Moisture Retention Properties Research Articles

Effect of Racomitrium canescens on particulate matter reduction under flow and humidity condition.

This study investigated the effectiveness of Racomitrium canescens in the removal of particulate matter (PM) under controlled flow and humidity conditions. PM pollution is a major environmental and public health concern and exposure to PM is linked to various adverse health effects. Conventional PM removal methods, such as filtration and electrostatic precipitation present challenges, including frequent filter replacement and ozone generation. To address these limitations, eco-friendly alternatives, such as plant-based air purification systems, have garnered increasing attention. In particular, mosses have shown promise in reducing PM concentrations through surface adsorption. In the present study, we evaluated the PM removal efficiency of R. canescens under controlled laboratory conditions. The results demonstrated that R. canescens reduced PM concentrations and its removal efficiency was enhanced under elevated humidity conditions. The ability of moss to capture PM probably is attributed to its unique surface morphology and moisture-retention properties. Rehydration increases the surface area, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity. These findings suggest that R. canescens has the potential to be a sustainable and effective agent for mitigating air pollution.

PLL-g-HPA Hydrogel Loaded Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Burn Wound Healing in Rat Model by Regulating Inflammation Response.

Treatment of severe burn wound injury remains a significant clinical challenge as serious infections/complex repair process and irregulating inflammation response. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have a multidirectional differentiation potential and could repair multiple injuries under appropriate conditions. Poly(L-lysine)-graft-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PLL-g-HPA) hydrogel is an enzyme-promoted biodegradable in hydrogel with good water absorption, biocompatibility and anti-bacterial properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of hUC-MSCs combined with PLL-g-HPA hydrogel on full thickness burn injury in rat model. The PLL-g-HPA hydrogel was developed and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR). The cytotoxicity to human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) were assessed by CCK-8 assay and live/dead quantification and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was also detected by colony forming unit. A full-thickness burn wound injury model in 12 SD rats was established, and the therapeutic effect of PLL-g-HPA hydrogel combined with hUC-MSCs was detected by healing time/Histology/inflammation factor expression level. The findings from SEM, FTIR, and HFF analyses demonstrated the successful synthesis of PLL-g-HPA hydrogels. These hydrogels exhibited low cytotoxicity at minimal concentrations while maintaining excellent moisture retention and antibacterial properties. Compared to the control group, treatment with PLL-g-HPA hydrogel in conjunction with hUC-MSCs significantly enhanced wound healing, modulated inflammatory responses, and promoted angiogenesis as well as re-epithelialization in rat models. The PLL-g-HPA hydrogel in conjunction with hUC-MSCs represents a promising therapeutic approach for the management of burn wounds.

New Synthesis Method of Biopolymer Composites Based on Alginate, Carrageenan and ZnONPS for Wound Healing Applications

Abstract Hydrogels, being a drug delivery system , have great significance, particularly for the topical application in the treatment of open wounds. Their non-adhesiveness, moisture retention, and exudate absorption properties make them ideal for wound healing applications. Using a novel synthesis method, the biomedical hydrogels carrageenan/alginate (κC-Sa) and carrageenan/alginate/ZnO (κC-Sa/ZnO) were synthesized through modified free radical polymerization with acrylic acid as a cross-linker. The hydrogels were characterized using FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, and photographic images. κC-Sa and κC-Sa/ZnO were applied as wound healers for injured rats. The synthesized hydrogels have a microstructure, semicrystalline properties, and good ZnO distribution for κC-Sa/ZnO; ZnONPs added to the polymer matrix increased the swelling ratio to 800%. while the water loss percent for κC-Sa is 76% more than κC-Sa/ZnO (70%) in 25 h at room temperature. The hydrogel of κC-Sa/ZnOhows more an antibiotic activity than κC-Sa. The hydrogels were biocompatible when evaluated for their cytotoxic effect using the fibroblast cell line of mice (L929), where κC-Sa/ZnO was more biocompatible than κC-Sa. The κC-Sa/ZnO hydrogel provided more healing than the κC-Sa at 14 days, and this was diagnosed by histological analysis.

Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Panax Notoginseng Separated by Fractional Precipitation.

The dried root of Panax notoginseng is a medicinal and food ingredient. P. notoginseng polysaccharides (PNPs) have physicochemical properties, which have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify a method to separate the PNP fractions and investigate their activities. PNPs were prepared from roots by hot water extraction, deproteinization, and decolorization. PNP20, PNP40, and PNP60 fractions were isolated through stepwise ethanol precipitation at 20 %, 40 %, and 60 % concentrations, respectively. The three polysaccharide fractions were characterized using chromatography, spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and their moisture retention, antioxidant, and tyrosinase-inhibition properties were evaluated. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the three PNPs contained mannose (Man), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara) in different molar ratios. HPGPC analysis demonstrated that the polysaccharides precipitated with higher ethanol concentrations had lower molecular weights (Mw). Furthermore, all PNPs had distinct moisturizing and hygroscopic properties and antioxidant activities, with PNP60 showing better antioxidant properties and a competitive mixture of hygroscopic properties and tyrosinase inhibition. The chemical composition and structural characteristics of PNPs could affect their functional attributes. PNP60 has the potential to be a moisturizer and antioxidant and could be used in the development of cosmetic ingredients.

Investigation of Tannic Acid Crosslinked PVA/PEI-Based Hydrogels as Potential Wound Dressings with Self-Healing and High Antibacterial Properties.

This study developed hydrogels containing different ratios of TA using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers crosslinked with tannic acid (TA) for the treatment of burn wounds. Various tests, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), swelling, moisture retention, contact angle, tensile strength, the scratch test, antibacterial activity and the in vitro drug-release test, were applied to characterize the developed hydrogels. Additionally, the hydrogels were examined for cytotoxic properties and cell viability with the WST-1 test. TA improved both the self-healing properties of the hydrogels and showed antibacterial activity, while the added gentamicin (GEN) further increased the antibacterial activities of the hydrogels. The hydrogels exhibited good hydrophilic properties and high swelling capacity, moisture retention, and excellent antibacterial activity, especially to S. aureus. In addition, the swelling and drug-release kinetics of hydrogels were investigated, and while swelling of hydrogels obeyed the pseudo-second-order modeling, the drug release occurred in a diffusion-controlled manner according to the Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. These results show that PVA/PEI-based hydrogels have promising potential for wound dressings with increased mechanical strength, swelling, moisture retention, self-healing, and antibacterial properties.

Preparation of PAMgA/GL/GO antifreeze conductive hydrogel for wearable strain sensor based on physically cross-linked network

Conductive hydrogels have promising prospects in wearable strain sensor applications. However, the complex and diverse application scenarios put forward higher requirements on the conductivity, anti-freezing, tensile, self-healing, adhesion, and moisture retention properties of the conductive hydrogel. In this study, a polymagnesium acrylate/glycerol/graphene oxide (PAMgA/GL/GO) conductive hydrogel is prepared by free radical polymerization method, with magnesium acrylate (AMgA) as the polymer monomer, glycerol (GL) as the antifreeze filler, and graphene oxide (GO) as the conductive filler. Adding GL not only enhances the antifreeze properties of the composite hydrogels but also improves the moisture retention. The addition of GO increases the conductivity and the gauge factor (GF) of the composite hydrogels. When the GO content is 0.6 wt.%, the PAMgA/GL/GO conductive hydrogel demonstrates excellent properties of antifreeze, conductivity, self-healing, adhesion, and sensitivity. These excellent properties make it suitable as a wearable strain sensor for accurately monitoring human joint movements and subtle physiological signals.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction, Functional Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Naematelia aurantialba Polysaccharides

