Output Power Of Module Research Articles

The impact of spectral distribution on photovoltaic power generation and its quantitative evaluation model

With the implementation of energy saving and carbon reduction, the quantitative analysis of solar energy spectral characteristics has been paid more and more attention. Currently, the international test standards provide a spectral distribution with a large span between different wavebands, which makes it difficult to meet the needs of special spectral wavebands. In this paper, based on the principle of spectral splitting, the spectral distribution of solar radiation models (SDSR models) is proposed, and the differences in the spectral distributions of natural outdoor and artificial indoor light sources are evaluated. Firstly, the differences in PV module output power between the outdoor light sources and indoor artificial light sources are assessed in terms of inclination angle and solar radiation, respectively. Secondly, based on that difference, the influencing factors of the spectral distribution of solar radiation are investigated, and the SDSR models of different wavelengths is established based on spectral analysis results. Finally, based on the established SDSR models, the spectral distribution modified models (SDM models) for different inclination angles under artificial light sources is proposed. By comparing the calculated values of the SDM models with the measured data, the calculated values of the model are close to the measured data at different incidence angles. The SDM models proposed in this paper shortens the gap between the spectral distribution of the artificial light source and the outdoor natural light source, and reveal the influence mechanism of the difference in the output power of indoor and outdoor PV modules from the perspective of the spectral distribution. The results can provide guidance for the spectral distribution of solar radiation and the quantitative modification of the artificial light source.

A Comparative Study of PSO, GWO, and HOA Algorithms for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract Solar energy harnessed through photovoltaic technology plays a crucial role in generating electrical energy. Maximising the power output of solar modules requires optimal solar radiation. However, challenges arise due to obstacles such as stationary objects, buildings, and sand-laden winds, resulting in multiple points of maximum power on the P–V curve. This problem requires the use of maximum power point tracking algorithms, especially in unstable climatic conditions and partial shading scenarios. In this study, we propose a comparative analysis of three MPPT methods: particle swarm optimisation (PSO), grey wolf optimisation (GWO) and Horse Herd Optimization Algorithm (HOA) under dynamic partial shading conditions. We evaluate the accuracy of these methods using Matlab / Simulink simulations. The results show that all three methods solve partial shading problems effectively and with high precision. Furthermore, the Horse Herd Optimization approach has superior tracking accuracy and faster convergence compared with the other proposed methods.

THE SIMULATION MODEL OF AN AUTONOMOUS ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS

The presence of a centralized power supply with the appropriate infrastructure and an extensive distribution network with significant technological losses not only causes increased risks, but also calls into question the quality and reliability of the energy supply of remote objects. The use of small power plants based on renewable energy sources can solve the problem of power supply of transport infrastructure objects (public transport stops, pedestrian crossings, traffic control elements, etc.). However, the expediency of using one or another energy source requires simulation modeling of the parameters of these power supply systems. The purpose of this study is to develop a simulation model of the autonomous energy supply system of road infrastructure objects and to check its functioning in real conditions. The article describes the structural simulation model and presents the characteristics of its components. The order of functioning of the constituent elements and the peculiarities of their interaction are given. Experimental modeling of the dependences of the output power of the photovoltaic module on the voltage maintained at its output was carried out, and the obtained results were summarized. The developed model makes it possible to implement the mode of maintaining maximum performance thanks to the introduction of feedback to control the value of the input voltage of the converter, which is compared with the calculated (set) value of the voltage, calculated from the data of the actual load current and short-circuit current of the photovoltaic module for different values of light flux. The result of the comparison, with the appropriate sign, is sent to the proportional-integral regulator, the output control effect of which is the regulation of the output voltage of the converter and, related to it, the charging current of the battery, which, therefore, leads to a change in the input current and ensures the maintenance of the set voltage at solar cell outputs. Under this condition, its output current is directly proportional to the amount of solar radiation. It is also established that the selection of the minimum required capacity of the photovoltaic panel must be carried out taking into account the most unfavorable scenario regarding weather conditions and the season of the year in order to ensure the maximum charge of the battery.

