Vapor Barrier Research Articles

Halloysite Nanotube as a Functional Material for Active Food Packaging Application: A Review.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring nanomaterials with a tubular shape and high aspect ratio, a promising functional additive for active food packaging applications. HNTs have been shown to possess unique properties such as high surface area, thermal stability, and biocompatibility, making them attractive for active food packaging materials. This review summarizes recent research on the use of HNTs as functional additives in active food packaging applications, including antimicrobial packaging, ethylene scavenging packaging, moisture, and gas barrier packaging. The potential benefits and challenges associated with the incorporation of HNTs into food packaging materials are discussed. The various modification methods, such as the physical, chemical, biological, and electrostatic methods, along with their impact on the properties of HNTs, are discussed. The advantages and challenges associated with each modification approach are also evaluated. Overall, the modification of HNTs has opened new possibilities for the development of advanced packaging materials with improved performance for various functional food packaging materials with enhanced properties and extended shelf life.

Development of Edible Composite Film from Fish Gelatin-Pectin Incorporated with Lemongrass Essential Oil and Its Application in Chicken Meat.

One of the greatest challenges encountered by the food industry is the loss of quality of food products during storage, especially perishable foods such as chicken breast, which eventually adds to the waste. Edible films are known as a potential alternative to maintain food quality and also improve shelf life by delaying the microbial spoilage and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. Developments in edible films from biopolymer composites such as fish gelatin, pectin and essential oils have great potential and promising results in enhancing the shelf life of food products. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding pectin and lemongrass essential oil on the properties of gelatin film and its application to preserve the quality of chicken breast. In this study, the fish skin gelatin and pectin were used with various compositions (100:0; 75:25; 50:50%), with and without the addition of lemongrass essential oil to develop edible films by a casting method. The results showed that the fish gelatin-pectin with the addition of essential oils caused a significant influence on several physicochemical properties such as the thickness, transmittance, transparency, water content, tensile strength, elongation at break and also antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). The antibacterial activity evaluation showed that edible film from a biocomposite of gelatin-pectin (75:25 and 50:50) with the addition of essential oil had an inhibitory effect on Salmonella. The biocomposite of the edible film made from gelatin-pectin and the addition of lemongrass essential oil have the potential to be developed as a food packaging material, especially for perishable food. Based on the result of the application of edible film to chicken breast, it also could maintain the quality of chicken breast during storage.

Introduction to bio-based packaging materials

Abstract Bio-based materials must be studied to replace polymers from petrochemical sources in packaging applications. However, using polymers from petrochemical sources has caused consumer and environmental concerns. Therefore, synthetic and non-synthetic materials that can be used for packaging applications, scale-up methods, industrial uses, sustainability assessments, and end-of-life alternatives will all be included in this study. Synthetic polymers, e.g., polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene furanoate (PEF), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and non-synthetic polymers, including waxes, lipids, proteins, starch, cellulose, and polyhydrodialkanoate (PHAs), are some of the bio-based compounds that will be covered in this work. Besides that, more attention is paid to surface modification techniques and coatings, multilayers, biocomposites, and additives used to modify material characteristics, particularly gas and moisture barriers and biodegradability. In sum, this research offers a comprehensive analysis of bio-based packaging materials, including processing, and an assessment of sustainability and available alternatives.

Characterization and formation mechanisms of high tensile strength gliadin films prepared by bi-crosslinking and blending

Different methods have been used to fabricate gliadin (Gli) films with high tensile strength (TS) and functional performances. In this study, the bi-crosslinked Gli-films were fabricated by Schiff base bonds and disulfide bonds crosslinking to improve their TS and other properties, which were also blended by chitosan (CS). The overall performances of mechanics, water-resistance and stability, barrier, as well as their formation mechanisms, were fully investigated. Results showed that the Gli-films possessed excellent mechanical performances, and CS further improved the TS of Gli-films but decreased their elongation. The bi-crosslinking effect also enhanced the water vapor barrier performance, CO2 barrier performance, water-resistance, and long-term stability in water of Gli-films via both chemical (Schiff base bonds and disulfide bonds) and physical (hydrophobic bonds) crosslinking. These will highlight the applications of plant proteins and provide a theoretical and practical foundation for the fabrication of protein-based packaging with high TS.

Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Double‐Layer Water Vapor Barrier for High Humidity Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractIn recent years, remarkable progress has been made in improving the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, but their long‐term stability is not so optimistic. In response to this, ion engineering, interface engineering, and encapsulation engineering have been used to enhance the long‐term stability of solar devices. Here, a double‐layer water vapor barrier consisting of SiAlxOy buffer layer and SiO2 vapor isolation layer, prepared by atomic layer deposition under 100 °C, is demonstrated. SiAlxOy layer provides sufficient self‐limiting reactive sites for the deposition of SiO2, so that a more uniform and dense vapor isolation layer can be deposited. This double‐layer water vapor barrier can effectively isolate water vapor to erode the internal functional layers of the perovskite device, prevent ion migration, and improve the long‐term stability of the device. Moreover, the SiAlxOy/SiO2 barrier can be conducive to the transfer of charge between interfaces, and further enhances the conversion efficiency of the device. Overall, compared with the control device, the conversion efficiency of the perovskite device with a double‐layer water vapor barrier is increased from 17.08% to 19.16%, and the long‐term stability is significantly improved, which can maintain 92% efficiency for 2400 h under 35% humidity at room temperature.

Effects of Different Isomers of Thiophenedicarboxylic Acids on the Synthesis and Properties of Thiophene-Based Sustainable Polyesters

The need for high-performance bioplastics brings new challenges to the design and preparation of next-generation sustainable bioplastics. With the emergence of a number of biobased monomers with a similar chemical structure in recent years, it is necessary to conduct a systematic and in-depth study on the effects of different isomers of monomers on the final material properties. Considering the potential barrier and bacteriostatic properties of emerging thiophene-based polyesters, this work systematically investigated the effects of different isomers of thiophenedicarboxylic acids (TFDCAs), 2,5-TFDCA and 3,4-TFDCA, on the synthesis and properties of polyesters by a combination of experiments and molecular simulations. A novel biobased polyester based on the 3,4-TFDCA isomer was synthesized and compared with its analogue. Theoretical studies modeled through population balances were performed to simulate the polymerization kinetics of these two polyesters. Contrary to expectations, we successfully prepared high-molecular-weight poly(1,4-butylene 3,4-thiophenedicarboxylate) (3,4-P14BTF) via melt polycondensation. As we know, for the polyesters based on the analogous phthalic acid, high molecular weights cannot be obtained by this strategy. Barrier properties were further systematically studied from both theoretical calculation and experimental perspectives. The superior gas and water vapor barrier properties of semicrystalline poly(1,4-butylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate) (2,5-P14BTF) could be attributed to the decreased chain mobility and smaller fractional free volume. More intriguingly, they exhibited improved bacteriostatic effect compared to poly(lactic acid) (PLA), while no notable difference was observed between 2,5- and 3,4-isomers. 3,4-P14BTF could be degraded under milder conditions than 2,5-P14BTF enabled by methanolysis with the imidazole acetate ionic liquid catalyst. Therefore, in-depth analysis of the effects of different isomers of monomers should be considered for the design and preparation of new high-barrier and antibacterial polymeric materials for advanced applications such as biobased active food packaging and electronic encapsulation.

Influence of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Pericarp Essential Oil on the Physicochemical Properties of HomChaiya Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. HomChaiya) Flour-Derived Edible Films

