Source Module Research Articles

Adaptive micro-projection system based on liquid lens

Projectors play an important role in the fields of education, entertainment, etc. The conventional projectors are generally bulky, lack of portability and adaptability. In this paper, an adaptive micro-projection system based on liquid lens is proposed. The main part of the system consists of a sequential three-color light source module, a light-homogenized module, a piece of liquid–crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) with high refresh rate, a polarization beam splitter (PBS), a zoom projection lens based on liquid lenses, a liquid lens controller and a display driver board. By adjusting the driving voltages on the liquid lenses, the adaptive micro-projection system can work with the distance at least from 150 mm to 310 mm continuously. Moreover, by synchronously controlling the refresh of the LCoS and the sequential lighting of the three-color light source through the display driver board, a 60 Hz color video display can be realized with only one piece of LCoS. We introduce the design method of the liquid lens based zoom projection lens in detail and provide an optical structure of the liquid lens based zoom projection lens with excellent performance. The control software and hardware of the system are carefully developed. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the system. The proposed system has the characteristics of fast response, portability, integration and high adaptability and is expected to be used in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), on-board display, head-mounted display and so on.

Middle Terms of AR-sequences of Graded Kronecker Modules

Let (T(n),Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(T(n),\\Omega )$$\\end{document} be the covering of the generalized Kronecker quiver K(n), where Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document} is a bipartite orientation. Then there exists a reflection functor σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma $$\\end{document} on the category mod(T(n),Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\,\ extrm{mod}\\,}}(T(n),\\Omega )$$\\end{document}. Suppose that 0→X→Y→Z→0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$0\\rightarrow X\\rightarrow Y\\rightarrow Z\\rightarrow 0$$\\end{document} is an AR-sequence in the regular component D\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal {D}$$\\end{document} of mod(T(n),Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\,\ extrm{mod}\\,}}(T(n),\\Omega )$$\\end{document}, and b(Z) is the number of flow modules in the σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma $$\\end{document}-orbit of Z. Then the middle term Y is a sink (source or flow) module if and only if σZ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma Z$$\\end{document} is a sink (source or flow) module. Moreover, their radii and centers satisfy r(Y)=r(σZ)+1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$r(Y)=r(\\sigma Z)+1$$\\end{document} and C(Y)=C(σZ)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$C(Y)=C(\\sigma Z)$$\\end{document}.

DRL assisted multi-objective algorithm for multicast scheduling in elastic optical network

Multicasting, as a main transmission mode for most of the current applications in elastic optical network, has attracted more and more research attention. In this paper, we investigate multicast scheduling model and solving algorithm. First, we model the multicast scheduling problem as a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) by minimizing the bandwidth resources and maximizing the user service quality, and then, we propose a deep reinforcement learning assisted multi-objective algorithm for the model (DRL-MM), in which we design source node selection strategy, routing scheme, modulation scheme and spectrum assignment scheme for each multicast session. To identify the superiority of the proposed DRL-MM, we conduct the experiments and compare DRL-MM with an approximation based Steiner tree algorithm (STA-RSA) and a load-balancing routing tree-based algorithm (LD-RSA) through the experiments. The results show that DRL-MM outperforms STA-RSA and LD-RSA in terms of both bandwidth resource usage and user service quality.

Fiber chromatic confocal method with a tilt-coupling source module for axial super-resolution.

Current fiber chromatic confocal probes suffer from a low axial resolution. This study proposes a fiber chromatic confocal method with a tilt-coupling source module for axial super-resolution. An annular intensity distribution is generated at the fiber port of the probe by adjusting the tilt-coupling angle between the fiber and source module to reduce the width of the confocal axial response characteristic curve at each wavelength and to enhance the intensity contrast of the spectral signal. Compared with the coaxial coupling state, the developed 21° tilt-coupling state can reduce the FWHM by approximately 17%, and the axial resolution increases by 1.7 times.

