Molar Teeth Research Articles

Apically extruded debris evaluation with the use of ProTaper Ultimate and TruNatomy files systems with and without glider preparation in primary tooth.

Information regarding the influence of resorption and glide paths on debris extrusion in primary teeth is lacking. Therefore, we evaluated debris extrusion with and without resorption and with and without the use of a path file in primary molar teeth prepared with ProTaper Ultimate (PTU) Prime and TruNatomy (TRN) Prime rotary file systems. Forty resorbed and forty non-resorbed primary molar teeth were collected. Both groups were divided into four subgroups (n = 10). The Eppendorf tubes were weighed pre-debris. The distal canals of the teeth were prepared with PTU Prime and TRN Prime file systems, with and without the use of path files. The debris-filled tubes were weighed, and the weight of only the extruded debris was calculated by subtraction. The data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The presence of tooth resorption significantly increased debris extrusion, and the use of a path file significantly decreased debris extrusion (p < 0.001). The binary and ternary interactions of the three evaluated parameters among the groups showed no significant differences in terms of the amount of debris extruded (p > 0.05). While debris extrusion was observed in all groups, the use of a glide path file in primary teeth before the preparation process resulted in less debris extrusion.

Prevalence of Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular Molar Teeth Using CBCT

Introduction: Identification and completely cleaning the extra root canals are crucial for the success of endodontic treatment. Prevalence of the middle mesial canal (MMC) in mandibular molars is still a topic of debate due to the complex and diverse anatomy and morphology of these teeth. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MMC in mandibular molars using CBCT radiography. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 CBCT images obtained between 1995 and 2019 in a private oral and maxillofacial radiology center in Yazd, Iran, were evaluated. The first and second mandibular molars were examined for the presence of MMC based on the patients' age, gender, tooth location, and type. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 and the Chi-square. Results: Out of 300 mandibular molars (122 first molars and 178 second molars), MMC was found in only 18 teeth (6%). The prevalence of MMC was significantly higher in the first molars (18 cases) than in the second molars (0 cases). Twelve MMCs were observed in females and 6 in males. 12 MMCs were located in the left side and the rest in the right side. The mean age of individuals with MMC was 37.33±15.27. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of MMC and age, gender, or tooth location (P &gt; 0.05), but the prevalence of MMC was higher in the first molars than in the second molars (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of MMC in mandibular first molars was low in the studied population and was not detected in mandibular second molars. Nevertheless, the possibility of MMC should be considered during the treatment of teeth.

Joubert syndrome: a rare cause of hypotonia with developmental delay

Joubert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It is characterized by congenital ataxia, hypotonia, developmental delay, and at least one of the following features: neonatal respiratory disturbances and abnormal eye movements; including nystagmus and oculomotor apraxia. Molar tooth appearance is an essential finding for the diagnosis of Joubert syndrome. Here we presented a case of an 18-month-old male who presented with developmental delay and marked hypotonia. The main purposes of the case report were to highlight the benefit of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team approach and describe the clinical features associated with Joubert syndrome. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a thick, elongated, and abnormally oriented superior cerebellar peduncle showing a molar tooth appearance with elongated bat-wing-shaped 4th ventricle and hypoplasia of the vermis suggestive of JS. Hypotonia during infancy and developmental delay with or without learning disability, associated with abnormal breathing patterns and abnormal eye movements (nystagmus) along with the radiological presence of a molar tooth sign on the brain MRI is an essential component to confirm the diagnosis.

Evaluation of the forces applied by rubber dam clamps on mandibular first molar teeth with different endodontic access cavities: a 3D FEA study.

This study aimed to examine the effect of the force applied by rubber dam clamps made from different materials on mandibular first molar teeth with various designs of endodontic access cavities using finite element analysis. A intact tooth (IT) and seven different endodontic access cavities namely, a traditional endodontic cavity (TRADAC), a guided endodontic cavity (GEC), a conservative endodontic cavity (CAC), an ultra-conservative access cavity (UAC), a truss access endodontic cavity (TRSAC), a mesial caries access cavity (MCAC), and a distal caries access cavity (DCAC), along with two different clamp finite element models, were created. The clamp models were made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and stainless steel (SS). The forces applied by the clamps were calculated based on the axial section distance of the tooth, and these forces were applied to the contact areas on the tooth. Stress distribution models were calculated using maximum von Mises (vM) stress. The lowest vM stress under the forces applied by the SS and PEEK clamps was found in the IT model (80.914 MPa) with the PEEK clamp. The highest vM stress was found in the DCAC model (759.49 MPa) applied with the SS clamp. The forces applied by SS clamps resulted in higher vM stress values in every cavity design than those applied by PEEK clamps. PEEK clamps generated less force than SS clamps. However, clinicians should follow various isolation strategies (clamp made of different materials, split dam, etc.) according to different cavity types of the tooth.