The food industry is increasingly interested in using active edible packaging to address environmental problems caused by conventional synthetic polymers, such as pollution and degradation. The present study took advantage of this opportunity to develop active edible packaging using Hom-Chaiya rice flour (RF), incorporating pomelo pericarp essential oil (PEO) at varying concentrations (1-3%). Films without PEO were used as controls. Various physicochemical parameters, structural and morphological observations were examined in the tested films. Overall, the results showed that the addition of PEO at varying concentrations significantly improved the qualities of the RF edible films, particularly the film's yellowness (b*) and total color. Furthermore, RF-PEO films with increased concentrations significantly reduced the film's roughness and relative crystallinity, while increasing opacity. The total moisture content in the films did not differ, but water activity was significantly reduced in the RF-PEO films. Water vapor barrier properties also improved in the RF-PEO films. In addition, textural properties, including tensile strength and elongation at break, were better in the RF-PEO films compared with the control. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed strong bonding between the PEO and RF in the film. Morphological studies showed that the addition of PEO smoothed the film's surface, and this effect increased with concentration. Overall, the biodegradability of the tested films was effective, despite variations; however, a slight advancement in degradation was found in the control film. Lastly, the antimicrobial properties of the RF-PEO films exhibited excellent inhibitory effects against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). This study demonstrated that RF and PEO could be an effective combination for developing active edible packaging that delivers desirable functional properties and excellent biodegradability.

Highly hydrophobic and moisture barrier nanocellulose based films produced via spray deposition

Nanocellulose (NC) films are gaining popularity in recent years owing to their recyclability and biodegradability; however, the commercialization of this material is limited by environmental and moisture barrier constraints. The incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with NC significantly improved the barrier performance but the resultant films were quite hydrophilic and hence completely disintegrated in water. The aim of this study is to produce hydrophobic NC/CMC films without compromising their barrier characteristics. For this purpose, the optimized content of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was spray-deposited on the fully and partially dried NC/CMC films and their hydrophobic, barrier and mechanical properties were assessed. The deposition of AKD has improved the hydrophobicity and flexibility while maintaining the barrier properties of the films. However, their tensile index values decreased by 26–29% as compared with the neat NC/CMC films, but the values remained in acceptable range. Additionally, the partially dried spray deposited AKD-NC/CMC films have shown superior results as they showed higher hydrophobicity (θ = 127° ± 3), while lower percentage of mass loss after immersion for 48 h in water (15%) as compared with the fully dried spray deposited AKD-NC/CMC films.Graphical abstract

Enhanced properties of PBAT/TPS biopolymer blend with CuO nanoparticles for promising active packaging

Blending poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with thermoplastic starch (TPS) has been extensively investigated for cost reduction and better biodegradability. However, film blend showed poor thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. The feasibility of incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) at concentrations ranging from 0.05% to 2% to reinforce PBAT/TPS (70:30) films was studied. Melt flow index of the blend increased from 3.52 to 7.24 g/10 min as the CuONPs concentration increased, resulting in a decrease in torque during the blown-film extrusion. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction indicated that CuONPs were located in the TPS phase without modification of the crystalline structure. CuONP addition improved the thermal stability of PBAT/TPS by shifting the degradation temperature at T10% to a higher zone. During heat sealing, high conductivity of Cu promoted interfacial interactions across the film surfaces, resulting in stronger sealing. At 2% CuONPs, tensile strength increased by 29.1%, while Young’s modulus increased by 9.3% compared to PBAT/TPS. The hydrophilicity of TPS significantly reduced oxygen permeability of pristine PBAT by 28.7%, while low CuONP concentrations promoted the gas diffusion rate. Higher CuONP concentrations created more tortuous paths, increasing the oxygen barrier of the bionanocomposites to PBAT/TPS levels. Inclusion of CuONPs also improved the water vapor barrier property of PBAT/TPS films. The bionanocomposite film showed effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (99.7% reduction). These findings suggest that the PBAT/TPS-CuO bionanocomposite film can be feasibly produced and used in food packaging to preserve the food quality and extend the shelf-life of product.