Bluetooth Mesh Network-based Intelligent Light Replenishment System for Agricultural Greenhouses

Given the actual situation of greenhouse production nowadays, this paper proposes a kind of intelligent light replenishment system for greenhouses based on a Bluetooth Mesh network. The system uses the ESP32-C3FH4 microcontroller from Espressif as Bluetooth Mesh nodes to form a Bluetooth Mesh monitoring network. This paper designs an intelligent IoT device control system based on Bluetooth Mesh network technology and cloud platform services. Through the flooded network composed of Bluetooth Mesh, the natural light intensity data monitored by each service node is sent to the cloud platform periodically through the gateway, the monitored data is accessed by the cloud platform for management, and the artificial light source module is triggered according to the deposited data to realize automatic control, realizing the modernized digital management function of agricultural greenhouses.

Beyond speech: Exploring diversity in the human voice

Humans have evolved voluntary control over vocal production for speaking and singing, while preserving the phylogenetically older system of spontaneous nonverbal vocalizations such as laughs and screams. To test for systematic acoustic differences between these vocal domains, we analyzed a broad, cross-cultural corpus representing over 2h of speech, singing, and nonverbal vocalizations. We show that, while speech is relatively low-pitched and tonal with mostly regular phonation, singing and especially nonverbal vocalizations vary enormously in pitch and often display harsh-sounding, irregular phonation owing to nonlinear phenomena. The evolution of complex supralaryngeal articulatory spectro-temporal modulation has been critical for speech, yet has not significantly constrained laryngeal source modulation. In contrast, articulation is very limited in nonverbal vocalizations, which predominantly contain minimally articulated open vowels and rapid temporal modulation in the roughness range. We infer that vocal source modulation works best for conveying affect, while vocal filter modulation mainly facilitates semantic communication.

Regional Data Platform of West and Central African Herbaria

In April 2021, a Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) project was launched to deliver a regional data platform of West and Central African herbaria, which just concluded in April 2023. A dataset containing 168,545 herbarium specimens from 6 different countries: Togo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Benin, Guinea Conakry and Cameroon, is now visible on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) website and will be regularly updated. A checklist datatset (Radji 2023a) and an occurrence dataset (Radji 2023b) obtained from herbarium parts are also available on GBIF. In addition, a Living Atlases portal for herbaria in West and Central Africa has been created to allow users to search, display, filter, and download these data. This application reuses open source modules developed by the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) community (Morin et al. 2021). In addition to that, the RIHA platform (Réseau Informatique des Herbiers d'Afrique / Digital Network of African Herbaria) enables herbarium administrators to manage their own data. Thanks to all these tools, the workflow (Fig. 1) for data publication on GBIF is carried out regularly and easily and the addition of new member herbaria from West and Central Africa can be easily incorporated.

Dynamic modulation of localized defect states in multichannel photonic crystal waveguides

The localized defect states (LDS) can usually be obtained by introducing dielectric defects or dielectric disorder into photonic crystals. Here, we introduce a new method to dynamically generate LDS, which can be realized in multichannel photonic crystal waveguides by modulating the position, polarization and phase of multiple dipole sources. We propose a general theory to obtain the localization conditions. When multiple dipole sources satisfy the localization condition, LDS can be generated. Unlike the traditional LDS, the size and position of the LDS in our method can be adjusted by the control of the dipole sources. In addition, the conversion of LDS and waveguide mode can be realized easily by the modulation of the dipole sources.

Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Liver Fibrosis Based on Targeting Oxidative Stress.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) constitutes a growing global health issue, with no effective treatments currently available. Oxidative stress closely interacts with other cellular and molecular processes to trigger stress pathways in different hepatic cells and fuel the development of liver fibrosis. Therefore, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated effects and modulation of major antioxidant responses to counteract oxidative stress-induced damage have emerged as interesting targets to prevent or ameliorate liver injury. Although many preclinical studies have shown that dietary supplements with antioxidant properties can significantly prevent CLD progression in animal models, this strategy has not proved effective to significantly reduce fibrosis when translated into clinical trials. Novel and more specific therapeutic approaches are thus required to alleviate oxidative stress and reduce liver fibrosis. We have reviewed the relevant literature concerning the crucial role of alterations in redox homeostasis in different hepatic cell types during the progression of CLD and discussed current pharmacological approaches to ameliorate fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress focusing on selective modulation of enzymatic oxidant sources, antioxidant systems and ROS-mediated pathogenic processes.

