Moisture Distribution Research Articles

Cross-Correlation of Soil Moisture and Stone Content and Their Spatial Pattern Across the Different Slope Aspects and Soil Depth

The analysis of the spatial interrelationship between soil properties and slope aspect is vital for understanding the range of influence on soil depth, moisture, and stone content distribution. This study aimed to investigate the spatial interrelationship of topsoil moisture and stone content in different slope aspects and soil depth. The 53.7 km2 watershed was divided into a 500m by 500m grid using ArcGIS and 230 soil samples were collected. In each sampling point, the soil was taken at three soil depth classes (0–25cm, 25–60cm, and 60–100cm) using a cylindrical auger, then soil samples were tested to determine the percentage of topsoil moisture, and stone content. The spatial interrelationship between aspect, soil depth, topsoil moisture, and stone content was analyzed using the R and GS+ software. The study had shown non-significant effects of aspect on topsoil moisture, stone content, and soil depth. However, topsoil moisture tends to be higher on the north-facing slope, while stone content tends to be higher on the southeast-facing slope. The analysis of Local Moran’s I revealed that topsoil moisture, stone content, and soil depth were significantly autocorrelated. The cross-semivariogram analysis of soil depth with topsoil stone content depicted a negative spatial correlation. The experimental cross-semivariogram of soil depth versus topsoil moisture was positively fitted to the exponential function, whereas soil depth with topsoil stone content was best fitted to the Gaussian model. Overall, soil depth is the more influential factor than the slope aspect regarding topsoil moisture depletion and stone content distribution in the study watershed.

Whey protein isolate nanofibrils as emulsifying agent to improve printability of Cheddar cheese for 3D printing

Personalized ready-to-eat foods with complex three-dimensional (3D) structure can be realized through 3D printing. As a representative of high-fat food, Cheddar cheese has been selected to investigate the effect of Whey protein isolate nanofibrils (WPNFs) to reduce fat content and improve 3D printability. With excellent emulsifying, thickening, gelling and antioxidant activities, WPNFs have been used as the only additive to prepare processed cheese. As observed in the CLSM micrographs and LF-NMR analysis, WPNFs can immobilize the increased moisture and homogenize the distribution of fat and moisture. The cohesiveness of WPNF-processed cheese has been proved to be a key factor in maintaining line continuity and layer-to-layer fusion during 3D printing. In addition to regulating the printability of processed cheese, WPNFs could delay the color change of 3D printed constructions for its antioxidant properties. The 3D rabbit and swan printed by F20 have showed clear details and accurate shape, smooth surfaces, and stability. This study will provide a novel food additive WPNFs to improve the 3D printability of high-fat foods with customized shape, texture, flavor, and nutritional requirements.

Effect of Wheat Gluten and Peanut Protein Ratio on the Moisture Distribution and Textural Quality of High-Moisture Extruded Meat Analogs from an Extruder Response Perspective.

Wheat gluten (WG) and peanut protein powder (PPP) mixtures were extruded at high moisture to investigate the potential application of this mixture in meat analog production. Multiple factors, including the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), rheological properties of the mixed raw materials, die pressure, torque and specific mechanical energy (SME) during high moisture extrusion, texture properties, color, water distribution, and water activity of extrudates were analyzed to determine the relationships among the raw material characteristics, extruder response parameters, and extrudate quality. At a WG ratio of 50%, the extrudates have the lowest hardness (2.76 kg), the highest springiness (0.95), and a fibrous degree of up to 1.75. The addition of WG caused a significant rightward shift in the relaxation time of hydrogen protons in the extrudates, representing increased water mobility and water activity. A ratio of 50:50 gave the smallest total color difference (ΔE) (about 18.12). When the added amount of WG was 50% or less, it improved the lightness and reduced the ΔE compared to >50% WG. Therefore, clarifying the relationship among raw material characteristics, extruder response parameters, and extruded product quality is helpful in the systematic understanding and regulation of the fiber textural process of binary protein meat analogs.