AbstractNaematelia aurantialba (N. aurantialba) is a fungus rich in polysaccharides with medicinal and edible properties. Polysaccharides are the main active components of N. aurantialba; however, their biological activities and functional properties have not been widely explored. In this study, the ultrasonic extraction process for N. aurantialba polysaccharides (NAP) is optimized, and the physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant activities of the homogeneous fraction (NAP) are investigated. The optimal extraction conditions are a liquid–solid ratio of 50 mL g−1, ultrasonic power of 430 W, ultrasonic time of 32 min, resulting in an extraction rate of N. aurantialba polysaccharides of 48.68% ± 0.83%. NAP has a molecular weight of 915 kDa. The monosaccharide composition of NAP is as follows: mannose (59.04% ± 0.12%), xylose (23.89% ± 0.03%), glucuronic acid (14.07% ± 0.24%), galacturonic acid (2.12% ± 0.02%), and glucose (0.76% ± 0.02%). NAP exhibites water and oil retention capacities of 14.62 ± 0.25 g g−1 and 23.73 ± 0.85 g g−1, respectively. Furthermore, NAP demonstrates favorable moisture absorption and retention properties. The results show that NAP has a significantly stronger antioxidant effect, as demonstrated by its concentration‐dependent scavenging of ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals.

Application of Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel for wound healing among in diabetes

Diabetes has become an increasingly serious global health crisis. Long-term hyperglycemia can lead to vascular and neurological disorders, thus deterring wound healing. Therefore, exploring treatment modalities for wounds in individuals with diabetes is clinically significant. Bletilla striata polysaccharide and bioactive natural polymers carbomer 940 and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) are cross-linked to form the Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel (named CCHG/BSP). Upon characterization, we found that the hydrogel has a porous structure and good mechanical and moisture retention properties. A hemolysis test revealed that the hydrogel had high safety. Furthermore, the hydrogel effectively promoted proliferation and migration in mouse L929 fibroblasts. In back wounds inflicted in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, the CCHG/BSP hydrogel significantly promoted wound healing. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining of tissues around the wound suggest that the mechanism underlying wound healing in diabetes may involve the promotion of angiogenesis, regulation of inflammation, and promotion of collagen regeneration. This provides a foundation for studies on and the development of new BSP pharmacotherapeutic products and the clinical application of its hydrogel dressing, and provide novel avenues for treating wounds in individuals with diabetes.

Green and facile fabrication of robust calcium alginate sponges via thermally bonded nonwoven induced freeze-drying for dressing applications

Alginate sponges have been widely studied in areas of wound healing, drug release, tissue engineering, and wastewater treatment due to their potential biological activity, biocompatibility, high porosity, and large surface area. However, their poor mechanical properties greatly limit the practical applications of alginate sponge. In this study, a structurally controllable and high-performance sponge material preparation strategy was proposed by optimizing the structure of the freeze-dried calcium alginate (CA) sponge using fluffy and porous thermally bonded nonwovens (NWs). The performance of composite sponges (CA@NWs) prepared at different pre-freezing temperatures and concentrations were tested. The results showed that the NWs skeleton could improve the formation structure and size stability of the freeze-dried CA sponge, making it have good fluid absorption, moisture permeability, moisture retention, and wet state mechanical properties. The RF-1.0-CA@NWs sponge had the highest fluid absorption rate of 1415 %. The wet state RF-1.5-CA@NWs sponge had tensile strengths of 1.913 MPa and 0.465 MPa in the MD and CD directions, respectively, which was about 95 times higher than that of the wet state pure CA sponge.

The Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Moisturizing Effects of Camellia oleifera Oil and Its Potential Applications.

Camellia oleifera oil (CO oil) extracted from C. oleifera seeds has a 2300-year consumption history in China. However, there is relatively little research regarding its non-edible uses. This study determined the physicochemical properties of CO oil extracted via direct pressing, identified its main components using GC-MS, and evaluated its antioxidant, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that CO oil's acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were 1.06 ± 0.031 mg/g, 0.24 ± 0.01 g/100 g, 65.14 ± 8.22 g/100 g, and 180.41 ± 5.60 mg/g, respectively. CO oil's tocopherol, polyphenol, and squalene contents were 82.21 ± 9.07 mg/kg, 181.37 ± 3.76 mg/kg, and 53.39 ± 6.58 mg/kg, respectively; its unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content was 87.44%, and its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was 12.56%. CO oil also demonstrated excellent moisture retention properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and certain free radical scavenging. A highly stable CO oil emulsion with competent microbiological detection was developed using formulation optimization. Using CO oil in the emulsion significantly improved the formulation's antioxidant and moisturizing properties compared with those of the emulsion formulation that did not include CO oil. The prepared emulsion was not cytotoxic to cells and could reduce cells' NO content; therefore, it may have potential nutritional value in medicine and cosmetics.

