Supply Module Research Articles

Adjustment of the main biosynthesis modules to enhance the production of l-homoserine in Escherichia coli W3110.

l-homoserine is an important platform compound of many valuable products. Construction of microbial cell factory for l-homoserine production from glucose has attracted a great deal of attention. In this study, l-homoserine biosynthesis pathway was divided into three modules, the glucose uptake and upstream pathway, the downstream pathway, and the energy supply module. Metabolomics of the chassis strain HS indicated that the supply of ATP was inadequate, therefore, the energy supply module was firstly modified. By balancing the ATP supply module, the l-homoserine production increased by 66% to 12.55 g/L. Further, the results indicated that the upstream pathway was blocked, and increasing the culture temperature to 37°C could solve this problem and the l-homoserine production reached 21.38 g/L. Then, the downstream synthesis pathways were further strengthened to balance the fluxes, and the l-homoserine production reached the highest reported level of 32.55 g/L in shake flasks. Finally, fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor was conducted, and l-homoserine production could reach to 119.96 g/L after 92 h cultivation, with the yield of 0.41 g/g glucose and productivity of 1.31 g/L/h. The study provides a well research foundation for l-homoserine production by microbial fermentation with the capacity for industrial application.

Design and Development of Miniature Measuring Instrument for Parachute Cords Dynamic Load for Stepless Parachute Opening.

Spacecraft recovery technology is crucial in the field of aerospace, in which the parachute plays a key role in slowing down the descent speed of the spacecraft and realizing a smooth landing. In order to construct a dynamically adjustable parachute deployment strategy, it is necessary to measure the parachute dynamic load accurately in real-time. However, the existing sensor measurement scheme makes it difficult to meet the measurement requirements due to its large structure and complex wiring. In order to meet the current demand for real-time measurement of parachute cords dynamic load, a miniature measuring instrument is designed. According to the function and technical requirements of the miniature measuring instrument, the hardware modules of the acquisition system are selected and designed, and the integration debugging and performance optimization of the microcontroller module, A/D sampling module, signal acquisition circuit, and power supply module are carried out. The software of the parachute cords tension acquisition system based on the miniature measuring instrument is developed. The Load Cell is modeled by using SolidWorks 2022 and statically analyzed by using Ansys 2022 R1 Workbench finite element analysis software. Then the final structure of the Load Cell and the pasting position of the strain gauge are determined through the results analysis as well as experimental verification. The hardware module of the signal acquisition system for the miniature measuring instrument is then encapsulated. The force value of the miniature measuring instrument is calibrated and tested many times by using the microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine. The experimental results show that the designed miniature measuring instrument has accurate data, strong stability, and good real-time performance, which meets the demand for real-time accurate measurement of miniature measuring instruments, and can provide reliable data for parachute cords parameter validation and stepless unfolding design.

Application of Metal Halide Perovskite in Internet of Things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology connects the real and network worlds by integrating sensors and internet technology, which has greatly changed people's lifestyles, showing its broad application prospects. However, traditional materials for the sensors and power components used in the IoT limit its development for high-precision detection, long-term endurance, and multi-scenario applications. Metal halide perovskite, with unique advantages such as excellent photoelectric properties, an adjustable bandgap, flexibility, and a mild process, exhibits enormous potential to meet the requirements for IoT development. This paper provides a comprehensive review of metal halide perovskite's application in sensors and energy supply modules within IoT systems. Advances in perovskite-based sensors, such as for gas, humidity, photoelectric, and optical sensors, are discussed. The application of indoor photovoltaics based on perovskite in IoT systems is also discussed. Lastly, the application prospects and challenges of perovskite-based devices in the IoT are summarized.

Design of Microcontroller Based Power Supply Unit with Multiple Input and Output

This innovative project showcases a versatile power supply module, capable of delivering both AC and DC outputs, regardless of the input power source. This user-friendly device offers multiple output options from a single unit, catering to diverse power requirements. At its core, a microcontroller (8051) expertly manages the switch and relay configuration, ensuring seamless operation. Through rigorous simulation (Matlab/Simulink) and practical testing (prototype device), our results demonstrate the module's effectiveness in providing a reliable, multi-output power supply solution, enhancing convenience and efficiency.