Categorizing Indian states based on operating condition of photovoltaic system

Electricity generation of a photovoltaic (PV) module is primarily affected by local weather conditions, which vary significantly across vast geographic areas. This work introduces an approach to categorize Indian states based on outdoor operating conditions of PV modules that influence performance and reliability. Module temperature and irradiance are the two most important parameters which affect PV performance. Relative humidity (RH), module temperature, and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) are the three most important parameters that affect PV reliability. In this work, the PV module's most frequent operating condition (MFOC) of temperature and irradiance corresponding to maximum energy production has been analyzed for dominant PV technology (multi-crystalline silicon). Data from various sites across India were analyzed and subsequently grouped by state as PV installation decisions are generally based on state-level factors, such as state business policies, incentives, availability of local human resources, state power policies, etc. The MFOC method used in this work was supported by experimental results. Based on estimated states' MFOC, PV module output power has been obtained and compared with its rated power. Further in this work, major stressors affecting PV modules namely average RH, module temperature, and total annual GHI have been analyzed for different Indian states. Based on these specific stressors, states with similar stressor patterns have been grouped by the k-means clustering method. Results of MFOC estimation show potential for additional standardization methods to estimate PV system performance accurately. Statistical analysis of stressors highlights the importance of selecting PV technology modules carefully.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF P&O AND PSO MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR PV SYSTEMS UNDER PARTIAL SHADING

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are devices that transform photon energy into electrical energy. The output power of the PV modules is influenced by the intensity of solar radiation and the ambient temperature. Non-uniform shading can cause variations in the extent of sunlight absorbed by PV modules, resulting in a decrease in power output. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are employed to optimize the power output of PV modules by operating them at their maximum power point (MPP). The main objective of the study is to investigate the performance analysis of Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) MPPT strategies in uniform and partially shaded conditions with equally and unequally different irradiance differences. Simulation studies were conducted on the PV circuit model using Matlab/Simulink, and the results were evaluated. MPPT algorithms are compared based on their tracking efficiency and convergence speed when solar radiation conditions vary. The findings of the simulation indicate that the P&O is unable to determine global MPP and gets trapped in one of the local MPPs. However, the PSO is very effective in tracking MPP under different partial shading patterns with more than 96% tracking efficiency. In the first partial shading configuration where the sunlight intensity of the PV modules is uniformly distributed, the PSO technique has reduced steady-state oscillations around the MPP. However, the P&O technique demonstrates superior response time and convergence speed in comparison to the PSO technique.

Partial Shading Effect on Power Generation of BIPV System in Bangladesh

The research tries to observe the power difference for the PV module in the case of the partial and void of partial shading in Bangladesh. For analysis of the partial shading effect on the PV module it is necessary to establish an experiment set up for the PV module. To investigate the power output from PV module the partial shading effect has been generated using the paper coverage. The experimental result shows that the photovoltaic module can generate up to 41% more power output in the case of the void of the shading effect rather than in the shading effect. Around 50% portion of the PV module has been shaded for making partial shading effect. The other important factors influencing the output power of the PV module are solar irradiance, cell temperature; ideality factor. To get the maximum output it is essential to avoid shading effect which will help to generate more power. In this paper, MATLAB simulation of PV module has been done showing the partial shading effect under consideration of various factors like series resistance, ideality factor, temperature. Partial shading effect has been created by varying the level of solar radiation. An experiment has been carried out to see the overall performance of PV module under shading effect at a fixed tilt angle.

