Electronic Modules Research Articles

Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Catalysts: Strategies for d-Band Modulation by Electronic Structure Modification.

The effective use of metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials in the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) relies on the understanding of their structural and electronic properties. While the structure and morphology of MOF-derived catalysts significantly impact HER activity, tuning the d-band structure through electronic structure modulation has emerged as a key factor in optimizing catalytic performance. Techniques such as composition tuning, heteroatom doping, surface modification, and interface engineering were found to be effective methods for manipulating the electronic configuration and, in turn, modulating the d-band. This review systematically explores the design strategies for MOF-derived catalysts by focusing on electronic structure modulation. It provides a detailed discussion of the various methods - used to modulate the electronic structure. Furthermore, the review establishes the relationship between d-band tuning, Gibbs free energy, and electronic structure modulation, supported by both spectroscopic and theoretical evidences.

Higher Harmonic Generation Arising from the Bessel Function Expansions of the Carrier-Envelope-Phase Driven by the Femtosecond Optical Kerr Effect

This paper expands upon previous reports based on the EM Kerr model-based HHG simulation from the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the electromagnetic laser light wave based on electronic self-phase modulation (ESPM) from the optical Kerr index. The underpinning mechanism described for generating HHG arises from the CEP of the nonlinear index of refraction, which yields a series of Bessel functions. The envelope of the electric field E(t) of the intense ultrashort light pulses drives the CEP, resulting in many Bessel functions, one of the salient features of HHG. The HHG from the large number of Bessel function modes can produce attosecond pulses and possibly can even produce zeptosecond pulses by Kerr mode-locking among the large number N of Bessel functions.

Electronic Structure Modulation and Enhanced Optical-Thermoelectric Performance through Relativistic Band Engineering in Eu-doped La2O3 (1.25%, 2.25%): Advancing PC-LED Technology via GGA+U+SOC Analysis

Electronic Structure Modulation and Enhanced Optical-Thermoelectric Performance through Relativistic Band Engineering in Eu-doped La2O3 (1.25%, 2.25%): Advancing PC-LED Technology via GGA+U+SOC Analysis

Electronic and optical properties modulation of heterostructures based on GeP3 and h-BN under biaxial strain

Electronic and optical properties modulation of heterostructures based on GeP3 and h-BN under biaxial strain

Development and testing of compact electronic modules for detectors based on SiPM array

Development and testing of compact electronic modules for detectors based on SiPM array

Low-Level Fe Doping in CoMoO4 Enhances Surface Reconstruction and Electronic Modulation Creating an Outstanding OER Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting.

Efficient and stable nonprecious metal-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are pivotal for water electrolysis technology. Herein, we are reporting an effective strategy for fabricating efficient Co-based OER electrocatalysts by low-level Fe doping in CoMoO4 to boost surface reconstruction and electronic modulation, which resulted in excellent OER electroactivity consequently. Our findings reveal that a mere 5.30% (wt %) of Fe doping can raise the O 2p band center energy nearer to the Fermi level, reduce the energy barrier for oxygen vacancy (VO) formation, and significantly enhance OER electrocatalytic activity. Additionally, the fast dissolution of Mo in the initial reaction facilitated surface reconstruction to form active oxyhydroxide species and stabilized Fe and Co from leaching. As a result, the optimized catalyst Fe-CoMoO4-0.2 exhibited a low overpotential of 276 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH and can operate stably at a current density of 20 mA cm-2 for at least 24 h under water splitting conditions. This work provides an excellent example of regulating the surface structure and electronic properties of the OER catalysts.

Validity of the Content of Science E-Module Based on Problem Based Learning Containing Ethnoscience to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability

Biodiversity ecology and ethnoscience are materials that are considered difficult to understand because they have to relate abstract material to the problems of everyday life and also the culture/beliefs of a region. Interactive teaching materials play a role in increasing student’s understanding and improving their critical thinking abilities. This research aims to produce interactive teaching materials based on electronic modules that are valid to use as learning media. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach for data analysis. The content validity in this research includes media validity, material validity, learning expert validity and language validation which have been validated by expert validators and practitioners according to their fields. Aspects measured for media validation include learning unit presentation techniques, presentation completeness, e-module size, cover design, and learning unit content design, while material validity includes aspects of material completeness, material breadth, material depth, material accuracy, and up-to-date and contextual. Learning expert validation includes content, strategies, learning evaluation and assessment. Linguist validation includes straightforward, communicative, dialogical, and interactive, suitability for student development, language and slides or icons. Based on the research results, the average validity test for material was 0.89, media was 0.90, learning expert was 0.94 and language was 1.00, these four validations can be stated to be included in the valid category. It was concluded that the science e-module is suitable for use as a learning medium based on Problem Based Learning and containing ethnoscience to improve students' critical thinking skills on ecology and biodiversity material