Terahertz relaxation polarization modeling of micro-water inside nano-modified dielectrics and imaging distribution of free/bound water

The additional moisture can be easily introduced into dielectric materials with the nano-doping, which could have adverse impacts on the insulating properties. Herein, samples with different moisture absorption are tested using Terahertz (THz) waves. The relaxation resonance integrated polarization model is developed to illustrate the water absorption effect by the nano-filler on the THz spectrum, which is related to the hydrogen bond (HB) state of water molecular clusters. Detection of moisture content is realized by the polarized resonance intensity in the proposed model. The different HB states of free water and bound water are effectively distinguished using the Debye parameters in the model, and the formation process of water involved in the HB network is analyzed. Meanwhile, the proposed model is verified by molecular simulation. This work provides an application-worthy method to distinguish nuances in moisture contents and distribution in nano-dielectrics, with advantages of non-destructiveness, rapidity and 2D visualization.

High-Performance Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on MoOx Nanoparticle Films for Monitoring Human Respiration and Non-Contact Sensing

Flexible humidity sensors with high sensitivity, fast response time, and outstanding reliability have the potential to revolutionize electronic skin, healthcare, and non-contact sensing. In this study, we employed a straightforward nanocluster deposition technique to fabricate a resistive humidity sensor on a flexible substrate, using molybdenum oxide nanoparticles (MoOx NPs). We systematically evaluated the humidity-sensing behaviors of the MoOx NP film-based sensor and found that it exhibited exceptional sensing capabilities. Specifically, the sensor demonstrated high sensitivity (18.2 near zero humidity), a fast response/recovery time (1.7/2.2 s), and a wide relative humidity (RH) detection range (0–95%). The MoOx NP film, with its closely spaced granular nanostructure and high NP packing density, exhibited insensitivity to mechanical deformation, small hysteresis, good repeatability, and excellent stability. We also observed that the device exhibited distinct sensing kinetics in the range of high and low RH. Specifically, for RH > 43%, the response time showed a linear prolongation with increased RH. This behavior was attributed to two factors: the higher physical adsorption energy of H2O molecules and a multilayer physical adsorption process. In terms of applications, our sensor can be easily attached to a mask and has the potential to monitor human respiration owing to its high sensing performance. Additionally, the sensor was capable of dynamically tracking RH changes surrounding human skin, enabling a non-contact sensing capability. More significantly, we tested an integrated sensor array for its ability to detect moisture distribution in the external environment, demonstrating the potential of our sensor for contactless human–machine interaction. We believe that this innovation is particularly valuable during the COVID-19 epidemic, where cross-infection may be averted by the extensive use of contactless sensing. Overall, our findings demonstrate the tremendous potential of MoOx NP-based humidity sensors for a variety of applications, including healthcare, electronic skin, and non-contact sensing.

Early-age deformation of hydrophobized metakaolin-based geopolymers

This study presents a novel strategy to simultaneously mitigate the early-age shrinkage and achieve hydrophobization of metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) pastes through the incorporation of organic admixtures including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and sodium methylsilicate (SMS). The pore structure, wettability, moisture/water adsorption capacity, and internal moisture distribution are investigated through different techniques including MIP and LF-NMR. Results indicate that the autogenous shrinkage of MKG paste is reduced by 91.2 % and 41.6 % when adding 5 % PDMS and replacing with 20 % SMS, and the water contact angle increases to approximately 130° and 140°, respectively. The addition of organic admixtures significantly reduces the moisture adsorption and surface tension of the MKG matrix, and thus internal water tends to be transported into larger pores, leading to less liquid-vapor meniscus and lower capillary stress. Moreover, an underlying mechanism is proposed to explain the shrinkage mitigation of hydrophobized MKG paste, accounting for the moisture transfer tendency and internal stress distribution.

The NMR core analyzing tomograph: a multi-functional tool for non-destructive testing of building materials

NMR is becoming increasingly popular for the investigation of building materials as it is a non-invasive technology that does not require any sample preparation nor causes damage to the material. Depending on the specific application it can offer insights into properties like porosity and spatial saturation degree as well as pore structure. Moreover it enables the determination of moisture transport properties and the (re-)distribution of internal moisture into different reservoirs or chemical phases upon damage and curing. However, as yet most investigations were carried out using devices originally either designed for geophysical applications or the analysis of rather homogeneous small scale (< 10 mL) samples. This paper describes the capabilities of an NMR tomograph, which has been specifically optimized for the investigation of larger, heterogeneous building material samples (diameters of up to 72 mm, length of up to 700 mm) with a high flexibility due to interchangeable coils allowing for a high SNR and short echo times (50–80 μs).