Characterization of Cost-Saving Monofacial PERC Module under Field Conditions in South Korea

The photovoltaic (PV) industry is constantly striving to increase module power output while decreasing costs. Importantly, the performance and reliability of cost-saving products should be evaluated before being launched into the PV market to avoid any unnecessary side effects. This study investigated the performance of a monofacial module employing a cost-saving bifacial cell installed at a carport in South Korea. The bifacial cell reduces costs, compared to monofacial cell, by using a lower quantity of aluminum paste on its rear; consequently, it has become a popular product in the PV industry. The monofacial module employing the bifacial cell showed an improved voltage temperature coefficient and low-light performance over monofacial cell-based module. Our field data highlight three conclusions from the bifacial cell-based module; it showed (1) different voltage temperature coefficients with better performance at lower temperatures, (2) better low-light performance owing to high series resistance, and (3) high current owing to its bifaciality. Notably, under high irradiance and temperature conditions, the bifacial cell performed worse than the monofacial cell. We concluded that this type of cell may perform well under northern European climatic conditions, though further investigation is required to optimize cell performance under various weather conditions.

Performance evaluation of solar panels under different dust accumulation conditions using thermography: focusing on PV temperature variation

Degradation performance of photovoltaic modules (SPV) by real conditions has become increasingly problematic. In dusty areas, dust accumulation is one of the main concerns that may cause a significant determination of SPV efficiency. In the current study, the effect of four dust-accumulated densities of 6, 12, 18, and 24 g/m2 have been investigated in outdoor conditions in Cairo, Egypt. The performance evaluation of SPV modules in the form of front and backside temperatures of the SPV module has been evaluated in addition to current, voltage, power, and efficiency of the SPV modules. The results showed that, as compared with a clean SPV module, with increasing dust density from 6 to 24 g/m2 the frontside temperature of SPV modules were lower by 6–8 ℃. While their backside temperatures were found to be higher by 2–6 ℃. In addition, the difference between the backside and frontside temperatures of the SPV module ranged from 5 to 14 ℃ for dust modules as compared with 3 ℃ for the clean SPV module. The output power and efficiency of dusty SPV modules were found to be lower by 6–45% and 13–38%, respectively as compared with clean SPV module. The results clearly showed the importance of properly maintaining and servicing the SPV modules to avoid their degradation by dust accumulated.

Research on X-ray-based energy conversion technology and assessment of application prospect

A new type of wireless energy transfer (radiation energy to electricity) power system is proposed for small-scale distributed energy utilization. To utilize radiation energy efficiently, energy conversion technologies based on different conversion modules and dissimilar material combination schemes are used. A variety of schemes such as single photovoltaic cell and single/multilayer fluorescent layer integrated with photovoltaic cell are designed. The maximum power density ranges from 7.93 nW/cm3 (tube voltage: 30 kV, tube current: 1 mA) to 6.7 µW/cm3 (tube voltage: 110 kV, tube current: 1 mA). After the structure layout of the system is matched and optimized, the maximum output power in radio-luminescent mode can be much higher than that in radio-voltaic mode. In particular, the maximum output power of conversion modules with a stacked layer can be increased by more than 36 times in radio-luminescent mode compared to radio-voltaic mode. At the same time, the effect of the distance of wireless energy transfer on the output performance of the energy conversion module is analyzed. To adjust the radiation intensity and field parameters better, X-ray tube is used as the radiation excitation source for performance testing and analysis. The performance attenuation of different energy conversion modules is similar when responding to X-ray over long distances. Compared with the radio-voltaic mode, the findings of this paper show that the output power of the system based on the radio-luminescent mode can be an order of magnitude higher.

Ytterbium-doped fiber laser as a source of coexisting narrow-band thermal light and optical rogue waves: Experimental demonstration

In this paper, we show that a continuous-wave ytterbium-doped fiber laser implemented in the conventional configuration of a Fabry-Perot cavity with two fiber Bragg gratings as selective reflectors and a moderate output power (tens of watts) generates two groups of photons, each of which is characterized by its own statistics. The statistics of the first group are described by the M−fold degenerate Bose-Einstein distribution, where M is the number of independent states of spontaneous emission, which, in turn, depends on the laser linewidth and the radiofrequency band of the recording equipment. This kind of light is classified as narrow-band thermal light. The second group of photons is described by the extreme-value exponential statistics with a probability of encountering extremely large photon events much greater than expected from the Bose-Einstein distribution, which is classified as optical rogue waves. At a low laser power, the first group of photons strongly dominates over the second. As the laser power increases, the fraction of photons of the second group increases monotonically; above a certain threshold, the fraction of this group increases, reaching tens of percent of the total number of laser photons.