Selective quantification of nitrogen dioxide in the presence of interfering gases via electronic modulation of MoS2 by Ru doping

Selective quantification of nitrogen dioxide in the presence of interfering gases via electronic modulation of MoS2 by Ru doping

A numerical study of unusual flux decreases for cosmic ray protons and electrons observed by Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer in 2017

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), installed on the International Space Station, delivers precision measurements of cosmic proton fluxes and electron fluxes, providing unique inputs to further improve our understanding of the solar modulation of cosmic protons and electrons. The latest measurements published by AMS show significant decreases in daily cosmic proton fluxes and electron fluxes in the second half of 2017 (approximately from June 11, 2017 to December 23, 2017). A special structure, known as a loop, appears in the electron-proton hysteresis during this period. These declining fluxes, as well as their recovery toward solar minimum modulation, could be attributed to solar wind structures such as global merged interaction regions (GMIRs), which can affect cosmic ray flux for several months, as well as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We aim to find the reason for the decrease and clarify the solar modulation mechanism underlying the loop structure. We developed a 3D numerical model based on Parker transport equation, which is solved as a set of stochastic differential equations, combined with diffusion barriers propagating away from the Sun. Correspondingly, the relevant parameters can be tuned up. The unusual changes in cosmic proton fluxes and electron fluxes in the second half of 2017 could be caused by CMEs and GMIRs. The decreases in these fluxes in 2017, with rigidities below 11 GV, have been successfully reproduced. Daily variations at Earth in terms of the diffusion coefficients (and their mean-free paths) were subsequently obtained. Furthermore, our simulation reveals that the electron-proton hysteresis loop structure in 2017 results from the different responses of protons and electrons to solar modulation, especially with respect to drift and diffusion processes in the heliosphere.

Spin State Modulation with Oxygen Vacancy Orientates C/N Intermediates for Urea Electrosynthesis of Ultrahigh Efficiency.

The co-electrolysis of CO2 and NO3 - to synthesize urea has become an effective pathway to alternate the conventional Bosch-Meiser process, while the complexity of C-/N-containing intermediates for C-N coupling results in the urea electrosynthesis of unsatisfactory efficiency. In this work, an electronic spin state modulation maneuver with oxygen vacancies (Ov) is unveiled to effectively meliorate the oriented generation of key intermediates *NH2 and *CO for C-N coupling, furnishing urea in ultrahigh yield of 2175.47µg mg-1h-1 and Faraday efficiency of 70.1%. Mechanistic studies expound that Ov can induce the conversion of the high-spin state Ni2+ (t2g 6eg 2) of Ni@CeO2-x to the low-spin state Ni3+ (t2g 6eg 1), which markedly enhances the hybridization degree of the Ni 3d and the N 2p orbitals of *NO, facilitating the selective formation of *NH2. Notably, the in situ generated *NH2 intermediates can serve as a localized proton donor to promote the electroreduction of CO2 on the adjacent site Ce3+-O to exclusively afford *CO, followed by C-N coupling of each other to efficiently synthesize urea. The strategy of tailored switching of the active site spin state provides a reliable reference to rectify the electronic structure of electrocatalysts for directional CO2 valorization.

Development of E-Module for Learning Folklore Based on Local Wisdom

This study aims to describe the development and feasibility of electronic modules based on local wisdom in learning Folklore in high schools in the Teluk Tomini area. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) type with a 4D development model (define, design, development, and dissemination). The data collected was in the form of electronic module validation data and student responses. Experts in materials, media, language, and education practitioners carry out validation. The data collection techniques used were observation, questionnaire and interview. The data analysis used validity analysis, practicality analysis, and effectiveness analysis. The validation results show that the e-module has experienced a significant improvement after the revision. The media validation score increased from 3.63 to 4.75, while the material validation increased from 3.8 to 5 after story and media content improvements. Language validation also increased from 3.42 to 4.75, indicating that the module is easy to understand and appropriate to student development. The small and large group trials showed student responses with an average of 82.45%, which showed that this module was feasible, practical, and effective in increasing students' motivation and cultural literacy.