Evaluation of indicators for desertification risk assessment of Oleshky sands desertification based on Landsat data time series

Earth's surface monitoring allows the assessment of the dynamics and mapping of desertification indicators and is currently one of the priority research regions in remote sensing. In addition to the fact that desertification is a serious global threat to economic, social and food security, the risks of desertification have also become relevant for southern Ukraine. In recent years, climate change has become more and more noticeable in Ukraine. As a result, the time frames of the seasons are blurred, the boundaries of natural zones are shifting, abnormal values of meteorological indicators are increasingly observed, and the intensity of natural disasters is increasing. Since southern Ukraine is most vulnerable to adverse climate and landscape changes, including desertification, the article considered long-term landscape changes on the right bank of the Dnieper River in the Kherson region, mainly represented by sandy massifs of the Oleshky region, which are called the Oleshky Sands. Arid landscapes, which include the vast majority of Oleshky, are especially vulnerable to degradation processes, so space monitoring this territory is an urgent task given the current global climate changes. Within the framework of the presented study, the long-term dynamics of several indicators of desertification within the sandy arenas of the Oleshkovsky sands were mapped. Based on a series of multispectral space images obtained by Landsat satellites for the period 1986-2020 was considered. Spectral ranges characterize the key biophysical aspects of arid landscapes: the degree of soil moisture, vegetation density and sand distribution. Regression analysis was used to illustrate the dynamics of each indicator, which showed a general increase in each indicator over the experimental period. Furthermore, we determined the relationship between the values of the rise in desertification indicators and landscape changes that occurred in the research region, the classification of several images for different years was also carried out, and spatial and quantitative changes in the distribution of land cover classes were characterized.

Thin-Layer Drying of Burdock Root in a Convective Dryer: Drying Kinetics and Numerical Simulation

This work investigated the thin-layer drying kinetics of Vietnam burdock root in a convective dryer. The thin-layer drying models and mass transfer coefficient were determined by experiment and analysis approach. Furthermore, a numerical simulation was performed to describe the moisture distribution inside the material. The regression models and mathematical equations were determined by Statgraphics software and the EES software. The survey range in this work: 50-70oC air temperature, 1-2 m/s air velocity, 22 ± 5 mm slice diameter, and 5 ± 0.2 mm slice thickness. The results show that the Page model was the best model to describe the drying behavior of burdock root, with the correlation coefficient of R2 &gt; 0.9992; the moisture diffusivity coefficient De = 3.4520 x 10-9-1.8516 x 10-8 m2/s; moisture transfer coefficient hm = 1.3256 x 10-7-7.8375 x 10-7 m/s. Furthermore, the simulation results visualize the moisture distribution inside the burdock root slice in the drying process.

4D printing system stimulated by curcumin/whey protein isolate nanoparticles: A comparative study of sensitive color change and post-processing

In order to provide a more reliable curcumin stabilization scheme and efficient post-treatment process in food 4D printing system, this study innovatively introduced nano-embedding technology and catalytic infrared drying (CID) method to develop interesting color-changing materials for 4D printing based on thermal response stimuli. Firstly, curcumin (C) was encapsulated into whey protein isolate (WPI) to form nanoparticles (C-WPI-NPs), which were further added to potato starch-xanthan gum base to fabricate printing ink. The effects of C-WPI-NPs addition on the rheological properties, moisture distribution, and FTIR spectra of printing ink were investigated. It was demonstrated that the addition of C-WPI-NPs increase water-holding capacity and viscosity of the printing ink, and formation of a dense gel network while reducing water molecule movement. This resulted in excellent elastic solid-like behavior and mechanical strength against compression deformation of the printing ink. Subsequently, the effects of three drying post-treatment methods were compared, including catalytic infrared drying (CID), microwave drying (MD) and hot air drying (HAD). Compared with MD and HAD, CID showed a more uniform color change. The retention rate of curcumin under CID treatment reached 62.17%, which avoiding significant degradation of nutrients. Moreover, CID also showed great advantages in antioxidant capacity. The scavenging rate of DPPH radical was 52.69%, which was much higher than that of HAD (38.99%) and MD (36.04%). In addition, the appearance of the printed product was better preserved, and the dimensional offset rate was only 7.64%. • Curcumin/whey protein isolate nanoparticles (C-WPI-NPs) are fabricated successfully. • The 3D printing ink show preferable printability after addition of C-WPI-NPs. • The color change is achieved by heating the 3D printing product with C-WPI-NPs. • Catalytic infrared drying (CID) technology exhibit excellent post-treatment effects.