Tissues response and bone-forming capacity of zinc oxide–eugenol sealer following the addition of nanohydroxyapatite-tyrosine amino acid: An in vivo animal study

Abstract Introduction: The zinc oxide–eugenol (ZOE) sealer is used till now in many private dental clinics although many sealers have been developed. The current study aimed to compare the biocompatibility and remineralizing capacity of ZOE sealer following the addition of nanohydroxyapatite-tyrosine amino acid. Materials and Methods: Twenty rabbits were used in this investigation, and they were divided into four groups based on the test observation period (3, 7, 21, and 28 days) following surgical implantation. General anesthesia was given for each rabbit with a subcutaneous incision of about 1 cm ± 0.5 cm made along the symphyseal area of the mandible of each rabbit. Each rabbit had four bone cavities generated in the interdental space of the lower jaw between the central and molar teeth, with one longitudinal subcutaneous incision. The ZOE sealers were mixed and directly inserted within the cavities as follows: ZOE alone on the central area of the right side of the jaw (Group A), 10% nHAp and Tyrosine mixed ZOE at the molar area (Group B), empty cavity (−ve control) located at the central area of the left side of the jaw (Group C) and 20%/nHAp and Tyrosine mixed ZOE located at the molar area on the left side of the jaw (Group D). Animals were scarified and bone biopsy samples from the tested parts were collected. Histological analysis was performed using a low-power light microscope and immunohistochemistry using runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) antibody. Data were statistically analyzed utilizing the SPSS software. One-way analysis of variance was used and the post hoc test Duncan’s test was utilized to measure the significance among various groups at P ≤ 0.01. Results: The inflammatory process decreased over time for all experimental groups, associated with an increase in granulation tissue formation which was gradually decreasing over time to permit an increase in new blood vessels and new bone formation for all experimental groups that increased with time. Group D displayed the highest levels of new bone formation. Runx2 antibody expression declined progressively, particularly in Group D on 28 days. Conclusion: Superior new bone formation and biocompatible properties were demonstrated by the 20% nHAp and tyrosine mixed ZOE sealer.

Chemo mechanical caries removal CMCR: Efficacy of Carisolv gel in primary molar teeth.

To evaluate the efficacy of CariSolv gel with respect to chemo-mechanical caries removal in primary molar teeth. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Bakhtawar Amin Dental College and Hospital, Multan, Pakistan, from July to December 2022, and comprised patients of either gender aged 6-12 years having vital, primary molar teeth with clinical and radiographic evidence of carious lesion. Freshly prepared CariSolv gel 0.2 ml to 1.0ml was applied to carious dentine for a minimum of 30 seconds, using chemo-mechanical caries removal hand instruments. The cavity preparation was rinsed and dried. Image caries detector dye was applied by micro brush for 10 seconds. After the cavity preparation was washed and dried, any red-stained dentine indicated residual infected dentine. A maximum of 3 chemo-mechanical caries removal cycles were allowed. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.0. Of the 134 patients, 74(55.2%) were boys and 60(44.8%) were girls. The overall mean age was 8.55±1.58 years. The procedure was successful in 115(85.8%) cases. Age and gender were not significantly associated with the outcome (p>0.05). Chemo-mechanical caries removal method using CariSolv gel was found to be a viable alternative to traditional drilling techniques for caries removal in primary molar teeth.

Mineral trioxide aggregate obturation quality with two obturation techniques in severe curved root canals – a micro-CT study

BackgroundThe existence of voids within the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) composition is one of the factors that can influence the treatment outcome. The primary objective of this study was to quantitatively assess and compare the MTA orthograde obturation quality in severe curved root canals using two different MTA compaction techniques: manual compaction with K-file, or Auger technique using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging.MethodsFor this study, 26 mandibular first molar teeth with severely curved mesiobuccal root canals were selected. These samples were randomly divided into two groups. All root canals were instrumented using ProTaper Gold rotary files up to the F3 file at the working length. In one group, OrthoMTA was compacted using a stainless steel K-file, while in the other group, the Auger technique was employed for compaction into the root canals. Once the MTA had completely set, the filled root canals were subjected to scanning using a high-resolution micro-CT scanner. The porosity volume was determined as a percentage in relation to the overal volume of the canal, and the collected data were subjected to analysis using SPSS software, with the significance level set at P < 0.05.ResultsThe two techniques had no significant difference in open, closed, and total mean porosity. In both groups, the mean of open porosity was significantly more than closed porosity.ConclusionsAccording to the results of the present study, neither of these two techniques is preferred to the other, and factors such as working time, etc., can be considered to choose the more appropriate clinical technique.

