Moho Depth Research Articles

Early Results of Modelling Subsurface Study in Lake Toba, North Sumatra Using Receiver Function

The island of Sumatra was dominated by tectonic interaction between the Indo-Australian plate subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. Lake Toba is one of the results of the collision and had a large eruption several tens of thousands of years ago. The goal of this study was to use the receiver function approach to calculate the depth variation of the Moho layer and identify the presence of a low-velocity zone (LVZ) under Lake Toba, and then compare the results of the deconvolution method. To process data on receiver functions around Lake Toba, 31 data stations from the Lake Toba (LT) project have been chosen, with data sources coming from Geofon (Germany). Water level (frequency domain deconvolution) and iterative time-domain deconvolution are the receiver function methods employed. According to the findings, the depth of the Moho layer varies between 27.5 and 36.95 kilometres, and it thickens to the northeast of Lake Toba. The average depth of Moho is roughly 31.05 km, and the Vp/Vs ratio obtained is around 1.86 on average. The presence of a low-velocity zone was then detected at a depth of 15 km to 25 km in the A-A′ section leading from northwest to southeast on the east side of Lake Toba, and at a depth of 8 km to 22 km in the B-B′ section leading from southwest to northeast across Lake Toba, as indicated by low amplitude. The Investigator Fracture Zone (IFZ) beneath Lake Toba was identified as a magma reservoir and source of volcanic activity. The iterative time-domain deconvolution approach was then used to illustrate the result of the best receiver function in this investigation, which revealed that the arrival time of the Ps wave was more spiky than the result of the water level.

Crustal Structure of the Western U.S. From Rayleigh and Love Wave Amplification Data

AbstractSurface wave amplification measurements have narrower depth sensitivity when compared to more traditional seismic observables such as surface wave dispersion measurements. In particular, Love wave amplification measurements have the advantage of strong sensitivity to the crust. For the first time, we explore the potential of Love wave amplification measurements to image crustal velocity in the western U.S. The effects of overtone interference, radial anisotropy and Moho depth are all explored. Consequently, we present SWUS‐crust, a three‐dimensional shear‐wave velocity model of crustal structure in the western U.S. We use Rayleigh wave amplification measurements in the period range of 38–114 s, along with Love wave amplification measurements in the period range of 38–62 s. We jointly invert over 6,400 multi‐frequency measurements using the Monte‐Carlo based Neighborhood Algorithm, which allows for uncertainty quantification. SWUS‐crust confirms several features observed in previous models, such as high‐velocity anomalies beneath the Columbia basin and low‐velocity anomalies beneath the Basin and Range province. Certain features are sharpened in our model, such as the northern border of the High‐Lava Plains in southern Oregon in the middle crust.

Sp converted waves reveal the structure of the lithosphere below the Alps and their northern foreland

SUMMARY The structure of the lithosphere is reflecting its evolution. The Moho of the European lithosphere has already been studied intensively. This is, however, not yet the case for the lower boundary of the lithosphere, that is the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We are using S-to-P converted seismic waves to study the structures of the Moho and the LAB beneath Europe including the greater Alpine Area with data from the AlpArray project and the European networks of permanent seismic stations. We use plain waveform stacking of converted waves without deconvolution and compare the results with stacking of deconvolved traces. We also compare Moho depths determinations using S-to-P converted waves with those obtained by other seismic methods. We present more detailed information about negative velocity gradients (NVG) below the Moho. Its lower bound may be interpreted as representing the LAB. We found that the thickness of the European mantle lithosphere is increasing from about 50°N towards the Alps along the entire east–west extension of the Alps. The NVG has also an east dipping component towards the Pannonian Basin and the Bohemian Massif. The Alps and their northern foreland north of about 50°N are surrounded in the east, west and north by a north dipping mantle lithosphere. Along 50°N, where the NVG is reversing its dip direction towards the north, is also the area along which the volcanoes of the European Cenozoic Rift System are located. Our results possibly indicate that the Alpine collision has deformed the entire lithosphere of the Alpine foreland as far north as about 50°N.