Modelling infiltration and infiltration excess: The importance of fast and local processes

AbstractPhysically based distributed hydrological models aim at an adequate representation of hydrological processes, including runoff generation. A significant proportion of runoff is generated through the subsurface, that is, by groundwater flow or unsaturated subsurface stormflow. However, in the case of high rainfall intensity and/or low soil‐surface infiltrability, surface runoff may strongly contribute to total runoff, too, either through saturation excess (“Dunne‐type surface runoff”) or infiltration excess (“Hortonian surface runoff”). Both types of surface runoff can be rather important if antecedent wetness is high and parts of the catchment area are saturated (leading to saturation excess), or if the maximum infiltration rate into the soil surface is less than the actual rainfall intensity (resulting in infiltration excess). Even though the latter process can be very important during high‐intensity rainstorms, both for flood generation and for matter transport linked with surface runoff, an appropriate consideration of this process in catchment models is still challenging. Actually, budgeting between the actual rainfall intensity and the soil surface infiltration capacity is required and there are a number of challenges in the details: First, the “real” rainfall intensity may vary tremendously in time increments much smaller than the time step of the model. The soil surface infiltrability can also be significantly reduced, for example, by crusting, compaction or sealing of the soil surface or through hydrophobic effects. Otherwise, soil infiltrability can be strongly enhanced as a consequence of preferential flow paths/macropores caused by, for example, bioturbations or other voids. Finally, there is a high variability of such soil surface features at a small spatial scale, below the typical spatial modelling unit. We present observational data and approaches to deal with these challenges. We show results from combined infiltration/infiltration‐excess experiments and observations at three spatial scales. Then, we present a model approach based on a double‐porosity soil enabling the combined modelling of high infiltration rates and dampened soil moisture distribution after termination of infiltration, as observable in the field. Furthermore, we present an approach to model the effects of soil surface conditions on actual infiltration capacity. These approaches improved the plausibility and explanatory power of the model concerning surface runoff generation and soil moisture dynamics. For instance, model results at the plot and hillslope scales show that it is possible to simulate high infiltration rates jointly with a relatively slow movement of moisture within the soil matrix, field phenomena often observed in the case of heavy rainfall. We also simulate non‐linear and space–time variability effects of soil surface conditions, which can be important for flood generation.

SIMULATION OF ANOMALOUS LIQUID WATER UPTAKE IN OPC MORTAR WITH DYNAMIC MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL

This study aims to develop the numerical method for the anomalous liquid water uptake on OPC mortar. The dynamic microstructural change diffusion model with the consideration of the saturation-dependent was proposed to represent the anomalous behavior. The microstructural change, an origin of anomalous behavior, was considered with the pore relaxation that reflects the rearrangement of C-S-H layers during the liquid water uptake process. An Interfacial transitional Zone （ITZ）, which represents the impact of microcracks inevitably occurring in mortar and concrete, was included in the microstructure system. The good agreement of liquid water uptake characteristics （e.g., moisture distribution, penetration depth, and absorbed water amount） with the reference experiment shows the potential of the proposed method for an application on concrete.

Using 1H and 23Na NMR relaxometry as a novel tool to monitor the moisture and salt distribution in commercial low-moisture part skim mozzarella

Zonal variations in 1H or 23Na content in commercial low-moisture part-skim mozzarella with a uniform salt distribution, obtained by dry-salting, or with a salt gradient, obtained by dry-salting and brining, were profiled using a combined 1H and 23Na NMR relaxometry procedure. 1D concentration–distance profiles were constructed in all cheeses from the surface to the core. Rapid, non-invasive, (∼21 min) distinction between dry-salted and brined cheese was enabled. Uptake of salt in cheese brined for 0–24 h was determined, and the derived effective diffusion coefficient of 23Na (3.23 × 10−10 m2 s−1) compared favourably with values reported for other semi-hard cheeses during brining; the 23Na concentration–distance profiles of brined cheese stored for 2–44 d at 4 °C corresponded to an effective diffusion coefficient of about 5.21 × 10−10 m2 s−1. Small variations in moisture content in the cheese could not be distinguished from the random fluctuations in 1H signal intensity.