Improvement of water retention properties of annealed PLA/TiO2 composite films used for concrete curing

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) composites with a content of 1 wt% titanium dioxide (TiO2) were prepared by melt extrusion and then annealed in order to further enhance their crystalline properties and barrier properties. It is found that α-crystals with tight packing and a more perfect structure were formed under annealing treatment at a higher temperature. The crystallinity of PLA/1T composites annealed at 115 °C for 60 min reached 34.08%. The mobility of molecular chains in the amorphous region was limited by the increase of the crystalline region and thus reduces the solubility and diffusion coefficient of water. The water vapor barrier properties of the PLA/1T composite annealed at 115°C for 60 min were improved by 22.34% compared with the unannealed one. The structure of the annealed PLA/1T composites is more compact, and the surface roughness decreases, which increases the surface hydrophobicity and water resistance of the composites. The increase in crystallinity leads to an increase in the stiffness of the PLA/1T composite. The tensile properties of the PLA/1T composite were further improved by the annealing treatment. The annealing treatment provides a technical method to balance the water vapor barrier properties and degradation properties of PLA.

Synergistic effect of nano zinc oxide and tea tree essential oil on the properties of soluble soybean polysaccharide films

Soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS)-based composite films with the addition of nano zinc oxide (nZnO, 5 wt% based on SSPS) and tea tree essential oil (TTEO, 10 wt% based on SSPS) were developed by the casting method. The effect of the combination of nZnO and TTEO on the microstructure and physical, mechanical and functional properties of SSPS films was evaluated. The results showed that the SSPS/TTEO/nZnO film exhibited enhanced water vapor barrier properties, thermal stability, water resistance, surface wettability, and total color difference, and almost completely prevented ultraviolet light transmission. The addition of TTEO and nZnO had no significant effect on the tensile strength and elongation at break of the films, but decreased the percentage of light transmittance of the films at 600 nm from 85.5 % to 10.1 %. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the films significantly increased from 46.8 % (SSPS) to 67.7 % (SSPS/TTEO/nZnO) due to the presence of TTEO. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that nZnO and TTEO were evenly dispersed in the SSPS matrix. The synergistic effect of nZnO and TTEO endowed the SSPS film with excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, suggesting that the SSPS/TTEO/nZnO film could be a promising material for active packaging applications.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/cellulose blend reinforced with copper oxide nanoparticles as moisture barrier film

Bio-based plastics emerged as eco-friendly and resource-efficient substitutes for petroleum-based counterparts. Despite the continuous efforts to develop these alternatives, their inferior performance, most notably mechanical and moisture barrier aspects, limits their application. Material hybridization, like polymer blending and nanocomposite technology, are among the methods employed to improve the properties of bioplastics. This present work focuses on synthesizing bioplastic films with 30/70, 50/50, and 70/30 chitosan to cellulose (CH/CE) percent weight ratios. FTIR analysis of the blend films revealed interaction between NH2 and OH, confirming the compatibility between chitosan and cellulose. Analysis of variance showed increasing cellulose content significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the resistance to swelling. The 30/70-CH/CE film exhibited the least swelling, which is 65.5% lower than the pure chitosan film. Moreover, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were prepared as reinforcement due to its hydrophobicity. Structural and morphological analyses of hydrothermally synthesized CuO nanoparticles confirmed monoclinic and urchin-like structure. Varying amounts of CuO NPs, i.e., 1%, 3%, and 5% w/v were added to the 30/70-CH/CE films to further enhance the moisture barrier properties. The best barrier performance was attained at 5% w/v, indicated by the smallest % swelling (93.25%) and largest contact angle measurement (89.32°). This could be related to the morphological change from fibrous to smoother film surface with increasing amount of CuO NPs. Results suggest the potential of the chitosan/cellulose polymer blend and the copper oxide nanoparticle-reinforced films for moisture barrier applications.

Hygrothermal performance optimization of lightweight steel-framed wall assemblies in hot–humid regions using orthogonal experimental design and a validated simulation model

As a layered construction, lightweight steel-framed (LSF) wall assemblies are applicable to different climates and used worldwide. Due to ill-informed construction and material designs, moisture-related durability problems occur, especially in hot–humid areas. Here, a hygrothermal simulation model of typical LSF wall assemblies was validated, and the influences of six construction layers (each with three sets of parameters) on the overall properties and performance were investigated via orthogonal experimental design (OED). Each layer exhibited various impact trends and contribution ratios at different positions. To reduce moisture risks, LSF wall assemblies should generally prevent the infiltration of outdoor moisture as much as possible while strengthening the inward drying capacity. The optimal configuration should comprise multiple water and vapour barriers with a ventilated layer, external insulation, permeable cavity insulation and interior sheathing board with a finish. Finally, this optimization method comprising the hygrothermal simulation and OED techniques could be applied to the hygrothermal performance of LSF wall assemblies under certain climatic conditions.