Mll4 regulates tooth enamel development.

Amelogenesis, or enamel development, is a highly regulated process that leads to the formation of tooth enamel, which is critical for protecting teeth from decay and wear. Disruptions in the amelogenesis process can result in amelogenesis imperfecta, a group of genetic conditions characterized by inadequately formed enamel. This condition can include enamel hypoplasia, marked by thinning or underdevelopment of the enamel layer. Mutations in the MLL4 ( KMT2D ) gene, which encodes a histone H3-lysine 4-methyltransferase, are associated with Kabuki syndrome, a developmental disorder that can involve dental anomalies such as enamel hypoplasia. However, the specific role of MLL4 in amelogenesis and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To investigate the role of Mll4 in amelogenesis, we generated a conditional knockout mouse line with an ectoderm-specific deletion of Mll4 ( Krt14-Cre;Mll4 fl/fl , or Mll4 -cKO) and examined the gross, radiographic, histological, cellular, and molecular features in these mice. Micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that adult Mll4 -cKO mice exhibited 100% penetrant amelogenesis imperfecta, characterized by hypoplastic and hypomineralized enamel, partially phenocopying human Kabuki syndrome. Additionally, Mll4 -cKO neonates developed molar tooth germs with minor cusp shape alterations and mild delays in ameloblast differentiation at birth. RNA-seq analysis of the first molar tooth germ at birth revealed that approximately 33.7% of known amelogenesis-related genes were significantly downregulated in the Mll4 -cKO teeth. Intersection with Mll4 CUT&RUN-seq results identified 8 overlapping genes directly targeted by Mll4. Re-analysis of a single-cell RNA-seq dataset in the developing mouse incisor teeth revealed distinct roles for these genes in Mll4-regulated differentiation across various cell subtypes within the dental epithelium. Among these genes, Satb1 and Sp6 are likely directly targeted by Mll4 during the differentiation of pre-ameloblasts into ameloblasts. Taken together, we propose that Mll4 plays a crucial role in amelogenesis by directly activating key genes involved in ameloblast differentiation.

Evaluation of the optimal etching times and fissure sealant materials for bonding on primary teeth enamel: An in vitro study

The recommended 15-s acid etching time expands the enamel surface and facilitates the infiltration of restorative materials. Because of this clinical advantage, 15 and 30 s have become the most prevalent acid etching times in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of conventional and self-adhesive flowable composites (SAFCs) that were etched for different durations on primary molar teeth. Teeth were divided into eight groups (n = 16) and restored either with Vertise™ Flow and orthophosphoric acid or with Conseal F and orthophosphoric acid for 15, 30, 45, or 60 s. Then, the specimens were subjected to shear stress at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min until the bond failed. After conducting the microshear bond strength (μSBS) test, failure modes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy at 80 × magnification. Statistical analysis was performed using Independent sample T-tests and other T-tests (p < 0.05). According to the μSBS results, a statistically significant difference was observed among all groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between both restorative materials after etching for 15 s (p = 0.011; p < 0.05) and 60 s (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). While adhesive-type fractures were mostly observed in the SAFC groups, mixed-type fractures analyzed by scanning electron microscopy were determined to be relatively common in the Conseal F groups. An etching time of 15 s for primary tooth enamel was recommended instead of 60 s for all fissure sealants. In addition, the application of Vertise™ Flow after 15 s of acid etching was preferred over the application of Conseal F.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Poretti-Boltshauser Syndrome - a Case Report of a Molar Tooth Sign Mimic.