Electric-Thermal Analysis of Power Supply Module in Graphitization Furnace

Graphite, a key anode material in lithium-ion batteries, primarily relies on the Acheson graphitization furnace (AGF) for production. This research focuses on the power supply module of the AGF, particularly the electrodes and their power transmission clamps. A three-dimensional transient electric-thermal-fluid coupling model was developed to numerically analyze the temperature and electric field distributions during operation. The study revealed that heat conduction through furnace electrodes dominates temperature rise. Notably, clamping plates within transmission clamps exhibit high temperatures and gradients, posing a thermal failure risk. Efficient cooling plate design with liquid-cooled channels is crucial for temperature control. Additionally, maintaining high electrode temperatures reduces resistivity, lowering power consumption in the power supply module. This study provides insights into optimizing AGF power supply module design, emphasizing the importance of effective cooling strategies for clamping plates and the benefits of maintaining elevated electrode temperatures for energy efficiency.

SIMPLE ELECTROSPINNING ASSEMBLY FOR THE PREPARATION OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL NANOFIBERS CONTAINING PIPER BETLE (L)

Objective: The aim of this research was to assemble an electrospinning device with some components from used medical devices in hospital, so that it could be utilized to produce nanofibers containing Piper betle (L). Methods: The electrospinning was assembled with the main components were the 20 kV high voltage (hV) power supply (module), the Terumo TE-331 syringe pump and the collector. The resulting device was then evaluated for tool performance. The device was used to produce Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-based nanofibers with Piper betle (L) as the active ingredient. The nanofibers produced were then tested for antibacterial activity, morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: The polymer solution was pushed by a syringe pump with a flow rate of 15 ml/h into the spinneret. In this electrospinning process, the formed nanofibers appear visually as a thin layer on the collector. With variation in PVA concentration and the same concentration of Piper betle l. as the active ingredient, the results showed that the nanofiber carrier did not affect the efficacy provided by Piper betle (L). The characterization with SEM revealed that the assembled tool was able to make nanofiber preparations that have fine continuous/fairly regular fibers with an average diameter of 46.479±2.406 nm. Meanwhile, the analysis using FTIR showed the presence of OH stretching groups of phenolic compounds from Piper betle (L). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the electrospinning was successfully assembled from unused medical devices in hospital and proven to produce nanofibers.

Integrated plant nutrient supply modules for enhancing crop growth, productivity and nutrient balance in maize - chickpea cropping sequence

A long-term field study was conducted to evaluate integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS) system in maizechickpea cropping sequence. In this study, twelve IPNS modules of Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based fertilizers, recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), urban compost (UC), maize residue (MR) and Gliricidia loppings (GL) were investigated. Results indicated that plant height, dry biomass, yield parameters (cob length and girth, grains/cob and 1000-grains weight) and yields (grain and stover) of maize significantly (p=0.05) improved with IPNS module (75% NPK +5 t FYM) and increased 31.8 and 23.8% grain yield over the RDF and 100% NPK of STCR, respectively. In chickpea, the higher plant height, dry biomass, pods/ plant and yields (grain and straw) were obtained with the residual fertility of FYM @ 25 t/ha every year and followed by IPNS module (75%NPK +5 t FYM). However, residual fertility of PM and UC based IPNS modules also considerably improved the crop growth and yields of chickpea. Substantially higher system productivity was also noticed with 75% NPK +5 t FYM and followed 75% NPK +1 t PM based IPNS modules which was 1.86 and 0.99 t/ ha higher than RDF. A positive nutrient balance was recorded with addition of higher level FYM only (25 t/ha) Whereas, a negative nutrient balance was noticed for N and K in all plots excluding higher level of organic manures. However, there has been substantial build-up of N, P and K in plots receiving 25 t FYM every year. The additional supply of nutrients (organic + inorganic) is crucial for positive nutrients balance. Thus, STCR based fertilizers (75% NPK) along 25% nutrients through organic manures (FYM and PM) sustained the crop yield while the addition of FYM (25 t/ha) is essential for a positive balance of nutrients in the soil.

A Wideband Hybrid Envelope Tracking Supply Modulator with Slew-Rate-Enhanced Linear Amplifier

A wideband hybrid envelope tracking supply modulator (HETSM) with a slew-rate-enhanced linear amplifier (LA) is described in this work. The proposed slew-rate enhancement (SRE) structure introduces a parallel auxiliary current path directly to the gate of the class-AB output stage, significantly accelerating the charging and discharging processes of the Miller capacitor without modifying the operating point of the remaining LA. The current delivered via this supplementary path shows a rapid increase, with changes in input voltage, culminating in diminished quiescent current levels. The supply modulator is fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement results show that HETSM is able to track a 100 MHz, 16QAM signal accurately, achieving the maximum efficiency of 87.4% at a 5.12 W output power, with a load that consists of a 5 Ω resistor and a paralleled 100 pF capacitor. The proposed LA realizes a slew rate of −1857/+1239 V/μs and a bandwidth of 226.6 MHz under a 24 mA quiescent current.