Development of fully equiaxed microstructure in Scalmalloy® through powder bed fusion using a ring-mode laser beam

Powder bed fusion experiments were conducted to investigate the microstructure of Scalmalloy® utilizing standard circular and Adjustable Ring-Mode (ARM) laser beams. The ARM laser beam produced an almost fully equiaxed grain structure, characterized by a significantly thicker Fine Grain (FG) band, compared to the circular laser beam with the same overall volumetric energy density. The discussion explored the mechanisms underlying this remarkable advancement, with a particular focus on the nucleation role of the L12 Al3(ScxZr1-x) phase. Among various theories explaining the inhomogeneous distribution of L12 particles, the findings were found to be more consistent with the primary precipitation at low cooling rates. The research indicates the potential for achieving a fully equiaxed microstructure through heat source modulation without compromising productivity.

Asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with hybrid source.

The linear constraint of secret key rate capacity is overcome by the twin-field quantum key distribution (QKD). However, the complex phase-locking and phase-tracking technique requirements throttle the real-life applications of the twin-field protocol. The asynchronous measurement-device-independent (AMDI) QKD, also called the mode-pairing QKD, protocol can relax the technical requirements and keep the similar performance of the twin-field protocol. Here, we propose an AMDI-QKD protocol with a nonclassical light source by changing the phase-randomized weak coherent state to a phase-randomized coherent-state superposition in the signal state time window. Simulation results show that our proposed hybrid source protocol significantly enhances the key rate of the AMDI-QKD protocol, while exhibiting robustness to imperfect modulation of nonclassical light sources.

Fiber-coupled plug-and-play heralded single photon source based on Ti:LiNbO3 and polymer technology.

A reliable, but cost-effective generation of single-photon states is key for practical quantum communication systems. For real-world deployment, waveguide sources offer optimum compatibility with fiber networks and can be embedded in hybrid integrated modules. Here, we present what we believe to be the first chip-size fully integrated fiber-coupled heralded single photon source (HSPS) module based on a hybrid integration of a nonlinear lithium niobate waveguide into a polymer board. Photon pairs at 810 nm (signal) and 1550 nm (idler) are generated via parametric down-conversion pumped at 532 nm in the LiNbO3 waveguide. The pairs are split in the polymer board and routed to separate output ports. The module has a size of (2 × 1) cm2 and is fully fiber-coupled with one pump input fiber and two output fibers. We measure a heralded second-order correlation function of g h(2)=0.05 with a heralding efficiency of η h=3.5% at low pump powers.

Hybrid Source Multi-Port Quasi-Z-Source Converter with Fuzzy-Logic-Based Energy Management

In this paper, a fuzzy-logic-based energy management system and a multi-port quasi-z-source converter that utilizes hybrid renewable energy sources are proposed. The system ensures that each energy source module can be used individually by employing fuzzy logic to define the power modes. This approach also helps to prevent switching losses resulting from the extra switching of the source modules. In addition, the proposed energy management does not have a mathematical model, so its applicability is simple, and it is suitable for different multiple-input topologies. The Mamdani fuzzy inference system can be designed to capture the nonlinear behavior of the system owing to linguistic rules. Moreover, the switching losses of the multiport modules were significantly reduced by adopting the quasi-z-source network to the end of the multiport converter. Furthermore, different errors, such as the root mean square error (RMSE), average squared error (ASE), average absolute error (AAE), average time-weighted absolute error (ATWAE), tracking error (TE), and unscaled mean bounded relative absolute error (UMBRAE), were applied to evaluate the fuzzy logic performance from different perspectives. The simulation results were obtained using MATLAB Simulink, and the experimental results were obtained by connecting the circuit to MATLAB Simulink using an Arduino Due.

