Molar Levels Research Articles

Basal and dentoalveolar transverse parameters in different sagittal and vertical malocclusions in adults: a comparative study.

This study sought to three-dimensionally (3D) evaluate the maxillomandibular basal bone and dentoalveolar widths using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans in adult Chinese populations with different vertical and sagittal facial skeletal patterns whilst no apparent posterior dental crossbite. The retrospective cross-sectional comparative study enrolled CBCT images of 259 adult patients (125 males and 134 females). The subjects were divided into the hyperdivergent(n = 82), hypodivergent(n = 88), and normodivergent(n = 89) groups based on the Jarabak ratio (S-GO/N-Me), which were further divided into three subgroups of skeletal Class I, II and III, based on both the ANB angle and AF-BF parameters. ANOVA was used to analyze the extracted data of the studied groups. The intra- and inter-observer reliability was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). In all three vertical facial skeletal patterns, the skeletal Class II had significantly smaller mandibular basal bone width compared to skeletal Class I and Class III, both at the first molar and first premolar levels. The skeletal Class III seemed to have smaller maxillary basal bone width compared to skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions; however, a significant difference was found only in the normodivergent pattern. As for the dentoalveolar compensation, it was most notable that in the hypodivergent growth pattern, the skeletal Class II had significantly smaller maxillary dentoalveolar width compared to the Class I and Class III groups, both at the first molar and first premolar levels. Based on the sample in the present study, skeletal Class II has the narrowest mandibular basal bone regardless of the vertical facial skeletal pattern. For Chinese adults with no apparent transverse discrepancy, the maxillomandibular basal bone and dentoalveolar widths are revealed in specific categories based on different vertical and sagittal facial skeletal patterns. In diagnosis and treatment planning, particular attention should be paid to skeletal Class II for possibly existing mandibular narrowing.

Are low serum levels of Vitamin D associated with dental developmental defects in primary teeth? A systematic review.

To identify, qualify and synthesize all studies that assessed if low serum level of 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) is associated with dental developmental defects (DDD) in primary teeth. Observational studies or clinical trials were included if measured 25(OH)D serum levels in pregnant women and/or in their children (up to 3 years old) and evaluated the occurrence of DDD in the primary dentition of offspring associated with the low 25(OH)D levels. Literature reviews, case reports, laboratory and/or animals' studies, conference abstracts, letters to the editor, book chapters and clinical protocols were excluded. Searches were carried out in 6 electronic databases and in the gray literature until March 2023, without restrictions. The study quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the certainty of the evidence by GRADE. Data were descriptively synthesized considering the association between DDD and 25(OH)D levels. Seven studies were included. Only developmental enamel defects (DED) were observed after examination of 6651 children. The incidence of DED ranged from 8.9% to 66%. Six studies found no association between low levels of 25(OH)D and DED. However, one reported correlation between hypomineralization of the primary second molar (HSMD) and low levels of 25(OH)D at birth. Methodological flaws were observed in all studies and the certainty of the evidence was very low. Although HSMD was the only DDD associated with low levels of 25(OH)D in children, the available evidence is still not conclusive. More robust studies are needed to endorse the biological plausibility of DDD in primary teeth due to low serum levels of 25(OH)D in pregnant women or in their children. FAPERJ financed this study, which was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022357511).

Effect of Different Anchorage Reinforcement Methods on Long-Term Maxillary Whole Arch Distalization with Clear Aligner: A 4D Finite Element Study with Staging Simulation.