An Optimum 1D Velocity Model for the Garhwal–Kumaun Himalaya Using Monte Carlo Style Inversion

Abstract A Monte Carlo based algorithm is developed to improve the 1D velocity inversion routines and minimize bias due to the choice of a starting model. Using this algorithm, a well-resolved six-layer minimum 1D velocity model, down to ∼24 km depth, is determined for the Garhwal–Kumaun Himalaya. A total of 4765 P- and 4724 S-phase travel times of local earthquakes recorded at 53 broadband seismic stations are used for this purpose. The travel time–distance curves from these carefully analyzed phase data of events are used to subsequently derive a prior 1D velocity model. Forward modeling of the travel time–distance curve yields an average Moho depth of ∼46 km and bulk crustal P- and S-wave velocity values of 7.60 and 4.47 km/s, respectively. To circumvent the subjectivity due to manual intervention in the inversion and automate the process, we propose a Monto Carlo style semirandom generation of initial trial velocity models, guided by the initial values derived from forward modeling. The estimated minimum 1D model reveals P- and S-wave velocities increasing from 5.17 to 6.85 km/s and 3.12 to 3.82 km/s, respectively, from the surface to a depth of 26 km. Subsequently, an optimum model is constructed for the region by incorporating the Moho layer in the minimum 1D model.

Crustal structure beneath and surrounding the Appalachian Basin region of Eastern North America imaged by joint inversion of P wave receiver functions and surface wave dispersion measurements

SUMMARY To evaluate the plate flexure model for the formation of the Appalachian Basin, we investigate the extent to which crustal structure beneath and surrounding the basin was modified by the Palaeozoic orogenic events that created the basin. We jointly invert receiver functions and surface wave dispersion measurements to obtain 1-D crustal Vs profiles for 261 seismic stations located within and around the basin. The average crustal thickness for the region is 44 km, and the crust gradually thins to the east, consistent with previous studies. Four areas of anomalous crust are identified with respect to the eastward thinning of the crust. An area of thick crust is found along the Grenville Front on the western side of the Appalachian Basin where the crust thickens by ∼5–10 km. Moho depths of up to 54 km in this region likely result from suture-thickening. The crust is thinner beneath the Neoproterozoic Scranton rift by ∼5–7 km, coincident with a ∼40 mGal Bouguer gravity high. Across the Neoproterozoic Rome Trough, the crust thins by ∼4–5 km, coincident with a ∼10 mGal Bouguer gravity high. Density models for these rifts show that the rift-related crustal thinning is sufficient to explain the gravity anomalies. The Vs models obtained for stations in the rifts indicate little, if any, mafic layering in the mid-crust and only a modest amount of mafic layering in the lower crust. In the northwestern portion of the Appalachian Basin in northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania within the Elzevir block, another area of anomalously thick crust (50–52 km) is found. This region is not associated with any known tectonic structures or boundaries or a gravity anomaly. The lower ∼5–10 km of the crust in this region is characterized by high (>3.9 km s−1) shear wave velocities and thus appears to be mafic. The origin of anomalous crustal structure in all four areas is best attributed to Precambrian tectonic events that predate the formation of the Appalachian Basin, indicating that the crystalline crust beneath and surrounding the basin was not significantly affected by the Palaeozoic basin-forming orogenic events, a finding which supports the use of plate flexure models for understanding basin formation.

Lithospheric architecture beneath the Amsterdam-St. Paul plateau, Southern Indian Ocean using the integrated gravity, magnetic and seismological study

Evolution of the Amsterdam-St. Paul (ASP) plateau is debated as a consequence of the Kerguelen mantle plume interaction with the South-East Indian Ridge (SEIR) or related with a weaker ASP plume origin. We performed an integrated geophysical approach using gravity and magnetic modeling along with the joint inversion of Ps receiver function and Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion data to determine the crustal architecture, and upper mantle structure below the plateau. The gravity-magnetic model revealed that the plateau is associated with three crustal layers as basaltic layer, gabbroic layer and underplated material underlain by sedimentary strata. Our models further suggests that beneath the ASP plateau the Moho depth varies from ∼6.6 to 18.0 km. Joint inversion of Ps receiver function and Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curve suggested the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary at depth of 50 km below the Amsterdam Island. Further seismological result suggests evidence of a Low Velocity Zone below the Moho at depth of 20–36 km which may represent a magma chamber. Our model suggests that the evolution of the ASP plateau is guided by the Amsterdam and St. Paul fracture zones, which acted as a thermal boundary confining the horizontal movement of the ASP plume. We propose that the ASP plateau is not linked with the Kerguelen plume and emphasize origin of the ASP plateau by the interaction of SEIR with the ASP plume.