Studies of the influence of the degradation of the capacitances of an inductively coupled oscillator circuit on the characteristics of the wireless power supply module of an implantable spinal cord stimulator

Studies of the influence of the degradation of the capacitances of an inductively coupled oscillator circuit on the characteristics of the wireless power supply module of an implantable spinal cord stimulator

Boost DC‐DC Converter with Non‐dissipative Snubber

To provide a hold‐up time function in DC‐DC supplies for cell site stations or data centers, using a boost converter with a bulk output capacitor as a front‐end converter stage is a simple and highly cost‐effective solution. However, conventional boost converters with a hard‐switching operation result in low conversion efficiency and increased electromagnetic interference emissions. In this paper, a boost converter with a new non‐dissipative snubber is proposed that only requires two additional diodes, an inductor, and a multilayer ceramic capacitor. The main feature of the proposed snubber is that the components are not located on the main power processing path. This means they only require low ratings, improving cost‐effectiveness. A prototype converter is analyzed, realized, and applied to a 300 W redundant DC‐DC power supply module for a 5G cell base station. © 2024 The Author(s). IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

“PRASHI” (PRANA RAKSHAK SHIRASTRANA)

This paper presents an advanced smart helmet system designed to detect accidents and provide alerts using an ESP32 microcontroller, alcohol sensor, IR sensor, buzzer, and accelerometer to monitor the x, y, z axes in the helmet. The bike section includes a DC motor, keypad, LCD display, ESP32, power supply, and GPS module. The system utilizes cloud technology to send and receive OTPs and GPS locations, ensuring timely assistance during accidents. This comprehensive approach enhances rider safety by integrating multiple sensors and real-time communication capabilities.

Design of a Low Power and Wide Frequency Range Ring VCO

This paper proposes a low-power, wide frequency range ring VCO circuit structure based on the application of switch power supply modulation technology. Circuit simulation is completed based on CMSC 180nm BCD process. Simulation results show that the VCO circuit can work at a power supply voltage of 3-5 V, and it has a relatively wide frequency range. Under a 5V power supply voltage and a control voltage range of 4.2V~2.2V, the output frequency range is 0.4-11.96MHz. Under a 3V power supply voltage and a control voltage of 2.2V~0.2V, the output frequency range is 0.56~12.3MHz. For the VCO circuit, the maximum average working current of the power supply is less than 80uA, and the average current of the power supply is only 35uA under a 5V power supply voltage and a 10MHz working frequency. The VCO circuit meets the requirements of low power consumption. It can be applied to switch power supply chips.

Multi-Interface Engineering of MXenes for Self-Powered Wearable Devices.

Self-powered wearable devices with integrated energy supply module and sensitive sensors have significantly blossomed for continuous monitoring of human activity and the surrounding environment in healthcare sectors. The emerging of MXene-based materials has brought research upsurge in the fields of energy and electronics, owing to their excellent electrochemical performance, large surface area, superior mechanical performance, and tunable interfacial properties, where their performance can be further boosted via multi-interface engineering. Herein, a comprehensive review of recent progress in MXenes for self-powered wearable devices is discussed from the aspects of multi-interface engineering. The fundamental properties of MXenes including electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal characteristics are discussed in detail. Different from previous review works on MXenes, multi-interface engineering of MXenes from termination regulation to surface modification and their impact on the performance of materials and energy storage/conversion devices are summarized. Based on the interfacial manipulation strategies, potential applications of MXene-based self-powered wearable devices are outlined. Finally, proposals and perspectives are provided on the current challenges and future directions in MXene-based self-powered wearable devices.