The objective of this study was to examine how various anchorage methods impact long-term maxillary whole arch distalization using clear aligners (CAs) through an automated staging simulation. Three different anchorage reinforcement methods, namely, Class II elastics, buccal temporary anchorage device (TAD), and palatal TAD, were designed. Orthodontic tooth movement induced by orthodontic forces was simulated using an iterative computation method. Additionally, the automatic adjustment of the CA was simulated through the application of the thermal expansion method. The results indicated that the palatal TAD group had the largest retraction of incisors, followed by the buccal TAD group and the Class II elastic group, while the least was in the control group. The largest distal displacements and efficiency of molar distalization for the first and the second molars were noticed in the palatal TAD group. Arch width increased at the molar and premolar levels in all groups. The FEM results suggested palatal TAD had the best performance considering anterior teeth anchorage maintenance, both sagittally and vertically. However, attention should be paid to the possible increasement of arch width.

Maxillary molar distalization with a 2-week clear aligner protocol in patients with Class II malocclusion: A retrospective study

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of molar distalization with or without anterior teeth retraction. Forty-three patients who received maxillary molar distalization with clear aligners were retrospectively enrolled and further divided into 2 groups: a retraction group (with maxillary incisor retraction ≥2 mm in ClinCheck) and a nonretraction group (without anteroposterior movement or with the labial movement of the maxillary incisor in ClinCheck). Pretreatment and posttreatment models were collected and laser-scanned to obtain the virtual models. Three-dimensional digital assessments of molar movement, anterior retraction and arch width were analyzed in the reverse engineering software Rapidform 2006. To calculate the efficacy of tooth movement, the achieved tooth movement assessed on the virtual model was compared with the predicted tooth movement in ClinCheck. The achieved efficacy rates of molar distalization for the maxillary first and second molars were 36.48% and 41.94%, respectively. There was a significant difference in molar distalization efficacy between the retraction group (31.50% at the first molar and 35.63% at the second molar) and the nonretraction group (48.14% at the first molar and 52.51% at the second molar). In the retraction group, the efficacy of incisor retraction was 56.10%. The efficacy of dental arch expansion was more than 100% at the first molar levels in the retraction group and at the second premolar and first molar levels in the nonretraction group. There is a discrepancy between the outcome and the predicted maxillary molar distalization with clear aligners. The efficacy of molar distalization with clear aligners was significantly affected by anterior teeth retraction, and the arch width significantly increased at the premolar and molar levels.

Short-term and long-term effects of miniscrew-assisted and conventional rapid palatal expansion on the cranial and circummaxillary sutures

The objective of this study was to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) and conventional rapid palatal expansion (RPE) appliances on cranial and circummaxillary sutures as compared with a matched control group. One hundred and eighty cone-beam computed tomography scans for 60 subjects were evaluated for the 3 groups: (1) MARPE (n= 20; aged 13.7 ± 1.74 years), (2) RPE (n= 21; age 13.9 ± 1.14 years), and (3) control (n= 19; age 13.3 ± 1.49 years) at pretreatment (T1), postexpansion (T2), and posttreatment (T3) (T1 to T3: MARPE, 2 years 8 months; RPE, 2 years 9 months; control, 2 years 7 months). Frontonasal suture, frontomaxillary suture, zygomaticomaxillary suture, zygomaticofrontal suture, intermaxillary suture, pterygomaxillary suture, nasomaxillary suture, and zygomaticotemporal suture were measured on the right and left sides for all 3 time labels. In addition, midpalatal suture was measured at the incisor, canine, and molar levels. Within-group analysis showed that MARPE and RPE led to a significant increase in the widths of frontonasal, frontomaxillary, intermaxillary, nasomaxillary, and midpalatal suture at incisor, canine, and molar levels at T2 compared with T1. Between-group analysis showed that MARPE and RPE significantly increased the width of the intermaxillary and midpalatal suture at the incisor, canine, and molar compared with controls at T2. In the long term, between-group comparisons showed no significant difference among the 3 groups except that MARPE led to a significant increase in the width of midpalatal suture at incisor, canine, and molar levels compared with RPE and controls at T3. MARPE led to a significant increase in the width of the midpalatal suture at incisor, canine, and molar levels compared with RPE and controls in the long term. There was no difference in the width of other cranial and circummaxillary sutures among the 3 groups in the long term.