Fabrication of a straw-based degradable mulch film with magnetically controlled-release glyphosate

To solve three main problems in agriculture (plastic mulch pollution, difficult straw recycling, and low utilization efficiency of pesticides), a multifunctional mulch film (MF) was fabricated. In this study, corn straw was mixed with xanthan gum, glyphosate (Gly), Fe3O4, and MIL-100(Fe) to obtain a MF named as SMFG with magnetically controlled-release Gly. To improve the hydrophobicity and stability of SMFG, the surface was coated by amino silicone oil (ASO) to get SMFG@ASO. SMFG@ASO had well insulation and moisture retention properties close to polyethylene MF. Meanwhile, the weight loss ratio of SMFG@ASO increased with time and could reach 59% underground in 120 d, indicating the good biodegradation behavior of SMFG@ASO. Importantly, pot experiment showed that SMFG@ASO could significantly promote growth of crop and inhibit grass. Besides, earthworm experiment illustrated that SMFG@ASO possessed a high biosafety and could increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Flavobacterium) from 0.08 to 0.21 and soil quality. Thus, this study provides a new method to prepare a straw-based degradable MF for resolving the problems of plastic pollution and waste of straw resources simultaneously to realize the integration of herbicide and MF.

Development and characterization of SA/PEG hydrogel membranes with Ag/ZnO nanoparticles for enhanced wound dressing

In the field of wound dressings, hydrogels have become essential due to their biocompatibility and moisture-retention properties. Nevertheless, challenges persist, notably in terms of mechanical strength and antibacterial effectiveness. In this study, we synthesized and characterized polymeric wound dressings comprising sodium alginate and polyethylene glycol, cross-linked using calcium chloride. We incorporated silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles to enhance antibacterial properties. The hydrogels were prepared through solution casting and subjected to comprehensive characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD revealed a distinct face-centered structure. SEM analysis revealed phase separation and uniform nanoparticle dispersion, and TGA indicated improved thermal stability. The hydrogel exhibited exceptional tensile strength (30.8 MPa), low cytotoxicity (SAPEG/0.01Ag/0.02ZnO), and increased hydrophilicity (contact angle: 27.5°–15.6°) post-nanoparticle addition. Significant antibacterial activity (largest zone of inhibition: 27.25 mm for SA/PEG/0.01Ag/0.02ZnO) aligns these hydrogel membranes with characteristics vital for wound healing applications, making them promising for advanced wound dressings.

Hydrogel-Based Skin Regeneration.

The skin is subject to damage from the surrounding environment. The repair of skin wounds can be very challenging due to several factors such as severe injuries, concomitant infections, or comorbidities such as diabetes. Different drugs and wound dressings have been used to treat skin wounds. Tissue engineering, a novel therapeutic approach, revolutionized the treatment and regeneration of challenging tissue damage. This field includes the use of synthetic and natural biomaterials that support the growth of tissues or organs outside the body. Accordingly, the demand for polymer-based therapeutic strategies for skin tissue defects is significantly increasing. Among the various 3D scaffolds used in tissue engineering, hydrogel scaffolds have gained special significance due to their unique properties such as natural mimicry of the extracellular matrix (ECM), moisture retention, porosity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties. First, this article delineates the process of wound healing and conventional methods of treating wounds. It then presents an examination of the structure and manufacturing methods of hydrogels, followed by an analysis of their crucial characteristics in healing skin wounds and the most recent advancements in using hydrogel dressings for this purpose. Finally, it discusses the potential future advancements in hydrogel materials within the realm of wound healing.