Wireless Pulse Wave Monitoring System Based on Reflective Flexible Probe and AFE4490

Pulse rate and blood oxygen levels are crucial physiological parameters that reflect physiological and pathological information within the human body. The system designs a wireless pulse wave monitoring system utilizing a flexible reflective probe and the AFE4490, which is capable of monitoring pulse wave and blood oxygen levels on the human forehead. The system is predominantly based on a reflective flexible probe, the AFE4490, a power supply module, a control microcontroller unit (MCU), and a Wi-Fi module. Post-processing by a slave computer, the collected pulse wave data is wirelessly transmitted to a smartphone. The real-time pulse waveform, pulse rate, and blood oxygen levels are displayed on an application. Following relevant tests and verifications, the system can accurately detect pulse wave signals, meet the requirements for wearable technology, and possesses significant market application potential.

A battery-free, wireless, flexible bandlike e-nose based on MEMS gas sensors for precisely volatile organic compounds detection

Real-time detection of VOCs in the car cabin is crucial for protecting driver’s health. MOS gas sensors, with the advantages of low cost, simplicity and fast response, are widely used for gas monitoring. However, they typically exhibit broad-spectrum responsiveness to multiple gases. Despite numerous improvement strategies proposed from the perspective of MOS material modification, achieving ideal gas selectivity remains challenging. An e-nose based on gas sensor array is a promising approach for gas identification. However, the hardware circuit system and battery supply module in traditional e-nose result in large size, complex structure, and inconvenience in use. In this work, we synthesized MOS materials with different morphologies to form a microarray containing six MEMS gas sensors, and developed a novel belt-shaped wireless and battery-free flexible e-nose, where a mobile phone serves as its wireless power supply and data communication system. This design provides a flexible e-nose with excellent wearability and safety, allowing users to monitor surrounding gas conditions at any time conveniently. Subsequently, we design pattern recognition models using algorithms such as MLP, RF, XGBoost, and LGBM, in combination with ensemble learning strategies, achieving high accuracy in VOCs classification and low-error concentration prediction. This flexible e-nose holds significant application value for gas detection in car cabins and indoor environments.

Design of Laser-Powered Opto-Electrical Current Transformer and Its Application in Electrical Automation of Substations

The novel power equipment represented by the Opto-Electrical Current Transformer (OECT) possesses unparalleled advantages compared to traditional Current Transformers (CTs), rendering it with vast potential in power systems. In the design of OECT, this study employs laser power supply and focuses on the overall perspective, particularly the design of the laser power supply module and the optical fiber digital transmission module. The laser power supply module selects a high-power semiconductor laser to provide power to the circuit, incorporating line filters, thermistor resistors, and a laser overcurrent protection circuit. An automatic temperature control circuit based on PI regulation is utilized to stabilize the working temperature of the laser diode (LD). The photoelectric conversion device PPC-6E achieves a maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency of 40%, and the MAX639 DC–DC conversion chip ensures stable output voltage. The optical fiber digital transmission module adopts a circuit composed of multiple NOR gate logic for electro-optical conversion, a low-power driving circuit based on the 74LVC1G07 chip, and the HFBR-2412 photoelectric converter to simplify the circuit board design. To achieve a higher communication baud rate, a quartz multimode optical fiber with a diameter of 62.5 μm is chosen. In the experimental phase, a simulation of high-power AC power with equal turns is conducted. The linearity/temperature test results demonstrate that the designed OECT in this study meets expectations. In the electrical automation test of substations, a comparison between traditional CTs and the designed OECT is carried out using traditional protection algorithms and optical differential protection algorithms. The results indicate that, compared to traditional protection algorithms, the optical differential algorithm using the designed OECT achieves faster protection times.

Coordination and modularization: the experience of the joint prevention and control mechanism to COVID emergencies in China.