Freeze-thaw-induced aggregation of bovine gamma globulin was efficiently inhibited by an intrinsically disordered plant protein dehydrin

Immunoglobulin, which is widely used in the formulation of protein drugs, is prone to aggregation due to freezing. The aggregated immunoglobulin exhibits decreased immune-reactivity and increasing immunogenicity. Accordingly, large amounts of excipients are added to immunoglobulin drugs to prevent aggregation. In the present study, we found that an Arabidopsis dehydrin (AtHIRD11), which is a stress-related intrinsically disordered protein, could efficiently inhibit the cryoaggregation of bovine gamma globulin (BGG). AtHIRD11 was 3 to 4 orders of magnitude more efficient than general protectants such as sugars and amino acids at the molar levels. The K-segment, which is a conserved sequence of dehydrin, was one of the protective sites of AtHIRD11. Amino acid substitution analysis indicated that the hydrophobic amino acids contributed to the cryoprotective activity of the K-segment. Moreover, the activity was roughly correlated with the hydropathy scores of hydrophobic amino acids. BGG and the K-segment individually migrated in size exclusion chromatography, showing that the K-segment did not bind to BGG in solution. This suggests that dehydrin may prevent the cryoaggregation of BGG via the K-segment through a transient hydrophobic interaction. Dehydrin may be utilized as an effective stabilizer of immunoglobulin to minimize aggregation under freezing conditions.

Alveolar bone changes after tooth-borne surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: A three-dimensional study

IntroductionSurgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) with a dental-anchorage appliance can induce dental and skeletal complications adjacent to the teeth supporting the device. The purpose of this study was to quantify the dentoskeletal changes observed after SARME using a tooth-borne device. Materials and methodsCone beam CT images from 39 patients were compared between the preoperative (T1) and the postoperative period (T2). The mean time to complete the second imaging was 13.8 ± 6.9 months after the SARME. Dental and bone parameters were assessed: the vestibular bone height (BH), the bone thickness (BT), the existence of fenestrations, and the root resorption at the level of first upper premolar (P1) and the first upper molar (M1). The maxillary expansion parameters were also collected. ResultsBoth vertical and horizontal vestibular bone loss were observed mainly in the first upper molar sectors: The BT decreased from 0.93 ± 0.50 mm to 0.53 ± 0.51 mm (p < 0.0001) and the BH decreased from 1.84 ± 1.05 mm to 0.93 ± 1.02 mm (p < 0.0001) for tooth #16. The bone loss also affected the first upper premolars but in a more limited manner. Significant fenestrations were observed at the apex of the mesio-vestibular root of teeth #16 and #26. We noted significant root resorption affecting the mesio-, disto-vestibular and palatal roots of tooth #16 (mean reductions of 0.32, 0.35, and 0.55 mm, respectively; p < 0.05), and the palatal root of tooth # 26 (loss of 0.58 mm; p = 0.004). The mean bone expansion was 3.76 mm and 1.41 mm at the premolar and molar levels, respectively (p < 0.0001), while a mean 6.24 mm and 4.23 mm inter-cuspid expansion was noted at the P1 and M1 levels (p < 0.0001). ConclusionOur results document the vestibular bone changes and low root resorption, mostly in the molar sectors, associated with SARME using dental-anchorage devices.

Colloidal Stability of CA, SDS and PVA Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs): Effect of Molar Ratio and Salinity.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) have received unprecedented interest in various applications. The main challenges in IONPs are fluid stability due to agglomeration in a saline condition. This paper aims to investigate the colloidal stability of citric acid (CA), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) under various molar ratios and levels of salinity. Firstly, the IONPs were synthesized using a facile co-precipitation approach. Secondly, the IONPs were coated using a simple dip-coating method by varying the molar ratio of CA, SDS and PVA. Next, the coated IONPs were characterized by using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) for the morphological and crystallographic study of coated IONPs. Finally, the coated IONPs were characterized for their zeta potential value and hydrodynamic size using a Zetasizer and their turbidity was measured using a turbidity meter. It was found that at a low salinity level, 0.07 M of CA-IONPs, a high zeta potential value, a smaller hydrodynamic size, and a high turbidity value of -40.9 mV, 192 nm and 159 NTU were observed, respectively. At a high salinity level, 1.0 M SDS-IONPs recorded a high zeta potential value of 23.63 mV, which corresponds to a smaller hydrodynamic size (3955 nm) and high turbidity result (639 NTU). These findings are beneficial for delivering cutting-edge knowledge, especially in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications.