Effect of Beeswax on hydrophobicity, moisture resistance and transparency of UV curable linseed oil based coating for compostable paper packaging

Compostable bio-sourced moisture barrier coating is among the most emerging material alternative to non-degradable single use plastics liner in paper packaging applications. In the current work, highly unsaturated linseed oil is epoxidized and acrylated to form UV curable bio-acrylate resin (Acrylated Linseed Oil) to be used as bio-coating material for paper substrate to improve its barrier properties. Beeswax has been proposed as an excellent barrier to water vapour permeability, the hydrophobicity being imparted by esters of long chain fatty alcohols, acids and long chain alkanes present within. Beeswax is incorporated into AELO resin to enhance the water and moisture barrier property of the coating due to its hydrophobicity and food compatibility. The addition of beeswax has significantly reduced the Water Vapour Transmission Rate (WVTR) to 20 g/m2.day.atm while improving the Water Contact Angle (WCA) to 111° for 10 wt% beeswax loading. Further, the WCA remains above 90° even after 50 cycles of abrasion revealing the durability of the coating. The hydrophobicity is further reinstated by the SEM images which show microscale roughness imparted by uniformly dispersed beeswax. Beeswax thus improves hydrophobicity both by virtue of its composition and the surface roughness imparted. Improved transparency (>95% UV–vis transmittance), higher thermal stability (T5 >250 °C, T10 >300 °C), and reasonable glass transition temperature of the bio-coatings reveals its wide application in the field of packaging. The compostability of the coating in soil and paper repulpability after removal of the coating, both explored its potential in paper-based food packaging by replacing single use plastics.

벤토나이트를 첨가한 카제인나트륨 기반 코팅지 제조 및 특성 연구

This study reports on the preparation of sodium caseinate-cardanol (CasNa/CL)-based papers coated with different amounts of bentonite (BN) for use as a sustainable packaging material. Their chemical and morphological structures, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, surface properties, and antioxidant activity of coated papers was assessed as a function of the BN content. The drying of the CasNa/CL coated papers led to the formation of pinholes on their surfaces owing to the presence of trapped water resulting from the difference in the drying rate between the external surface and the inside of the coated layers. Increasing the BN content reduced the pinholes on surface of CasNa/CL/BN coated papers and highly decreased the water vapor transmittance rate of the papers from 387.3±1.9 g/m2·day to 269.25±4.5 g/m2·day. Free radical scavenging assays indicated the addition of CL to the CasNa exhibited the antioxidant activity and antioxidant activity of CasNa/CL/BN did not changed as increase of BN contents. The improved water vapor barrier property and antioxidant activity of CasNa/CL/BN coated papers can be promised for various packaging applications.

Preparation and Characterization of PBAT/OTPS Blend Films with Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) for Eco-friendly Packaging Application

The application of starch-based films is limited by the poor water vapor barrier and mechanical properties. In this study, plasticized octenyl-succinated corn starch (OTPS) was mixed into Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with various concentration (0/0.25/0.5/0.75 wt%) of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) to enhance the mechanical properties and the hydrophobicity of blends. Tensile Strength and elongation at break of PBAT/OTPS film was slightly strengthened as the added ratio of ESO raised to 0.5 wt%, yet lessened again in 0.75 wt% sample. The yield strength and elastic modulus were highest in 0.25wt% of ESO added. In thermal properties, the melting temperature (Tm) and crystallization temperature (Tc) were highest at ESO 0.25 and the maximum degradation temperature (Tmax) of components of the films were developed as ESO added. Also, it has been proved that the addition of hydrophobic substances reduces the hydrophilicity of the film by contact angle. This suggests the use of epoxidized oil for preparing films based on high TPS content allows obtaining enhanced interfacial adhesion. This study confirmed that ESO acts as a compatibilizer between OTPS and PBAT to improve the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of the sample. The sample containing 0.5wt% of ESO was the most suitable for packaging application.