Exploring cyanobacteria seed resources and corresponding gas-vesicle-biosynthetic elements for producing ultrasound molecular imaging probes

Use of gas vesicles (GVs) as biosynthetic ultrasound molecular imaging (UMI) probes has become a hot topic of research in recent years owing to their advantages of high stability, low risk of toxicity, genetic engineering characterization, easy post-modification, and drug-loading potential. Exploration of natural GV biosynthetic resources and their corresponding biosynthetic elements for various ultrasonic diagnosis and treatment needs to be developed in this field. In this study, we utilized the sequenced cyanobacteria resources preserved in the Freshwater Algae Culture Collection at the Institute of Hydrobiology (FACHB) to screen seed cells and corresponding synthetic elements for biosynthesis of UMI probes. GV operons from the genomes of 158 strains of cyanobacteria were analyzed to identify their natural GV biosynthetic elements. Based on the ultrasound screening method (VINNO D860LAB, 2D transducer X6-16L, 50 % output power mode, MI: 1.116), 57 seed resources with biosynthetic UMI probe potential from 10 genera were selected from 158 strains of cyanobacteria, corresponding to 28 types of effective biosynthetic elements. These results provide a theoretical basis for future mass production of customized GVs in chassis cells and their application in UMI.

Evaluation of the Performance of Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline PV Technologies in a Hot and Arid Region: An Experimental Analysis

In arid regions, the behavior of solar panels changes significantly compared to the datasheets provided by the manufacturer. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the performance of both polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar modules in an arid region characterized by a large potential for solar irradiation and high temperatures. The influence of environmental parameters, such as temperature and dust, on the output power of solar modules with different technologies (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) has been investigated. The Artificial Hummingbirds Algorithm (AHA) has been used to extract parameters for PV modules. As a result, it has been demonstrated that for high solar irradiation, the polycrystalline PV module experiences a smaller decrease in output power than the monocrystalline PV module as the module temperature increases. The percentage drop in output power is approximately 14% for the polycrystalline PV module and nearly 16% for the monocrystalline PV module. However, for low solar irradiation, it is advisable to use monocrystalline modules, as a 21% decrease in power was observed for polycrystalline modules compared to a 9% decrease for monocrystalline modules. Additionally, the monocrystalline PV module was more affected by dust than the polycrystalline PV module under high solar irradiation conditions, while under low incident solar radiation, the polycrystalline PV module was more affected by dust than the monocrystalline PV module. The power drop of the monocrystalline PV module was greater than that of the polycrystalline PV module for high solar radiation (>500 W/m2). Therefore, the advantage of this proposed work is to recommend the use of polycrystalline solar panels in regions characterized by high solar irradiation and high temperatures instead of monocrystalline solar panels, which are more efficient in regions worldwide characterized by low solar irradiation and low temperatures.

Experimental study on the effect of dust particle deposition on photovoltaic performance of urban buildings

The output characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules can be negatively affected by the density of snowfall in winter and ash accumulation in summer. In order to solve this problem, an experimental platform for PV power generation with four angles of 0°, 30°, 45° and 60° was built in Shenbei New District, Shenyang City, China. The characteristics of ash accumulation on the surface of PV modules were studied and analyzed by SEM and XRD. The effects of snowfall, ash accumulation density and PV module angle on the output power and power attenuation rate of PV modules were investigated. The experimental results show that snowfall had both positive and negative effects on PV modules. The output power of the PV module decreases as the ash density increases. Based on the dust coverage density and tilt angle in the test data, empirical formulas are proposed to predict the average power reduction rate.