The integration of disparate emergency resources and the improvement of emergency response teamwork are the underlying trends and shared requirements for building resilience in an era of multiple global public health crises. This study investigated the emergency response with emergency collaboration networks of each functional module and the overall Joint Epidemic Prevention and Control Mechanism (JPCM) network in China's COVID outbreak prevention and control. The study employed a scholarly framework of "the integration of JPCM coordination and emergency collaborative modularization" to explore the attributes of JPCM using social network analysis. The data were obtained from administrative records from JPCM's official website, spanning January 2020 to December 2022. The study examined the JPCM coordination and found several functional working modules of JPCM, such as Interrupt Spread, Manage Supply, Medical Rescue, Restore Work and Production, and Implement Responsibility modules. The network structure indicators showed that the Manage Supply module had the most extensive network connectivity, the shortest communication distance, and the most consistent collaboration. The E-I index of the overall JPCM network and the Manage Supply network were - 0.192 and - 0.452, respectively (at p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), indicating more internal relationships than external relationships. The E-I index of the Medical Rescue and Implement Responsibility collaboration networks were 0.122 and 0.147, respectively (at p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), indicating more external relationships than internal relationships. The QAP regression analysis showed that the most vital driver on the overall JPCM network was the Interrupt Spread module, followed by the Implement Responsibility and Medical Rescue modules. The Interrupt Spread module initiated emergency coordination with most departments and agencies. The Manage Supply module ensured the flow of medical supplies and survival essentials, while the Medical Rescue module addressed the core aspects of the health emergency response. The Restore Work and Production module repaired the halt in production and livelihoods caused by the outbreak, strengthening and developing emergency coordination and roles across emergency organizations. The Implement Responsibility module provided more heterogeneous emergency response resources for the overall JPCM coordination, complementing the COVID cross-organizational emergency response coordination. The study on the JPCM case in China improves public health emergency management and aids informed decision-making.

Arduino Controlled Battery Charger

In this project we will learn to use an Arduino and an attached charging circuit to control the charging of NiMH rechargeable batteries. Rechargeable batteries are a great way to power your portable electronics. They can save a lot of money when properly recycled. But it's much more fun to build one for yourself. So, here is how to build an Arduino controlled battery charger. Each type of battery uses a different chemical process to make it work. As a result, each type of battery needs to be charged differently. We are going to focus on the most common type of AA rechargeable battery, Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH). Battery Charger is designed for charging 12V sealed lead-acid batteries. The designed device consists Charging unit , Battery Housing Unit (Drawers) with their respective batteries insider the Drawers which can be charged simultaneously. Each Battery Housing Units provided with its driver circuit, transformer and power supply module. Power supply module is designed with thermal analysis &amp; optimization and protection for EMI/EMC issues. Once the battery is connected to the circuit, it then displays battery charging condition. Battery charging level is displayed by LEDS and LCD is used to indicate the keyed input battery voltage and current through keypad 4X4 manually. Battery type and remaining charging time are displayed on screen during charging on LCD display. PIC 18f452 Microcontroller continuously monitors the battery condition and displays it on LCD. Charging stops when battery is fully charged, audio alarm is indicated with a buzzer and finally the ejection of the drawer tray for removal of the charged battery. This is advantageous as it prevents the battery from damage and over charging.

Research on WSN Intelligent Routing Algorithm based on Bayesian Learning and Particle Swarm Optimization

Background: Wireless sensor networks have the characteristics of strong scalability, easy maintenance, and self-organization, but the energy of nodes is limited and it is difficult to replace the energy supply module. The survival time of the network has always been the key to restricting the development of wireless sensor networks. Objective: Aiming at the problems of short network lifetime and low coverage, a multi-objective optimization routing algorithm has been proposed, focusing on how to balance the communication energy consumption of each node in the network and improve the coverage area of the remaining nodes. Method: Firstly, the node region was divided into several fan ring subregions. Then, the particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to find the fan angles and radii of each fan ring subregion. Next, Bayesian learning was used to select the appropriate cluster head. Results: The simulation results showed the convergence speed of the proposed algorithm to be improved, solving the problems of cluster head election and node routing planning, improving the utilization of node energy, and verifying the effectiveness. Conclusion: The particle swarm optimization algorithm and Bayesian learning have been introduced to cluster network nodes, and a multi-objective fitness function compatible with the energy consumption and coverage of network nodes has been designed. By optimizing the selection method of convergence nodes, the network communication cost of each node can be effectively balanced, and the speed of network coverage area reduction can be effectively reduced in the later period of node communication.

A Modular Architecture for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Nodes

The current evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has led us towards real world problems such as the power supply of network nodes in an efficient and sustained way. The actual implementation of these networks calls for perpetually powered devices, since the constant changing of the batteries is not a realistic scenario. That is the main motivation behind the proposal of this new architecture, having the low power consumption as a key objective and an intelligent interaction with power supply modules. The energy efficiency of this platform comes from three different factors: the use of a last generation ultra low-power microcontroller, the use of different communication modes and the intelligent interaction with a harvesting module able to perpetually supply energy to the network nodes. Hence, the modularity of this platform, allowing for independent development of its components, is a very important characteristic. We present and discuss the major features of the proposed architecture, such as the used processor, how the modularity is achieved and how we intend to implement the energy solutions.