Entropy generation mechanisms from exothermic chemical reactions in laminar, premixed flames

This paper analyzes the mechanisms of entropy production that stem from exothermic chemical reactions in laminar, premixed flames. This paper is particularly motivated by the problem of indirect combustion noise, where acceleration of entropy fluctuations through a nozzle leads to acoustic fluctuations. In general, entropy generation in reacting systems occurs through molecular transport and chemical reaction, with the reaction terms being dominant in combustion systems. However, there are multiple mechanisms for entropy production from exothermic reactions, including heat release, change in number of moles of species, and changes in species. Most past analyses of indirect combustion noise have equated the heat release term with the flames entropy production, implicitly neglecting the other reaction-induced entropy sources. This paper shows the decomposition of the chemical source term from the entropy equation into three sub-terms, and then use detailed kinetic calculations from a one-dimensional reacting flow solver to calculate their magnitudes. Illustrative results are presented in the paper for several different fuels with varying thermodynamic properties methane, propane, octane, n-dodecane and hydrogen. Calculations are also performed for both air and oxygen as an oxidizer as well as at different parameter sweeps, in order to vary the flames fractional molar production and levels of product dissociation. These results show that heat release is by far the dominant production term in air-fueled flames. However, in oxygen fired systems, heat release has comparable magnitude as the other reaction terms. An important practical implication of this result is that indirect combustion noise source terms can be equated with the heat release terms for air-breathing systems but cannot be for rockets.

(Digital Presentation) Effects of Cation Doping on the Stability and Charge Acceptance of Alpha Nickel Hydroxide for Energy Storage Applications

Nickel hydroxide is used as active material in nickel based batteries and capacitors. It has two phases which are alpha and beta, since alpha nickel hydroxide has higher capacity it attracts scientists attention. Although it has promising performance, low utilization and poor stability hinder commercialization of alpha nickel hydroxide. The most common strategy to improve stability is to dope nickel hydroxide with cobalt or aluminum. Aluminum is more prominent due to its lower price and environmental concern. Besides the stability, it is well known that discharge capacity of nickel hydroxide decreases with increasing amount of both aluminum and cobalt. Although capacity is decrasing, number of electrons which is involved in the reaction does not change with increasing amount of dopant. At the same molar doping levels, although aluminum doped samples had higher active mass (nickel) content, they had lower gravimetric capacity than cobalt doped samples. Therefore, it is not convenient to explain capacity loss by only decreasing amount of active mass.Since cobalt doping raises differences between oxygen evolution potential and oxidation potential of nickel hydroxide, it enhances chargeability of nickel hydroxide but the cyclic voltammetry results showed that higher cobalt doping causes decrease in cell voltage and energy density of battery. The results showed that higher amount of aluminum must be doped to improve stability and relatively small amount of cobalt must be used to improve chargeability of alpha nickel hydroxide. Therefore, both aluminum and cobalt are effective in improving stability but cobalt is advantageous at low doping level, as it is reported in the literature.

Mapping of the Chemical Modifications of rRNAs.