Crustal and lithospheric mantle structure below the Indian shield based on 3-D constrained gravity inversion and Deep Neural Network approach: Geological implications

The Indian shield region comprises of several Archean cratons, Proterozoic mobile belts, Proterozoic-Phanerozoic rift basins, and volcanic provinces and has been significantly modified by various tectono-thermal events and the supercontinental cycles. These overprinting processes and evolution can be understood, to some extent by characterizing the lithosphere structure. In this study, we carried out seismically constrained 3-D nonlinear gravity inversion using tesseroids in the spherical coordinate system to delineate the Moho geometry for the Indian shield. Further, the supervised machine learning approach using Deep Neural Network (DNN) is implemented on the geopotential data to obtain Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) across the Indian shield. The inversion results show that the Moho depth varies between 33 and 60 km below the Indian shield with a mean difference of ∼ −0.3 km and a standard deviation of ∼4.9 km relative to the Moho from receiver function data. For the DNN model, the estimated LAB depth values range between 95 and 280 km below the Indian shield. The model gave rise to the coefficient of determination R2 of 0.93, Mean Absolute Error of ∼14 km, and Root Mean Square Error of ∼22 km between the observed and predicted LAB depths. Apart from the general agreement of Moho and LAB depth estimates with previous seismological studies, the present study provides better resolved information of lithosphere structure across the Indian shield. The modelled lithosphere structure therefore will be useful to integrate with the geochronological data in order to to understand the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Indian Shield.

A new Moho map of the African continent from seismic, topographic, and tectonic data

We use seismic surveys (853 stations and 79 seismic profiles) to compile a new continental Moho model of the African continent of which 90% is formed by the Precambrian crust. The result reveals considerable Moho depth variations, with values ranging from 14 to 20 km for the Afar Triple Junction and Turkana Lake to 46 km beneath the Rif Mountains, parts of the Ethiopian Plateaus, and the Namaqua-Natal Belt. A localized Moho deepening (∼44 km) is found beneath the western and eastern blocks of the Congo Craton, the central part of Victoria Lake, the Rehoboth Province, the eastern part of the Kaapvaal Craton, and the Irumide Belt. A shallow Moho depth is detected beneath wide areas in North, Central, and East Africa, particularly along the North Africa coast (24–30 km), the Mauritanian Belt (26–30 km), the West and Central African Rift System (30–32 km), the Benue Trough (24–28 km), and beneath the Rwenzori Mountains (26–30 km) and the southern part of Somali Plate (22–26 km). At many locations, a Moho relief is characterized by significant changes across different tectonic provinces; from the Afar Triple Junction, Turkana Depression, and the Somali Plate to the Main Ethiopian Rift, between the Rwenzori region, from the Gabon-Cameroon Shield to the Benue Trough, and from the western border of the West African Craton to the Mauritanian Belt. According to our estimates, an average Moho depth beneath the African continent is 36.1 km. Comparison of our result with selected global, continental, and regional Moho models shows large differences that locally even exceed ±15 km.

Application of teleseismic receiver functions and gravity for Moho depth mapping: a case study of the Western Himalayas

Application of teleseismic receiver functions and gravity for Moho depth mapping: a case study of the Western Himalayas

Seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Tien Shan and its adjacent areas

The Tien Shan and its adjacent areas have been a prime place to understand the process of continental collision, the mechanism of mountain building and the interaction of tectonic blocks. In this study, we collect seismic data recorded by 74 broad-band stations from the China Provincial Digital Seismic Networks and the Regional Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan Networks between January, 2007 and September, 2009. A joint inversion technique that combines three types of datasets (receiver functions, phase velocities of Rayleigh wave measured from both ambient noise and teleseismic earthquake data) is applied to image the crustal and upper mantle structure beneath the Tien Shan and its adjacent areas. The average crustal thickness in the study area is about 50 km, however, the Moho depth extends to ∼70 km beneath the Kyrgyz Platform near the southwestern Tien Shan. Our velocity models show a good correlation with subsurface geological features at shallow depths: low velocities are predominantly observed beneath the basins due to thick sedimentary layer, whereas high velocities are mainly distributed beneath the mountain ranges due to crystalline basement rocks. In the upper mantle a low velocity zone is obviously observed beneath the western Tien Shan. Both the crust thickness and S wave velocity structure of the Tien Shan and its adjacent regions display obvious horizontal and vertical heterogeneities from west to east, which suggests that the far-field effects of the collision between Eurasian plate and Indian plate plays an important role in the tectonic activity of the Tien Shan. The apparent velocity heterogeneities beneath the northern Tarim Basin may indicate that the Tarim Basin may have been eroded and damaged by upwelling hot materials from the upper mantle.