Impact of dust particles on the output power of photovoltaic modules in Calabar, Cross River State

During the dry season, dust particles on photovoltaic modules (PV modules) are a regular occurrence in Calabar, Cross River State. This dusty condition or environment is caused by the migration of dust particles from the Sahara region via the east-west wind. The concentration of dust on PV modules has an impact on the overall performance of solar energy systems. This research looks into the effect of dust particles on the output power of solar modules. This investigation was carried out by subjecting 80-watt monocrystalline PV modules to an outdoor experiment and analyzing the changes in current and voltage from the control and dusty PV modules with a digital multimeter. Other environmental factors such as relative humidity, ambient temperature, and solar radiation were also measured with a hygrometer, thermometer, and solar power meter respectively. Appropriate formulars were employed to calculate output power and efficiency. Dust particles on the surface of PV modules dramatically reduces the quantity of sunlight that penetrate the panel by 21.10%, resulting in a drop in the system's overall output power. The study emphasizes on the importance of frequent cleaning and maintenance of PV systems.

An implemented Structure for enhancing the Electrical Output Power of a Photovoltaic Module Based on Active Nano-fluid cooling Technique

An implemented Structure for enhancing the Electrical Output Power of a Photovoltaic Module Based on Active Nano-fluid cooling Technique

A STANDALONE DC MICROGRID ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY USING THE BATTERY STATE OF CHARGE

This article introduces an enhanced energy management strategy that employs the state of charge (SoC) of batteries in standalone DC microgrids with photovoltaic (PV) modules. Efficient energy management is crucial to ensure uninterrupted power supply to the load units in microgrids. To address the challenges posed by external factors such as temperature fluctuations and variations in solar irradiance, energy storage systems are deployed to compensate for the negative effects of the external factors on the output power of PV modules. The proposed approach takes into account various parameters of the microgrid elements, including the available power from the sources, demand power, and the SoC of batteries, in order to develop an efficient energy control mechanism with load-shedding capability. By considering these parameters, the strategy aims to optimize the utilization of available resources while ensuring a reliable power supply to the connected loads. The SoC of the batteries plays a critical role in determining optimal charging and discharging profiles, enabling effective energy management within the microgrid. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, an algorithm is designed and simulations are conducted. The proposed algorithm utilizes a hybrid approach by combining power and SoC-based methods for efficient control. Through analysis of the simulation results, it is found that the presented approach is capable of delivering the intended load power while increasing the life cycle of the batteries with the pre-defined SoC levels.

Efficiency Optimization and Control Strategy of Four-Switch Buck–Boost Converter for Wide Conversion Ratio

An improved control strategy for the four-switch buck-boost (FSBB) converter is proposed to improve the efficiency in a wide conversion ratio and wide loads. The conventional duty-cycle-controlled FSBB converter can not achieve the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for all the switches, while the converter has a dead zone issue. The proposed control strategy is controlled by the duty cycle and phase shift control. The control law is derived from the analytical solution of the optimized current stress with the constraint of the ZVS for all the switches. The working modes in the proposed control strategy can cover the whole load in a wide conversion ratio. Furthermore, the dead zone issue is removed. The modulation surface and output power surface versus the conversion ratio and control variable demonstrate the working modes are switched seamlessly. The control strategy is implemented in the digital controller. Finally, the experimental results verify the higher efficiency and dynamic performance of the control strategy.