We report the prenatal diagnosis of Poretti-Boltshauser Syndrome (PBS) in a 36-year-old primigravida woman. At 22 weeks and 6 days of gestation, fetal ultrasound revealed a normally shaped but hyperechogenic cerebellum with all supratentorial structures appearing normal. Differential diagnosis included cavernous hemangioma, capillary telangiectasia, and cerebellar hemorrhage. Subsequent fetal cerebral MRI showed diffuse bilateral cerebellar modifications, reduced cranio-caudal diameter of the vermis, and pathological elongation and thickening of the superior cerebellar peduncles indicative of the molar tooth sign. Amniocentesis and whole exome sequencing identified two heterozygous truncating variants in the LAMA1 gene: c.3099G > A (p.Trp1033Ter) and c.3699T > A (p.Tyr1233Ter), confirming PBS.) Following the diagnosis, the pregnancy was terminated at 23 weeks and 5 days. Post-mortem examination supported the MRI findings consistent with PBS. This case highlights the importance of integrating ultrasound, MRI, and genetic analysis for accurate prenatal diagnosis and emphasizes the molecular diversity associated with PBS, including the presence of molar tooth sign mimics and a novel c.3699T > A variant.

Evaluation of the effect of different attachment configurations on molar teeth in maxillary expansion with clear aligners – a finite element analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of different attachment configurations with and without buccal root torque on expansion movements achieved with aligners through finite element analysis (FEA).MethodsFEA modelling was done with 0.25 mm buccal expansion force application to the maxillary molars with different attachment configurations: Eight models were tested (1) no attachment (NA), (2) horizontal attachment (HA), (3) gingivally beveled horizontal attachment (GHA), and (4) occlusally beveled horizontal attachment (OHA), as well as models with 6obuccal root torque, (5) no attachment (TNA), (6) horizontal attachment (THA), (7) gingivally beveled horizontal attachment (TGHA), and (8) occlusally beveled horizontal attachment (TOHA).ResultsThe first and second molars exhibited buccal tipping in all models. The highest amount of buccal tipping for the molars was observed in the NA (6CMB, 0.232 mm; 6CMP, 0.246 mm; 7CMB, 0.281 mm; 7CMP, 0.312 mm) and GHA (6CMB, 0.230; 6CMP, 0.245; 7CMB, 0.279 mm; 7CMP, 0.311 mm) models, respectively, while the least tipping was observed in the TOHA model (6CMB, 0.155 mm; 6CMP, 0.168 mm; 7CMB, 0.216 mm; 7CMP, 0.240 mm). In all groups, the buccal tipping of the second molars was higher than that of the first molars.ConclusionThis FEA study showed that expansion with aligners tip maxillary molars buccally and the use of occlusally beveled attachments and addition of buccal root torque reduces uncontrolled buccal tipping.

Assessment of Incomplete Apical Bone Coverage of Maxillary Premolar and Molar Roots Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in 161 Dogs.

This retrospective study assessed maxillary premolar and molar teeth and identified roots with incomplete apical bone coverage using cone beam computed tomography in 161 dogs. The associated dorsal anatomic sites that the roots communicated with were the ventral nasal meatus, maxillary recess, infraorbital canal, and pterygopalatine fossa. The study found that all roots of the maxillary premolar and molar teeth have the potential for incomplete apical bone coverage, with 26.7% having incomplete apical bone coverage. No significant association with sex was found. A significant association with weight was found, and this lowered with increasing body weight. Facial index, as a determinate of skull shape, was found to be significant in only 35.7% of roots in univariate and 14.2% of roots in multivariate modeling. Knowledge of the anatomy of these roots plays an important role in safe and effective extraction techniques, in reducing iatrogenic trauma, and in understanding the potential local effects of periodontal and endodontic disease.

Dentition Anomalies and Cranial Abnormalities in Invasive Beavers (Castor canadensis) in Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina.

The study of dentition anomalies and pathologies in wildlife contributes, together with other indicators, to understanding the relevance of some factors on the health status of populations. This has not been properly evaluated in invasive mammals. To test the feasibility of eradication, the government of Tierra del Fuego performed the eradication of beavers (Castor canadensis) from 2016 to 2018: 1121 animals were removed and 970 examined. These beavers were examined to analyze the incidence of dentition anomalies and other dentition and cranial conditions. The beavers presented two dentition anomalies: hypodontia and hyperdontia (0.41% in both cases), and for the first time, a dentition anomaly in the upper quadrants was reported. Beavers also presented artifactual tooth loss (0.30%) and acquired tooth loss (0.61%) but with low incidence. The presence of fractured teeth (0.41%) and caries (0.31%) occurred in all age classes, also with low incidence. The third molar tooth was the most affected, showing a female bias. The 0.93% of skulls had a cranial abnormality represented as a buccal curvature. Malocclusion cases also were recorded (0.51%). The low prevalence of dentition anomalies, fractured teeth, caries, and cranial abnormalities would not compromise the lifespan of beavers. These results leave a precedent of dentition anomalies and dentition and cranial conditions in an invasive mammal.