Tracking crustal thickness at the sediment inundated edge of the Gawler Craton, South Australia

In this study, using two recent passive seismic deployments across the Gawler Craton and Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia, we aim to examine the nature and extent of a perceived Moho offset (∼15 km) between the two regions using receiver functions. Together the two arrays straddle the edge of the Gawler Craton and present a unique opportunity to understand the crustal thickness variations in a hitherto under-explored region. The task is complicated however by many stations situated atop low-velocity sedimentary rocks, inducing high-amplitude low-frequency reverberations in the receiver function signal, and masking the signal from crust to mantle conversions. We, therefore, employed a resonance removal filter to dampen the sediment reverberation effect which aided the detection of the P-to-S conversion from the Moho. The obtained Moho depths dramatically increased the coverage in observations, particularly in areas inundated by Phanerozoic sediments. We detect the presence of thicker crust beneath the Lake Eyre region than previously imaged (∼40 km), that hints towards a shared Proterozoic provenance with building blocks of the South Australian Craton, such as the Curnamona Province. The Moho phase is consistent (∼46 km) and clear beneath the Gawler Craton, indicating a contrast with stations in the Lake Eyre region, although the difference with respect to previously reported crustal thickness is now substantially reduced. Our results thus illuminate the crustal structure of an important junction within continental Australia and provide valuable constraints for models of the tectonic evolution of eastern Gondwana and the assembly of Proterozoic Australia.

Local Moho distribution in the eastern Mediterranean region from gravity inversion: eastern Mediterranean Sea

This study investigates the variations of surface Moho inverted from Bouguer gravity data beneath the northwestern Arabian plate. The results were obtained by applying the 3DINVER program developed in a MATLAB environment using the Parker–Oldenburg method. The calculation results show that the maximum Moho depth observed in the western Arabian shield approaches more than 40 km, while the minimum values of 16–20 km are mainly concentrated beneath the Mediterranean Sea. A key innovation of this study is its implementation of exponential density contrast decrease in the sediment–basement interface in the Syrian part of the Arabian plate. The gravity anomaly of the sediment is computed using a density contrast which varies exponentially with depth, leading to a more accurate representation of the subsurface structure and offering valuable insights into the geodynamic processes and seismogenic potential of the area. To validate the inverted results from the 3DINVER program, the study compares these findings with seismic results that show good agreement with our results from the same region. This leads to a better understanding of the crustal structure and provides insights into its implications for the geodynamic and seismogenic nature of the northwestern Arabian plate—critical for assessing the potential for earthquakes and other geological hazards. The density contrast between the Earth’s crust and mantle can be related to variations in the composition, temperature, and pressure of the rocks. These factors influence the mechanical properties of the crust, ultimately affecting the tectonic processes and seismic activity in the region.

Crust-mantle differentiation and thermal accumulation mechanisms in the north China plain

The North China Plain, which is the central part of the lithospheric thinning in the North China Craton, is rich in clean geothermal energy. However, a current lack of understanding about the thermal accumulation mechanisms of the deep geothermal resources in this area is hindering the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of these resources and the achievement of the carbon reduction targets. Based on deep drilling and the tests of thermal property parameters at different depths, this study calculated the terrestrial heat flow and the heat flux at different depths of the lithosphere in the North China Plain and revealed the lithosphere thermal structure characteristics and the thermal accumulation mechanisms in the plain, obtaining the following results. The North China Plain has widely varying terrestrial heat flow of 33.5–92.1 mW/m2 (average: 62.1 ± 17.04 mW/m2). The average mantle heat flow and crustal heat flow in the plain are 42.05 ± 13.90 mW/m2 and 20 mW/m2, respectively, which account for approximately 67% and 33% of the total surface heat flow in the plain, respectively. This plain has a greatly varying Moho depth of 30–40 km and a Moho temperature of 420–920 °C mostly. The thermal lithosphere in the North China Plain has a thickness of 80–100 km and a thermal structure of the cold crust and hot mantle type. It has thinned on a large scale due to the extensional process, and the mantle-derived materials have migrated upward along the weak structural plane (e.g., deep faults) after pressure release and remelting. The resultant high mantle heat flow serves as a stable heat source for the formation of layered medium-low temperature geothermal fields.