Hybrid-Clamping SVPWM Scheme for a Four-Level Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive

An open-end winding arrangement is fed with two typical 2-level voltage source inverters (VSIs) on either side to accomplish multilevel inversion. Two voltage source modules (VSIs) DC-link voltages are kept at a 2:1 ratio to realize the open-end winding induction motor (OEW-IM) power circuit’s four-level configuration. However, the higher DC-link voltage capacitor overcharges its lower DC-link voltage counterpart in the 4-level power circuit configuration. This article proposes a new hybrid-clamping space vector PWM (SVPWM) approach to prevent overcharging. Based on the sample moment, the suggested SVPWM technique clamps one inverter and switches to another inverter. Additionally, it clamps one of the inverter’s switching phases. The proposed PWM method has been found to reduce switching power loss in contrast to earlier SVPWM methods. The proposed SVPWM scheme for the 4-level OEW-IM drive is tested and verified using an experimental laboratory setup.

Recent progress of ISOL facility at RAON

The RAON (Rare Isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments) is currently in the stage of commissioning under the Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) launched in 2011. RAON will utilize an advanced rare isotope beams produced with a high power target by the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) facility, aiming to deliver high purity and intense, neutron-rich rare isotope beams to the post-accelerator and experimental facilities. The RAON ISOL facility consists of a target/ion source module surrounded by movable shielding blocks in a bunker, remote handling facilities for the target operation, a pre-mass separator, a RFQ cooler buncher, an EBIS charge breeder, and an A/q separator. The installation and alignment of the ISOL facility were completed in June 2021. The target/ion source module allows us to bombard a thick target with a 70 MeV proton beam of RAON, producing a variety of rare isotope beams. Rare isotope beams extracted from the target/ion source can be transported to a pre-mass separator at energies of up to 60 keV, and will be cooled in a RFQ-CB. Cooled ion beams can be sent to two different experimental facilities, such as a Mass Measurement System and a Collinear Laser Spectroscopy in ISOL experimental hall. Alternatively, for post-acceleration of ion beams, the singly charged ion beam of interest can be bunched to 108 ions in RFQ-CB and then delivered to the EBIS charge breeder through the EBIS branch system. The preparation of multi charged ion beams for the post-acceleration using the superconducting LINAC of SCL3 will be carried out through the EBIS charge breeder and A/q separator to match the energy of 10 keV/u with A/q < 6 with the requirement of RAON Injector.The first commissioning experiment of the ISOL system started in March 2021 using the 133Cs and 120Sn stable beams produced from the target container combined with the surface ion source and laser Ion source. The stable beam experiments have demonstrated the overall functioning of the RAON ISOL system, and we are planning to carry out the first RI beam test using the SiC target with 70 MeV proton of cyclotron in the coming months.

An intelligent integrated EDI module based on fuzzy PID

Electrodeionization (EDI) is a popular method of water treatment in the current field of water treatment. EDI module mainly absorbs the charged ions in water through the cation exchange resin and realizes the ion removal of water by applying an electric field to make the charged ions move in a directional way and pass through the cation exchange membrane with selective permeability. The existing EDI module has a low integration degree and the working current cannot be adjusted intelligently according to the field environment. In order to solve the problem of low integration degree, this paper designs an EDI module that integrates the EDI module, sensor, controllable constant current source module, and main controller. Meanwhile, in order to solve the problem that the current EDI working current cannot be adjusted in real-time with the environmental water quality, an EDI module output current control method based on fuzzy PID and a main controller hardware circuit based on the adjustable constant current source circuit of a microcontroller digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are designed to adjust the output current of EDI module intelligently. Then the control model of the control system is established by Matlab respectively using the PID control method and fuzzy PID control method, and the simulation is compared. In this paper, the hardware and software of the module are developed based on STM32. The experimental results show that the designed EDI module can realize accurate and fast control of water quality.