Cellular RNAs, both coding and noncoding, contain several chemical modifications. Both ribose sugars and nitrogenous bases are targeted for these chemical additions. These modifications are believed to expand the topological potential of RNA molecules by bringing chemical diversity to otherwise limited repertoire. Here, using ribosomal RNA of yeast as an example, a detailed protocol for systematically mapping various chemical modifications to a single nucleotide resolution by a combination of Mung bean nuclease protection assay and RP-HPLC is provided. Molar levels are also calculated for each modification using their UV (254nm) molar response factors that can be used for determining the amount of modifications at different residues in other RNA molecules. The chemical nature, their precise location and quantification of modifications will facilitate understanding the precise role of these chemical modifications in cellular physiology.

Comparison of commercially available preformed archwires with average natural arch forms.

To compare the dimensions of commercially available preformed archwires with natural arch forms of Pakistani subjects. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from September 2019 to February 2020, and comprised maxillary and mandibular dental casts of orthodontically untreated subjects that were evaluated to obtain arch dimensions at the canines and first molar levels with the help of digital Vernier calipers. Bracket-archwire assembly was constructed to accurately measure widths from bracket-slot points at both the canine and molar levels in an attempt to mimic clinical archwire-bracket interface. Canine and molar depths were also recorded for accurate estimation of the digitised archwire widths at the aforementioned levels. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Of the 52 subjects, 26(50%) each were males and females with age ranging from 12years to 35 years. The archwires evaluated for maxilla were significantly wider at canines and first molars compared to the canine and molar dimensions of the dental casts obtained from the subjects (p<0.05). For mandible, significant differences were found at the canine level where archwires exhibited greater dimensions than mean intercanine widths of the subjects (p<0.05). Commercially obtainable preformed archwires were inconsistent with diverse arch forms manifested in subjects with almost ideal occlusion. Therefore, utilisation of these archwires may create unwarranted wider dimensions of the arch form, especially in the intercanine region which can influence post-treatment retention, stability and facial aesthetics.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus roseus Leaves and Their Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells

Zinc oxide nanomaterials are effective in cancer treatments, including the destruction of tumor cells with minimal damage to healthy cells. In the study, the biologically synthesized (Catharanthus roseus) zinc oxide nanomaterials with a broad 18-30 nm range were produced and the toxicity of zinc oxide nanomaterials was checked in vitro in the human breast cancer line MDA-MB-231. Inverse relation of the percentage of viable cells to the concentration of zinc oxide nanomaterials at increasing molar levels was assessed. The cytotoxicity analysis used in the MTT test shows the substantial viable MDA-MB-231-cells despite the increased concentration of exposure to zinc oxide nanomaterials. Reduction in the ratio of viable MDA-MB-231 cells after being exposed to zinc oxide nanomaterials was compared to untreated cancerous cells. The present approach to biosynthesis is quick, inexpensive, eco-friendly, and high-rise stable nanomaterials of zinc oxide with substantial cancer potential. This is the first study that reports molar concentrations as an anticancer agent for breast cancer and potential clinical uses for synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials.

Pattern of third molar impactions in north-eastern peninsular Malaysia: A 10-year retrospective study.

Third molar impaction, if left untreated, has the potential to cause several complications. The evaluation of surgical difficulty of impacted third molar extraction aids in better formulation of treatment plan by minimizing surgical complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of third molar impaction and related pathologic conditions in a cohort of patients living in North-eastern Peninsular Malaysia. In this retrospective study, 490 orthopantomograms (OPGs) of patients who were referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department between January 2010 and December 2019 were assessed. Data including age, gender, ethnicity, frequency of third molar impactions, their angulations and levels of eruption, retromolar space, and associated pathologic conditions were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. The significance level was set to P < 0.05. A total of 490 patients with a mean age of 28.87 years (range: 20-64) demonstrated 1957 impacted third molars (1022 mandibular + 935 maxillary). Impacted third molars were more likely present in females than males (1:2.20) (p < 0.05); and in Malay-ethnic (44.49%) patients followed by Chinese (34.45%) and Indians (21.02%). Mesioangular was the most common angulation of impaction both in the maxilla (24.68%) and mandible (18.34%). The most common pattern of third molar impaction was IIA (61.67%), and the retromolar space was significantly larger in males (13.6 mm; P < 0.05) than females (11.6 mm). The most frequently occurring pathological condition associated with third molars impaction is dental caries in the second or third molar (15.38%). This study highlights mesioangular impaction with their occlusal plane at the same level as the occlusal plane of the adjacent tooth being the most prevalent pattern of third molar impaction in North-eastern Peninsular Malaysia.