Research on hydrothermal process of subgrade in transition section of fill-cut under dual action of freeze-thaw and dynamic load

The subgrade built in the permafrost zone is not only affected by temperature changes, but also by the upper vehicle loads. And, there will be differences in the deformation of the subgrade of the fill-cut transition section under the dual action of freeze-thaw (FT) and dynamic loading. The hydrothermal evolution of the subgrade under the dual action of FT and dynamic loading is investigated by model tests. The test found that at the 15th freeze-thaw cycle (FTC), a high-moisture content zone appeared in the soil parallel to the fill-cut transition section, and the distribution of pore water pressure (PWP) was similar to that of the moisture zone. And the soil in the high-moisture content zone causes significant settlement on the soil surface. By comparing with the subgrade of the fill-cut transition section after 15 cycles under the freeze-thaw action, it was found that the dynamic load would change the distribution of moisture and PWP of the subgrade of the fill-cut transition section, and then affect the displacement of the soil and produce an restrain effect on the soil frost heaving.

A Pixel-Scale Measurement Method of Soil Moisture Using Ground-Penetrating Radar

Ground validation of remote sensing soil moisture requires ground measurements corresponding to the pixel scale. To date, there is still a lack of simple, fast and reasonable methods for soil moisture measurement at pixel scale between point measurements and remote sensing observations. In this study, a measurement method of soil moisture using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was proposed for pixel scale. We used a PulseEKKOTM PRO GPR system with 250 MHz antennas to measure soil moisture by Fixed Offset (FO) method in four 30 × 30 m2 plots chosen from the desert steppe. This study used a random combination method to analyze soil moisture measurements acquired by different numbers of GPR survey lines. The results showed that two survey lines of GPR would be sufficient under confidence level of 90% with the relative error of 7%, and four survey lines of GPR would be eligible under confidence level of 95% with the relative error of 5% for each plot. GPR measurement can reproduce the spatial distribution of soil moisture with higher resolution and smaller error, especially when two and four survey lines are designed in cross shape and grid shape, respectively. The method was applied to ground validation for the soil moisture from Landsat 8, showing the advantages of stable relative errors, less contingency and reliable evaluation when compared to point measurements. This method is fast and convenient and not limited to a certain pixel, and thus largely benefits the scale matching of remote sensing results and field measurements in ground validation.

Impact of different preparation methods on the properties of brown rice flour and the cooking stability of brown rice noodles and the underlying mechanism: Microstructure, starch-protein distribution, moisture migration

Brown rice flour (BRF) and corresponding brown rice noodle (BRN) were prepared by different methods and the mechanism of impact of extruded rice bran on cooking stability of BRN was investigated. The particle size distribution, damaged starch content and pasting properties of BRFs were evaluated and the texture properties, microstructure and moisture distribution during cooking of BRNs were investigated. The average particle size and damaged starch of brown rice flour refilled with extruded rice bran (BRF-E) and brown rice flour refilled with nonextruded rice bran (BRF-NE) were obviously less than that of the brown rice flour by fully crushed brown rice (BRF-F). The peak viscosity (PV), setback viscosity (SV) and pasting temperature (PT) of BRF-E and BRF-NE were significantly higher than that of BRF-F. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the microstructure of BRN-E was most compact, which indicated that using BRF refilled with extruded rice bran to produce BRN could promote BRN formed a compact texture structure. Meanwhile, water migration and texture properties analysis demonstrated that BRN-E had better cooking stability and chewiness.

Use of the double-stage LSTM network in electrical tomography for 3D wall moisture imaging

This paper deals with a new two-step algorithmic method to improve the accuracy of imaging moisture in building walls using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). The problem of assessing dampness in buildings is important both from the point of view of the national cultural heritage, economics, safety, and aesthetics of real estate and the health of people inside buildings. The main impediment to EIT development is solving the ill-posed and inverse problem that makes obtaining reliable images of high-resolution moisture distribution difficult. To resolve this problem, we propose the new double-stage neural network approach. First, the method's originality is determined by using the second neural network, which improves the images obtained thanks to the first network. Using the first network, training images are generated, constituting inputs for the second network, while both neural networks are trained on a similar set of pattern output images. The approach to input measurements and images is also original, which, thanks to the conversion into vectors (sequences), made it possible to use the LSTM (long short-term memory) network. The research proved the effectiveness of the new method.

