant in the MP system, showing obvious adaptation to the unstable environment. In the different growth stages of the soybeans, the variation in all functional groups was not consistent, and there was no obvious pattern. It is obvious that no-tillage with rotation play an important role in maintaining the relationship between the species within the community and the trophic structure of the food web. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Tillage Appearance Device Test When Used Mold Board Plow Under Difference of a Variables Condition

Tillage Appearance Device Test When Used Mold Board Plow Under Difference of a Variables Condition