Identification of a Compound Overcoming Drug Resistance of Myeloma Cells at Hypoxic Condition

IntroductionHypoxia plays a crucial role in the development of drug resistance in various cancer cells. Therefore, many attempts targeting hypoxia are underway to overcome the drug resistance mediated by hypoxia. This strategy is useful for multiple myeloma (MM) cells, as MM cells reside within the bone marrow, where oxygen concentrations are quite low. To elucidate influence of oxygen concentration to drug sensitivity of MM cells, we evaluated sensitivity of MM cells to lenalidomide and melphalan under hypoxia (oxygen concentration: 1%). We found that significant elevation of LD50 for MM cell lines, KMS12PE and U266, were observed (Fig. 1), indicating drug resistances to these reagents are indeed induced under hypoxia.Materials and MethodsMM cell lines, KMS12PE and U266, were utilized. Natural compound library was obtained from Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama University (Toyama, Japan). Cell viability was analyzed either by MTT assay or trypan blue dye eclusion analysis. DNA double strand break response was analyzed by western blot detetcting gamma-H2AX. Melphalan was utilized as an conventional anti-MM reagent causing DNA double strand break.Results and DiscussionWe screened natural compound library to identify compounds exerting cytotoxicity in MM cells under hypoxic condition. Bufalin, a component of a chinese medicine (Chan Su), exhibited marked cytotoxicity to MM cells under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions at nano molar levels (compound#5 in Fig. 2). Importantly, no significant toxicity by bufalin was observed for PBMC obtained from normal donors.At normoxic condition, bufalin induced significant DNA double strand break (DSB) response, ROS induction and caspase activation within 24 hours which is a more rapid response compared with melphalan. Interestingly, the bufalin-induced DSB response was not impaired by low oxygen concentrations while DSB response by melphalan was reduced (Fig. 3). Moreover, treatment with bufalin abolished HIF-1α expression under hypoxia (Fig. 4), suggesting bufalin exerts cytotoxicity under hypoxia by regulating HIF-1α.These results suggest that bufalin induces apoptosis to MM cells through DSB under hypoxic condition by inhibiting HIF-1α, suggesting bufalin could be useful for eradication of drug resistant MM cells in the hypoxic microenvironment. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of miRNA Based on AC Electrokinetic Capacitive Sensing for Point-of-Care Applications.

A sensitive and efficient method for microRNAs (miRNAs) detection is strongly desired by clinicians and, in recent years, the search for such a method has drawn much attention. There has been significant interest in using miRNA as biomarkers for multiple diseases and conditions in clinical diagnostics. Presently, most miRNA detection methods suffer from drawbacks, e.g., low sensitivity, long assay time, expensive equipment, trained personnel, or unsuitability for point-of-care. New methodologies are needed to overcome these limitations to allow rapid, sensitive, low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable methods for miRNA detection at the point of care. In this work, to overcome these shortcomings, we integrated capacitive sensing and alternating current electrokinetic effects to detect specific miRNA-16b molecules, as a model, with the limit of detection reaching 1.0 femto molar (fM) levels. The specificity of the sensor was verified by testing miRNA-25, which has the same length as miRNA-16b. The sensor we developed demonstrated significant improvements in sensitivity, response time and cost over other miRNA detection methods, and has application potential at point-of-care.