The filling effects of starch-based emulsion microgels in gel-based systems

The emergence of emulsion microgels, formed from one or more emulsion droplets encapsulated in a soft solid, with mechanical properties that mimic the sensory properties of fat, holds promise for fat replacement applications in gel-based food products. This study builds upon the existing knowledge of emulsions and emulsion gels, focusing on the design and characterization of starch-based emulsion microgels as functional fillers in gel matrices. In brief, emulsions stabilized by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch was prepared first at an oil mass fraction ratio of 60%. Then, the obtained OSA starch stabilized emulsion was mixed with natural wheat starch at varying ratios to prepare emulsion microgel through a top-down approach. And the particle sizes of these emulsion microgels ranged from 10 to 100 μm, in addition, rheological analysis showed that microgels had solid-like behavior with their storage modulus (G′) exceeding the loss modulus (G″). To evaluate the potential of these emulsion microgels in replacing fats in food systems, the effects of these emulsion microgels as fillers in tapioca starch-based gels was further investigated, with the emulsions serving as filler controls. Microgel-filled gels demonstrated good water-holding capacity and gel strength compared to emulsion-filled gels, indicating their potential to enhance the moisture retention and mechanical properties of food products. Moreover, microgel-filled gels exhibited better deformability resistance and deformation recovery. Overall, emulsion microgels show promise as fillers for improving the sensory and mechanical properties of starch-based gel foods.

The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent

Abstract The mechanical properties of hydrogels are crucial in wound dressing application. Starch-based hydrogels have deficiencies in mechanical strength and gel stability. These shortcomings can be addressed by employing crosslinking techniques with oxidized sucrose. A design of experiments approach was used to optimize the tensile strength of the product. The results indicated that both the composition of oxidized sucrose and glycerol significantly impact tensile strength (p-value < 0.05). The optimal tensile strength achieved was 27 MPa, using 0.9762 mL of oxidized sucrose and 0.0624 g of glycerol per gram of starch. The hydrogel products underwent a series of characterizations, including optical microscope examination, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), swelling test, Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR), contact angle, and cytotoxicity test. The FTIR and 1H NMR analyses confirmed the crosslinking of hydroxyl groups within starch molecules with aldehyde groups from oxidized sucrose. Characterization of this hydrogel revealed that it had a swelling capacity of 95%, a WVTR of 714.92 g per m2 per 24 h, a contact angle of 74.76°, and a cell viability value greater than 100%. Thus, this hydrogel is suitable for wound dressing due to its strength, exudate-absorbing capabilities, moisture retention properties, hydrophilicity, and non-toxicity.

Hollow manganese dioxide-chitosan hydrogel for the treatment of atopic dermatitis through inflammation-suppression and ROS scavenging

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with immune dysfunction. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to oxidative stress, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and T-cell differentiation, thereby promoting the onset and worsening of AD. In this study, we innovatively used quaternary ammonium chitosan (QCS) and tannic acid (TA) as raw materials to design and prepare a therapeutic hydrogel(H-MnO2-Gel) loaded with hollow manganese dioxide nanoparticles (H-MnO2 NPs). In this system, the hydrogel is mainly cross-linked by dynamic ion and hydrogen bonding between QCS and TA, resulting in excellent moisture retention properties. Moreover, due to the inherent antioxidant properties of QCS/TA, as well as the outstanding H2O2 scavenging ability of H-MnO2 NPs, the hydrogel exhibits significant ROS scavenging capability. In vitro experiments have shown that H-MnO2-Gel exhibits good cellular biocompatibility. Importantly, in an AD-induced mouse model, H-MnO2-Gel significantly enhanced therapeutic effects by reducing epidermal thickness, mast cell number, and IgE antibodies. These findings suggest that H-MnO2-Gel, by effectively clearing ROS and regulating the inflammatory microenvironment, provides a promising approach for the treatment of AD.

Technical Evaluation of a New Medical Device Based on Rigenase in the Treatment of Chronic Skin Lesions.