Effect of boiling on water mobility, quality and structure characteristics of Mactra veneriformis during hot air drying

Dried clam is a widely consumed marine product, with extended shelf-life and pleasant taste. The drying profiles and moisture distribution of Mactra veneriformis at different temperatures were obtained during hot air drying (HAD) with or without boiling pretreatment using kinetic models and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantity analysis showed that boiling pretreatment significantly enhanced drying efficiency from 7.36 ± 0.71 to 4.47 ± 0.68 at 80 °C and Page model was optimal to predict water variation during drying. Moreover, boiled samples dried at 80 °C possessed good rehydration rate (213 ± 16%), texture (Hardness 9.87 ± 0.56, Cohesiveness 0.54 ± 0.06, Springiness 2.55 ± 0.44, Cheswiness 13.63 ± 4.03) and color properties. Structure analysis showed that heating, especially boiling, converted stable and orderly α-helix into β-turn and random coil. Low molecular weight protein was accumulated more in groups with boiling pretreatment than those without boiling. The obtained structure and denatured sarcoplasmic proteins during boiling significantly inhibited the formation of hardened surface and accelerated the drainage of immobilized water during HAD. The results indicate that the boiling pretreatment is essential for drying clams.

Development of FE modeling for hybrid greenhouse dryer for potato chips drying.

In this communication, a combination of heat and mass transfer model was developed using finite element (FE) model to explain the drying performance of the hybrid greenhouse dryer for potato chips. The hybrid greenhouse dryer is integrated with a single-pass solar air heater (SAH). A partial differential equation for a combined set of heat and mass transfer was numerically solved by the FE method. In order to see the spatial moisture distribution within the potato sample, a 3-dimensional FE model was created, and moisture removal takes place from the surface during drying of the products. Lagrange triangle FEs of extremely small size and second-order geometry shape were employed for meshing the geometry of model. Time-dependent study was express the fluctuation in time interval of 0-5h. The developed model showed the maximum crop and ground temperature are 67.1 and 79.1°C, respectively. Moisture ratio in dry basis is reduced from 1 to 0.005 in 03h and remains constant at 0.005. Thus, average moisture ratio in dry basis was found as 0.18902. Drying efficiency for the hybrid greenhouse dryer found to be 20.52%, whereas thermal efficiency for SAH was found 54.53%. Relative humidity inside the drying chamber found to be 26.50% in hybrid greenhouse dryer. The predicted versus the experimental results observed that hybrid greenhouse dryer having moderate inside temperature is suitable for crop drying as well as ith sustaining the environmental balance, hybrid greenhouse proves to be most effective.

Effect of Carbon Content in Wheat Straw Biochar on N2O and CO2 Emissions and Pakchoi Productivity Under Different Soil Moisture Conditions

Agricultural soils are a primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar is commonly used as a soil amendment to prevent climate change by reducing GHG production, increasing soil carbon storage, improving soil moisture retention, and enhancing crop productivity. However, the impact of biochar’s carbon content under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has not been well studied. Here, we investigated the effect of different carbon (C) contents in wheat biochar under different SDI depths on soil nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), soil moisture distribution, and Pakchoi productivity. A pot experiment was conducted using three SDI depths, emitters buried at 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 m below the soil’s surface, and three levels of C content named zero biochar (CK), 50% C (low (L)), and 95% C (high (H)) in greenhouse cultivation. The findings showed biochar significantly decreased N2O and CO2 emissions. Compared to CK, the L and H treatments decreased N2O by (18.20, 28.14%), (16.65, 17.51%), and 11.05, 18.65%) under SDI5, SDI10, and SDI15, respectively. Similarly, the L and H treatments decreased CO2 by (8.05, 31.46%), (6.96, 28.88%), and (2.97, 7.89%) under SDI5, SDI10, and SDI15, respectively. Compared to CK, L and H increased soil moisture content. All plant growth parameters and yield traits were enhanced under SDI5. In summary, biochar addition significantly decreased soil N2O and CO2 emissions compared to CK, and increased growth performance and yield, and maintained soil moisture content. The H treatment significantly reduced N2O and CO2 emissions, increased plant growth and yield, and maintained soil moisture content compared to the L treatment. Soil moisture was reduced vertically and horizontally with increased radial distance from the emitter.