Effect of the Time Interval of Functional Loading on the Periapical Healing of Endodontically Treated Mandibular Molar Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis: A Split-mouth Randomized Clinical Study

IntroductionThis prospective study evaluated the effect of immediate functional loading (IFL) of a full-coverage prosthesis on the clinical and radiographic outcome of nonsurgical endodontic therapy (NSET) performed on mandibular molar teeth with pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis. MethodsIn 20 subjects, standardized 2-visit NSET was performed in bilateral mandibular first molar teeth (split-mouth model) with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis exhibiting a radiographic periapical index (PAI) score ≥3. In each subject, the nonvital bilateral mandibular first molar teeth were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: the IFL group or the functional loading after a time interval of 6 months group. Provisional full-coverage prostheses were provided within 7 days after the completion of endodontic therapy. The cases were followed up clinically and radiographically at 6 and 12 months. Radiographs were assessed for periapical healing based on PAI scores, which were dichotomized as healed (PAI score ≤2) or nonhealed (PAI score ≥3). The data were compared using chi-square and Fisher exact tests. ResultsA recall rate of 100% was achieved at the end of 12 months. All teeth in the IFL group and the functional loading after a time interval of 6 months group were clinically asymptomatic. According to an intergroup comparison between the proportion of teeth healed and nonhealed (radiographic), there was a significant difference (P < .05). ConclusionsIFL of a full-coverage prosthesis in endodontically treated mandibular molar teeth with pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis delayed periapical healing.

Modified Hybrid Hydroxyapatite-Silver Nanoparticles Activated via a Blue Light Source in Various Concentrations in Two-Step Self-Etch Adhesive to Caries-Affected Primary Dentin.

Aims: To evaluate hydroxyapatite-silver (HA-Ag) hybrid nanoparticles (NPs), as an antibacterial agent when integrated in self-etch (SE) adhesive. Blue light activated HA-Ag hybrid NP incorporation on mechanical properties, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Method: Eighty primary molar teeth have carious lesions reaching the dentin but not involving the pulp. The infected dentin was removed and carious-affected dentin (CAD) was preserved. Forty samples were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. All primary teeth (n = 80) were allocated into four groups based on the incorporation of HA-Ag hybrid NPs in different concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%). Group 1: 0% HA-Ag hybrid NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer, group 2: 1% HA-Ag hybrid NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer, group 3: 5 wt% HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer, and group 4: 10 wt% HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer. The survival rate assessment of S. mutans was conducted on 40 inoculated samples. On the remaining primary teeth (n = 40), Clearfil SE bonding agent was applied uniformly via a blue light source. The composite buildup was performed on the samples and μTBS and failure analysis assessed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to assess DC. Survival rates of S. mutans and μTBS among the tested groups were compared using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis. Results: 10 wt % HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer exhibited the highest level of antibacterial efficacy (0.14 ± 0.02 CFU/mL) against S. mutans. The highest μTBS (18.38 ± 0.78 MPa) at the composite/CAD interface was in group 2 (1 wt % HA-Ag NPs + Clearfil SE bond primer + Clearfil SE bonding agent + activation with a blue light source). The highest DC was observed in the control group with Clearfil SE bond primer + Clearfil SE bonding agent + activation with a blue light source. Conclusion: 1 wt% HA-Ag hybrid NPs showed enhanced antibacterial effectiveness, DC, and bond strength of the SE adhesive to the primary CAD.

Endodontic management and outcome of non-surgical root canal treatment for radix entomolaris associated mandibular molar teeth: A scoping review of case reports

Radix entomolaris (RE) is an anatomical variant of the permanent mandibular molar (MM) with various complex anatomy. However, there is limited literature on the guideline on endodontic management of RE, resulting in unclear understanding on the endodontic treatment outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to map current case reports on endodontic treatment modalities, occurrence of endodontic mishaps, and outcome of MM associated with RE. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, PLOS, and Lilac databases for English articles published between 2000 and 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. The search yielded 1435 results; after screening was completed, only 58 articles were included in the study and critically appraised using JBI critical appraisal tool. Amongst the modifications made in endodontic management of RE were utilising angulated periapical radiograph supplemented with cone-beam computed tomography, extending the access cavity distolingually, and maintaining a small apical size of #25. There were 12% incidence of endodontic mishaps (separated instrument, ledge, missed canal, and extruded sealer) on RE. The success and survival rate of MM associated with RE were 58.7% and 40% respectively, at an average of 8.4 months. The basic management of MM with RE is similar to that of other MM. However, emphasis should be made on RE identification to prevent endodontic mishaps that can influence the endodontic treatment outcome.