TECTONIC SCHEME FOR THE AMERASIA BASIN OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN

The tectonic scheme of the Amerasia Basin, as a result of a comprehensive analysis of geological and geophysical data, was created for the first time at 1:2 500 000 scale. The structural framework of the scheme was developed based on the results of basement mapping using reflection seismic sections and its detailing according to potential fields. The results of three-dimensional gravity modeling, presented by Moho depth and consolidated crust thickness calculations were used as basic indicators of the genesis of the crust. Tectonic elements of different ranks and kinematics were identified on seismic sections and traced according to potential fields. The created scheme is the most detailed among the published earlier, it demonstrates the features of the tectonic structure of individual geostructures, their nature and allows us to draw conclusions about the evolution of the Amerasia Basin. The listed issues are discussed in the text of the article.

Modeling Crustal Structure in the Permian Basin by Waveform‐Matching P Receiver Functions and Autocorrelograms With Particle Swarm Optimization

AbstractWe model basin and Moho structure in the Permian Basin region of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico using a method for waveform matching via global optimization of P‐to‐S receiver functions, vertical autocorrelograms, and horizontal autocorrelograms. The algorithm is driven by Particle Swarm Optimization, whose search history can be used to assess the strength of data constraints on model parameters. A common drawback in receiver function modeling is the need to assume a value for Vp before Vs and layer thickness can be estimated. But constraints on Vp can be provided by vertical autocorrelograms of teleseismic arrivals, which detect reverberating P waves, because the phase delay times depend only on Vp and interface depth. P‐to‐S receiver functions and vertical and radial autocorrelograms are computed for M > 5.5 events at 30°–100° epicentral distance, then edited and binned by ray parameter. Synthetic seismograms are computed for layered models using a 1D reflectivity method. The free parameters in the algorithm include basin depth, basin Vp, basin Vp/Vs, and thickness and Vp/Vs of the crystalline crust. Where vertical autocorrelograms prove insufficient for determining basin Vp, Vp is assumed from nearby stations that were modeled successfully. We find an average basin Vp of 4.57 km/s and basin depths to ∼8 km. Moho depths are generally 40–48 km. A basin depth of at least 3.5 km is typically needed to produce sufficient phase separation to allow an average Vp to be determined with confidence. Modeling autocorrelograms jointly with receiver functions therefore improves constraints on deep basin structure.

Seismic Evidence for Metamorphic Densification of the Lower Continental Crust in Eastern North America

AbstractThe composition of the lower continental crust, as well as its formation, growth, and evolution, remains a fundamental subject to be understood. In this study, we carry out a comparative and integrative analysis of seismic tomographic models, teleseismic receiver function results, and Airy isostasy in order to investigate the properties of the lower continental crust in eastern North America. We extract the depths for Vs of 4.0 km/s, 4.2 km/s, and 4.5 km/s from three selected tomographic models and calculate the differences between the Vs depth contours and the Moho depth defined by receiver functions. We then calculate the Airy isostatic Moho depth and its misfit with the receiver‐function‐defined Moho. Our analysis reveals three key features: (a) the deepening of the Vs depth contours and the strong negative Airy misfit within the U.S. Grenville Province; (b) a seismically faster‐than‐average and compositionally denser‐than‐average lowermost crust in the eastern North American Craton and the Grenville Province; and (c) the thickest, seismically fastest, and densest lowermost crust beneath the southern Grenville Front, the southern Grenville‐Appalachian boundary, and the U.S.‐Canada national border. We suggest that the lower crust of the craton and the Grenville Province has densified through garnet‐forming metamorphic reactions during and after orogenesis, contributing to the widely distributed fast‐velocity layer. The lower crust beneath the tectonic boundaries could have experienced more extensive garnet growth during orogenesis and emplacement of mafic magma. This study provides new constraints on the seismic and compositional properties of the lower crust in eastern North America.