Recent progress in pectin extraction and their applications in developing films and coatings for sustainable food packaging: A review

Perishable foods like fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, and dairy products have short shelf-life that causes significant postharvest losses, which poses a major challenge for food supply chains. Biopolymers have been extensively studied as sustainable alternatives to synthetic plastics, and pectin is one such biopolymer that has been used for packaging and preservation of foods. Pectin is obtained from abundantly available low-cost sources such as agricultural or food processing wastes and by products. This review is a complete account of pectin extraction from agro-wastes, development of pectin-based composite films and coatings, their characterizations, and their applications in food packaging and preservation. Compared to conventional chemical extraction, supercritical water, ultrasound, and microwave assisted extractions are a few examples of modern and more efficient pectin extraction processes that generate almost no hazardous effluents, and thus, such extraction techniques are more environment friendly. Pectin-based films and coatings can be functionalized with natural active agents such as essential oils and other phytochemicals to improve their moisture barrier, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Application of pectin-based active films and coatings effectively improved shelf-life of fresh cut-fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, poultry, milk, and other food perishable products.

Assessment of Elenolic Acid Incorporation on Physical Properties of Chitosan Films to be Used as Active Packaging Material

There is growing interest in biodegradable active packaging materials to extend shelf lives of food by retarding deteriorative reactions. The objective of this study was to fabricate active packaging films made from elenolic acid and chitosan. Elenolic acid is one of the phenolic compounds of olive leaves. Different amount of elenolic acid (%2.5 and %5 w/v) was incorporated into chitosan films (%1 and 2% w/v). The physical properties (density, moisture content, solubility, water vapor permeability, opacity, and color), total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were investigated. While elenolic acid addition did not affect the moisture content of chitosan films and the density, opacity, a* and b* values increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Elenolic acid incorporation reduced the water vapor permeability of chitosan films by 25%. Correlated to total phenolic content of the films, antioxidant activity of films reached up to % 85. Elenolic acid added chitosan films exhibited good water vapor barrier properties, opacity and antioxidant activity indicating that they could be developed as biodegradable active food packaging material for the food industry.

Dialdehyde Cellulose Solution as Reducing Agent: Preparation of Uniform Silver Nanoparticles and In Situ Synthesis of Antibacterial Composite Films with High Barrier Properties

The demand for antimicrobial materials is gradually increasing due to the threat of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, but their synthesis methods are often environmentally harmful and AgNPs difficult to isolate, which limits their application in several fields. In this study, an aqueous solution of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) was prepared and used as a reducing agent to synthesize AgNPs in an efficient and environmentally friendly process. The synthesized AgNPs can be easily separated from the reducing agent to expand their applications. In addition, the AgNPs were immobilized in situ on dialdehyde cellulose to form antibacterial composite films. The results showed that the prepared silver nanoparticles were mainly spherical and uniformly dispersed, with an average size of about 25 nm under optimal conditions. Moreover, the dialdehyde cellulose-nanosilver (DAC@Ag) composite films had excellent mechanical properties, positive transparency, ultraviolet-blocking properties, and effective antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Notably, the composite films exhibited excellent oxygen and water vapor barrier properties, with WVT and ORT of 136.41 g/m2·24 h (30 °C, 75% RH) and <0.02 cm3/m2·24 h·0.1 MPa (30 °C, 75% RH), respectively, better than commercial PE films. Hence, this study not only provides an environmentally friendly method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles, but also offers a simple and novel strategy for the in situ synthesis of silver-loaded antibacterial composite films.

Improvement of Moisture Barrier and Tensile Properties of Pectin Films by Incorporating Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaf Wax and Xylitol

Improvement of Moisture Barrier and Tensile Properties of Pectin Films by Incorporating Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaf Wax and Xylitol