Voltage and frequency stabilization by fuzzy integrated droop control of a multi renewable source micro grid

A multi renewable source micro-grid system has many power quality issues when it is operated in grid islanding condition. During grid connected mode the voltage and frequency of the system will remain stable for small disturbances like load changes or environmental changes. During these sudden variations in the system, the grid supports the load maintaining the system stable. In this paper a droop control is introduced for the renewable source module 3-ph inverter during standalone mode supporting the load. For detection of grid islanding, an active islanding detection control is adopted which makes the 3-ph inverter to shift from synchronous reference frame (SRF) control to droop control. The performance of the droop control is improvised with fuzzy interference structure (FIS) module replacing the conventional proportional integral and derivative (PID) control. A comparative analysis is done in this paper with different controllers in droop control scheme using matrix laboratory (MATLAB) Simulink software. Stability analysis is carried out on the system determining the voltage and frequency fluctuations during grid disturbances. There is an improvement in load compensation, voltage ripple, voltage magnitude, frequency ripple and settling time with the introduced fuzzy droop controller.

35‐2: A kind of Front Light Source Module Adapted to Reflective LCD

Reflective Liquid Crystal display (RLCD) has the advantage s of low power and lightweight relying on the metal layer in TFT glass to reflect the environment light, developing rapidly in the outdoor display, e‐books, price tag, and sports watch market. However, when the ambient light weaker, RLCD requires an additional light source. Therefore the development of the front light source has become a new research direction. This paper designed a thin front light source adapted to Reflective LCD by using the microstructure to control light angle. Optimize microstructure parameters to improve contrast ratio and light efficiency utilization. The density arrangement of microstructures to achieve the higher uniformity and no moire.

Development of a hybrid parallelism Monte Carlo transport middleware on mesh geometry

Mesh-based Monte Carlo particle transport is suitable for complex geometry modeling and for multi-physics coupling calculations. Performing large-scale mesh-based Monte Carlo simulations requires a quite large amount of computation and memory space. Therefore, parallel Monte Carlo computing is crucial. In this study, a hybrid parallelism Monte Carlo transport middleware on mesh geometry was developed. The middleware can provide the following algorithms and functions: 1. hybrid parallelism of domain decomposition and particle parallelism; 2. particle data structure, which manages particle information and automatically performs asynchronous communication between decomposed domains; 3. subset data structure, which provides an efficient management strategy for materials and tally data; 4. particle tracking method on structured/unstructured mesh and k-dimensional tree (KD-Tree) acceleration algorithm; 5. condensed application programming interface for the rapid development of Monte Carlo code based on the middleware. We transplanted the fixed source module of the J Monte Carlo transport code (JMCT) which was based on constructive solid geometry (CSG) to the middleware for verification. The results indicated that the serial particle tracking efficiency of an unstructured mesh model was 6.56 times as high as that of MCNP6 and the serial simulation efficiency of the corresponding structured mesh model was basically equivalent to that of JMCT. The parallel efficiency of domain decomposition was higher than that of JMCT. We also calculated the shielding problem of the Qinshan No. 1 reactor through hybrid parallelism. The results were in good agreement with the experimental data, and the hybrid parallel efficiencies were higher than 65% on 4000 CPU cores.

Optimized Resource Allocation in IoT Using Fuzzy Logic and Bio-Inspired Algorithms

IoT smart devices are a confluence of microprocessors, sensors, power source and transceiver modules to effectively sense, communicate and transfer data. Energy efficiency is a key governing value of the network performance of smart devices in distributed IoT networks. Low and discrete power and limited amount of memory and finite number of resources form some major bottlenecks in the workflow. Dynamic load balancing, reliability and flexibility are heavily relied upon by cloud computing for its accessibility. Resources are dynamically provided to the end client in an as-come on-demand fashion with the global network that is the Internet. Proportionally the need for services is increasing at a rate that is astonishing compared to any other forms of development. Load balancing seems a major challenge faced due to the architecture and the modular nature of our cloud environment. Loads need to be distributed dynamically to all the nodes. In this paper, we have introduced a technique that combines fuzzy logic with various nature inspired algorithms—grey wolf algorithm and firefly algorithm to effectively balance the load in a network of IoT devices. The performances of various nature inspired algorithms are compared with a brute force approach based on energy efficiency, network lifetime maximization, node failure rate and packet delivery ratio.