Development of passivating edge shingle modules with right cut, new loss evaluation and liquid-based edge passivation strategy

Shingle interconnected cells and high-performance silicon solar cells are the main technologies applied for the development of next-generation Photovoltaic (PV). Nonetheless, the assembly process of high-efficiency shingle configuration modules faces several problems. Such challenges encompass the processes of complete silicon cell separation, the proper assessment of the losses during cell separation, and the post-passivation treatment of newly formed edges in the shingle module. We conducted this study to address the aforementioned issues. I) Our findings revealed that the cutting during high-efficiency cell separation should be performed on the back surface field (BSF) side; II) Furthermore, we quantified the slice cutting loss by introducing a rational definition of the cell separation factor K and utilizing the Suns-VOC method; III) Additionally, we developed efficient shingle mini-modules and passivated the sub-cell edge of the modules. These measures resulted in a considerable increase in the output power of the PV module while effectively reducing cell-to-module (CTM) losses. Based on the concept of the “Liquid-based Edge Passivation Strategy (LEPS)”- developed in this work, using a four-sub-cell configuration shingle mini-module, we finally achieved the following increased parameter efficiency: +0.32% of abs, +15.1 mV of open circuit voltage, +0.76% of fill factor, and +7.8 mW of power gain. The results obtained in this research culminated in advancing the methods employed in assembling next-generation high-efficiency PV modules and striking maximum power output PV modules. Moreover, our present findings serve as a technical reference and open up new avenues for the potential photovoltaic industry transformation and upgrading.

Modeling of cotton dust effects using indigenously designed experimental setup for solar powered textile industry in Pakistan

ABSTRACT The performance improvement of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is envisaged to be one of the prime concerns for today’s energy sector to ensure optimal power yield. This paper investigates the impact of cotton dust on the solar-powered PV plant in the textile industry. In the first stage, using HM3301, the hourly data of cotton dust (6759 µg/m3) has been collected from an installed 250 kW system of a textile industry located in the hot-humid area of Pakistan. In the second stage, to model the same collected data, an indigenous experimental chamber has been constructed. The chamber has been designed to facilitate the fixed and moveable PV module. In the former type, the panel orientation was fixed at 30°, while the later configuration incorporates the moveable module that rotates with respect to the sun rotation. The experiment has been conducted for 96 hours spread over 12 days for each configuration, which collects the hourly data of humidity, temperature, voltage, current, and dust through five different dedicated sensors. The observed results show that the power output from the fixed PV configuration is 5.32% lesser than the movable configuration. PV panel power output efficiency of fixed configuration decreases from 0.134% to 0.102%. Similarly, the power output efficiency of movable PV module decreases from 0.147% to 0.115%.This illustrates cotton dust reduces the power output greater in fixed configuration as compared to movable configuration. Furthermore, linear regression analysis has been used on acquired data of power output and cotton dust accumulation that shows both quantities are highly correlated up to 97.6% and 95.1%, respectively. Also, by using the regression equation maximum quantity of cotton dust has been computed, which shows 0.116 grams for fixed and 0.129 grams for moveable configuration that will minimize the power output of the PV module. Through this study, textile units can devise periodic cleaning and assessment patterns that will help to maintain the power output and increase the life of the PV power plant.

A Survey of Decommissioned Photovoltaic Modules from Solar Power Plants in Thailand: Performance and Second Life Opportunities

Four hundred decommissioned solar photovoltaic (PV) modules from nine utility‐scale solar power plants in Thailand have been surveyed on site by means of visual inspection, insulation testing and outdoor current–voltage (I–V) curve measurement. These included amorphous silicon (a‐Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS or CIS) and multi crystalline silicon (multi c‐Si) PV modules after 6–9 years of operation. The most observed visual defect was the permanent edge soiling for all types of PV modules. The degradation rate (DR) for maximum power output (Pm) of the PV modules has varied widely, from 1.5%/year to 9%/year. 83% of the total amount of modules in this study still has the Pm of above 70% of their initial value, suggesting a potential for second use. Our findings are informative for a further study on PV reliability in the tropics and also can be used to develop mechanisms for handling decommissioned PV modules from solar farms, e.g., screening procedure concerning performance, safety, and reliability aspects before their second life application. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.