A Tectonic Scheme for the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean

A tectonic scheme of the Amerasia Basin was created for the first time on a 1 : 2 500 000 scale on the basis of integrated analysis of geological and geophysical data. The structural framework of the scheme was developed according to the mapping of the basement surface using reflection seismic sections; the surface was detailed on the basis of potential fields. The results of three-dimensional gravity modeling according to calculation of the Moho depths and consolidated earth crust thickness were used as the basic indicators of the origin of the crust. Tectonic elements of different ranks and kinematics were identified on the seismic sections and traced according to the potential fields. The created scheme is the most detailed out of those published previously. It demonstrates the features of the tectonic structure of individual geostructures and their nature and allows us to draw conclusions about the evolution of the Amerasia Basin.

Moho depths beneath the European Alps: a homogeneously processed map and receiver functions database

Abstract. We use seismic waveform data from the AlpArray Seismic Network and three other temporary seismic networks, to perform receiver function (RF) calculations and time-to-depth migration to update the knowledge of the Moho discontinuity beneath the broader European Alps. In particular, we set up a homogeneous processing scheme to compute RFs using the time-domain iterative deconvolution method and apply consistent quality control to yield 112 205 high-quality RFs. We then perform time-to-depth migration in a newly implemented 3D spherical coordinate system using a European-scale reference P and S wave velocity model. This approach, together with the dense data coverage, provide us with a 3D migrated volume, from which we present migrated profiles that reflect the first-order crustal thickness structure. We create a detailed Moho map by manually picking the discontinuity in a set of orthogonal profiles covering the entire area. We make the RF dataset, the software for the entire processing workflow, as well as the Moho map, openly available; these open-access datasets and results will allow other researchers to build on the current study.

Crustal structure and fault geometries of the Garhwal Himalaya, India: Insight from new high-resolution gravity data modeling and PSO inversion

A high-resolution gravity survey from the Indo-Gangetic plain to the MCT zone is carried out across the Garhwal Himalaya, India, which lies in the central seismic gap. The gravity measurements along a ∼205 km transect with dense station interval (<650 m) are modeled using the power spectrum, gravity isolation technique, wavelet analysis, PSO inversion, 2D-forward modeling, and constraints from previous results. The spectral analysis suggests two dominant layer interfaces in the lithosphere at 44 km and 12 km, inferred as the Moho and the Himalayan decollement thrust, respectively. The gravity isolation technique contributes to assessing the previously known geophysical and geological information and separating individual gravity responses despite the complexity of the tectonics of the Himalaya and further deriving the gravity effect of the upper crustal region, including main fault/thrust zones. The computed residual gravity anomaly shows prominent signatures of the main tectonics structures. Wavelet analysis and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) inversion constrain the geometries of the intracrustal fault/thrust zones. Our model shows an increase in the Moho depth towards the north (from ∼40.4 km to 43.5 km). The derived MHT geometry clearly shows the ramp structure and associated Lesser Himalayan Duplex structures towards the north. The proposed detailed density structure discerns the geometries of different crustal structures across the Garhwal Himalaya and gives insight to the upper crustal fault zones.

A Set of Geophysical Fields for Modeling of the Lithosphere Structure and Dynamics in the Russian Arctic Zone

This paper presents a set of various geological and geophysical data for the Arctic zone, including some detailed models for the eastern part of the Russian Arctic zone. This hard-to-access territory has a complex geological structure, which is poorly studied by direct geophysical methods. Therefore, these data can be used in an integrative analysis for different purposes. These are the gravity field, heat flow, and various seismic tomography models. The gravity field data include several reductions calculated during our preceding studies, which are more appropriate for the study of the Earth’s interiors than the initial free air anomalies. Specifically, these are the Bouguer, isostatic, and decompensative gravity anomalies. A surface heat flow map included in the dataset is based on a joint inversion of multiple geophysical data constrained by the observations from the International Heat Flow Commission catalog. Available seismic tomography models were analyzed to select the best one for further investigation. We provide the models for the sedimentary cover and the Moho depth, which are significantly improved compared to the existing ones. The database provides a basis for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the region.