Radiographical examination of pulp stone distribution by cone beam computed tomography

Aims: The present study aimed to ascertain the association between pulp stone production and tooth type, jaw, arch orientation, and dental status in a Turkish subpopulation in the southern region of Turkiye by analyzing cone beam computed tomography images. Methods: The study included a retrospective examination of cone beam computed tomography images obtained at Gaziantep Private Dental Clinic and Gaziantep University Faculty of Dentistry between 2014 and 2020 for various purposes, and a recording of teeth with pulp calcification in the pulp chamber. The study did not include any teeth that had root canal therapy or porcelain crowns. Data was gathered from radiographs of people in the 19-90 age range. In all, 1676 teeth had pulp stones found in them. To compare proportions, two proportion z-tests were employed. Results: Male individuals possessed 774 teeth with pulp stones, while female individuals possessed 902 teeth with the same condition. The prevalence of pulp stones in first and second molar teeth (1092, 65.16%) is statistically farther than central and lateral incisors (238, 4.2%), canine (207, 12.35%) and premolar (139, 8.29%). The rate of pulp calcifications is statistically higher; in intact (1065, 63.54%) teeth compared to the teeth with filling materials (443, 26.43%) and teeth with caries (173, 10.32%); in the maxilla (874, 52.15%) compared to mandible (802, 47.85%). Pulp stone occurrence was higher on the right side (888, 52.98%) than on the left side (788, 47.02) (p

Gender-Specific Variations in Greater Palatine Foramen Anatomy: Insights from CBCT Scans in the North Cyprus Population.

BACKGROUND The greater palatine foramen (GPF) is anatomically located distal to the third maxillary molar tooth, midway between the midline of the palate and the dental arch. The GPF contains the major palatine artery, vein, and nerve, traversing the palatine sulcus. This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical position of the GPF in 93 women and 67 men at a single center in Cyprus using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 160 CBCT scans. Measurements of the GPF's horizontal and vertical diameters, distances from GPF to the incisive foramen, posterior nasal spine, anterior nasal spine, and midaxillary suture, and positional relationships to molars were recorded. Statistical analyses compared these measurements between males and females. RESULTS The study included 93 females and 67 males with an average age of 46.6 (±11.6) years. Significant sex differences were observed in most GPF measurements, with males showing larger dimensions such as the anterior nasal spine, posterior nasal spine, mid-maxillary suture, and incisive foramen to the GPF. The GPF was predominantly located in the third molar region (96.25% on the right, 96.9% on the left). The left GPF showed a significantly larger horizontal diameter than the right (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was a significant difference in the average distances from the anterior nasal spine, posterior nasal spine, mid-maxillary suture, and incisive foramen to the GPF, as well as in the size of the GPF, between males and females. Recognizing these variations enhances clinical planning and reduces the risk of complications.

Assessment of caries frequency and severity in immature permanent first molar teeth using panoramic radiograph in Elazig city, Turkey

Assessment of caries frequency and severity in immature permanent first molar teeth using panoramic radiograph in Elazig city, Turkey

The Effect Of Different Caries Removal Methods On The Surface Hardness and Micro-tensile Bond Strength

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of five different caries removal methods on caries removal effectiveness according to microhardness and micro tensile bond strength values. Materials: In this study, for the microhardness test, micro-tensile bond strength test (n = 10) SEM analysis (n = 2), and a total of 72 human molar teeth were used. Caries lesions were removed with conventional (steel bur, ceramic bur, polymer bur) methods, chemomechanical method (Brix-3000), and fluorescence-aided caries excavation method (Siroinspect). Then, teeth were sectioned longitudinally through the cavity center and were subjected to the microhardness test, micro tensile test, and SEM atomic analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc tests. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between all caries removal methods and measurement levels at certain distances from the cavity floor (0, 25, 50, 75 μm) (p