Effects of LET on oxygen-dependent and-independent generation of hydrogen peroxide in water irradiated by carbon-ion beams

Linear energy transfer (LET) dependence of yields of O2-dependent and O2-independent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water irradiated by ionizing radiation was investigated. The radiation-induced hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation in an aqueous solution was reported to occur in two different localization densities, the milli-molar (relatively sparse) and/or molar (markedly-dense) levels. In the milli-molar-level •OH generation atmosphere, •OH generated at a molecular distance of ∼7 nm are likely unable to interact. However, in the molar-level •OH generation atmosphere, several •OH were generated with a molecular distance of 1 nm or less, and two •OH can react to directly make H2O2. An aliquot of ultra-pure water was irradiated by 290-MeV/nucleon carbon-ion beams at the Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC, NIRS/QST, Chiba, Japan). Irradiation experiments were performed under aerobic or hypoxic (<0.5% oxygen) conditions, and several LET conditions (13, 20, 40, 60, 80, or >100 keV/μm). H2O2 generation in irradiated samples was estimated by three methods. The amount of H2O2 generated per dose was estimated and compared. O2-independent H2O2 generation, i.e. H2O2 generation under hypoxic conditions, increased with increasing LET. On the other hand, the O2-dependent H2O2 generation, i.e. subtraction of H2O2 generation under hypoxic conditions from H2O2 generation under aerobic conditions, decreased with increasing LET. This suggests that the markedly-dense •OH generation is positively correlated with LET. High-LET beams generate H2O2 in an oxygen-independent manner.

A near infrared fluorescent probe for naked eye visualization and selective detection of hydrogen sulfide

A napthofluoresciene based NIR fluorescent probe for sulfide was synthesized and characterized by nmr and ESI-MS spectrometry. The present probe can act as rapid, colorimetric and NIR fluorescent turn on sulfide sensor at nano molar levels. It is highly selective to sulfide over other reducing agents like sulfate, sulfite and also thiol moieties. It has been successfully applied for the determination of sulfide in various environmental water samples.

Molecular imprinted-polymer as a controlled release material for tramadol

The free-radical polymerization method was used to prepare crosslinked polymers as tramadol carriers for the controlled release process. The polymers were based mainly on ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) in two different molar levels: 15 and 13. These two polymers represented the non-imprinted polymers (NIPs). Other corresponding polymers were prepared by adding tramadol hydrochloride during the synthesis that was removed at the end of the preparation process to produce tramadol-imprinted polymers (TIPs). The four polymers were loaded with tramadol for testing their in vitro release at various parameters such as soaking times, pH, and temperatures. The effect of molar ratio and imprinting process on tramadol release was studied. FTIR, TGA, and UV –absorption techniques were used to investigate the prepared and loaded polymers and the releasing process. More physical interactions were observed between the loaded tramadol and the matrix in TIPs than in NIPs. TIP with a molar ratio of crosslinker to polymer equals 13 demonstrated the highest control of releasing tramadol over 12-hour.

Effect of Various Nutraceuticals on Oncoprotein Heparan Sulfatase-2 Activity in Breast Cancer Cell Line

One in ten of all new cancers diagnosed worldwide are the cases of breast cancer and it is a most common form of cancer in women in both developing and developed countries. It is also the principal cause of death from cancer among women globally. Nutraceuticals, basically plant derived components are being used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, including cancer. Heparan sulfatase-2 (hsulf-2) is a newly isolated oncoprotein, highly expressed in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and inactivation of this protein possibly may prevent/impede the progression of the cancer. Many nutraceuticals viz. turmeric, ginger, soya and bael fruit extract as a whole and pure components curcumin and zerumbone have been studied in this report. Barring zerumbone, these nutraceuticals significantly inhibited the oncoprotein heparan sulfatase-2 (hsulf-2) activities isolated from MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, with an IC50 value at micro molar levels, indicating that these could be potential anticancer components. Curcumin inhibited cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 37.5 μM, subsequently induced apoptosis of breast cancer cell line. In conclusion, the findings of the present study may provide a basis for further study of these nutraceuticals in the treatment of breast cancer.