Chronic wound is characterized by slow healing time, persistence, and abnormal healing progress. Therefore, serious complications can lead at worst to the tissue removal. In this scenario, there is an urgent need for an ideal dressing capable of high absorbency, moisture retention and antimicrobial properties. Herein we investigate the technical properties of a novel advanced non-woven triple layer gauze imbibed with a cream containing Rigenase, an aqueous extract of Triticum vulgare used for the treatment of skin injuries. To assess the applicability of this system we analyzed the dressing properties by wettability, dehydration, absorbency, Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR), lateral diffusion and microbiological tests. The dressing showed an exudate absorption up to 50%. It created a most environment allowing a proper gaseous exchange as attested by the WVTR and a controlled dehydration rate. The results candidate the new dressing as an ideal medical device for the treatment of the chronic wound repairing process. It acts as a mechanical barrier providing a good management of the bacterial load and proper absorption of abundant wound exudate. Finally, its vertical transmission minimizes horizontal diffusion and side effects on perilesional skin as maceration and bacterial infection.

Development and characterization of a bamboo cellulose-based multifunctional composite film by deep eutectic solvent and gelatin

From the common economic crop, bamboo resources have gradually shown more and more medical and medicinal values, which need comprehensive utilization. Herein, a unique composite film loaded with bamboo chlorophyll or bamboo charcoal as functional additives was prepared by a one-pot method for the first time, which was based on bamboo cellulose as basic material, gelatin as film-forming agent, and the deep eutectic solvent (DES) as solvent, dispersant, crosslinker, as well as penetration-promoting agent simultaneously. The developed homogeneous film showed improved mechanical strength, uniformity, adhesion and potential antiulcer performance. In addition, it has certain air permeability, moisture retention and anti-ultraviolet properties. Moreover, the transdermal process of chlorophyll was fitted by the popular in vitro release models, and it was concluded that the in vitro release process of the film followed a dual mechanism of erosion and diffusion. Finally, the actual effect was tested in by in vivo validation, and the whole results aimed to realize the multi-functionalization of such a new bio-material film and systematic exploitation of bamboo resources simultaneously.

Fabrication, Structure, and Properties of Nonwoven Silk Fabrics Prepared with Different Cocoon Layers.

In this study, five different nonwoven silk fabrics were fabricated with silk fibers from different cocoon layers, and the effect of the cocoon layer on the structural characteristics and properties of the nonwoven silk fabric was examined. The diameter of the silk fiber and thickness of the nonwoven silk fabric decreased from the outer to the inner cocoon layer. More amino acids with higher hydrophilicity (serine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid) and lower hydrophilicity (glycine and alanine) were observed in the outer layers. From the outer to the inner layer, the overall crystallinity and contact angle of the nonwoven silk fabric increased, whereas its yellowness index, moisture retention, and mechanical properties decreased. Regardless of the cocoon layer at which the fiber was sourced, the thermal stability of fibroin and sericin and good cell viability remained unchanged. The results of this study indicate that the properties of nonwoven silk fabric can be controlled by choosing silk fibers from the appropriate cocoon layers. Moreover, the findings in this study will increase the applicability of nonwoven silk fabric in the biomedical and cosmetic fields, which require specific properties for industrialization.

Design of a novel tannic acid enriched hemostatic wound dressing based on electrospun polyamide-6/hydroxyethyl cellulose nanofibers

Recently, the use of scaffolds as wound dressings in skin tissue engineering with the aim of rapid healing and prevention of bleeding is growing quickly, materials and structures similar to the target tissue are used to improve its quality. In this research, polyamide6/hydroxyethyl cellulose (PA6/HEC) incorporated with TA (tannic acid) in different concentration (5, 10, 25%) has been used to produce nanofibers (NFs) by electrospinning method. Electrospun NFs were examined in terms of chemical and physical structure, swelling, degradation, moisture retention, thermal stability and mechanical properties. In addition, this study investigates cellular behavior, antibacterial, hemocompatibility and antioxidant properties. Among the NFs, PA/HEC/25%TA mat showed more favorable results. The produced scaffolds were non-toxic in the cell media, and increasing TA content improved cell growth and proliferation. The results of the hemostatic test showed that the presence of TA causes rapid blood coagulation, and TA has increased the antibacterial ability against pathogenic agents and antioxidant virtues. Therefore, the obtained results confirm the potential of NFs as a wound dressing.