Engineering active sites on N, S co-doped carbon matrix-encapsulated Ni-modified Co9S8 nanoparticles enabling efficient urea electrooxidation.

Interface engineering and electronic modulation enable precise tuning of the electronic structure, thereby maximizing the efficacy of active sites and significantly enhancing the activity and stability of the electrocatalyst. Herein, a hybrid material composed of Ni-modified Co9S8 nanoparticles ((Co, Ni)9S8) encapsulated within an N, S co-doped carbon matrix (SNC) and anchored onto S-doped carbonized wood fibers (SCWF) is synthesized using a straightforward simultaneous carbonization and sulfidation approach. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the highly electronegative Ni element promotes electron cloud migration from Co to Ni, shifting the d-band center of Co closer to the Fermi level. This Ni modification induces a synergistic effect, optimizing the internal electronic structure of the central Co metal site and enhancing intermediate adsorption. Additionally, the N, S co-doped carbon encapsulation structure and the anchoring effect of SCWF protect (Co, Ni)9S8 nanoparticles from agglomeration during the catalytic process, resulting in excellent long-term operational stability. Consequently, an ultralow potential of 1.34V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) is sufficient to achieve a current density of 50mA cm-2 with remarkable stability. The (Co, Ni)9S8@SNC/SCWF material exhibits superior urea oxidation reaction (UOR) activity and long-term stability compared to recently reported electrocatalysts. For overall urea splitting, an electrolyzed utilizing UOR instead of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) requires only 1.47V to reach 50mA cm-2 with excellent stability, which is 220mV less than the HER||OER system. This research sets the foundation for developing highly efficient UOR electrocatalysts, offering significant potential for advancing energy-efficient hydrogen generation from renewable sources.

Electron-Donating Zr Induces Suppressed Ru Over-Oxidation and Accelerated Deprotonation Process Toward Efficient and Durable Water Electrolysis.

The scarcity of cost-effective and durable iridium-free anode electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) poses a significant challenge to the widespread application of the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE). To address the electrochemical oxidation and dissolution issues of Ru-based electrocatalysts, an electron-donating modification strategy is developed to stabilize WRuOx under harsh oxidative conditions. The optimized catalyst with a low Zirconium doping (Zr, 1 wt.%) enhances durability noticeably, with a 77% reduction in degradation rate in the durability test of 10 mA cm-2 in 0.5 m H2SO4. When integrated into a homemade PEMWE device, the Zr-doped catalyst achievesexcellent long-term stability, lasting up to 650 h at 100 mA cm⁻2. Additionally, the electronic modulation from the Zr modification leads to superior activity with a low overpotential of 208 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Theoretical calculation results further reveal that electron-donating Zr modification effectively suppresses Ru overoxidation and lattice oxygen participation, maintaining a robust structure during acidic OER. This modification also promotes deprotonation through stronger Brønsted acid sites, significantly improving both long-term stability and activity.

Electronic Structure Modulation in N, P, S Tri‐Doped Nanofibers with Interpenetrated Pores for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction

AbstractMulti‐heteroatom‐doped metal‐free carbons with well‐tailored electronic structures are regarded as promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. However, their active sites are often hindered by the carbon matrix, resulting in reduced catalytic activity. Herein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur tri‐doped hollow hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (NPS‐HPCNFs) with interpenetrated pores are synthesized using a facile coaxial electrospinning method. The distinctive steric confinement induced by the interpenetrated pores created a positive microenvironment for the ORR. As a result, the resultant NPS‐HPCNF catalyst exhibits a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.86 V (vs. RHE) and superb long‐term stability in 0.1 m KOH. Furthermore, the zinc‐air battery (ZAB) assembled with NPS‐HPCNF achieves a great peak power density of 210 mW cm−2 and a superior specific capacity of 795 mAh g−1, outperforming the commercial Pt/C candidate. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the synergistic effect of the N, P, S tri‐doping combined with defect sites effectively regulated the electronic structure and significantly enhanced the *OOH adsorption, thus accelerating the ORR process. Therefore, the tri‐doped carbon nanofibers with abundant interpenetrated pores represent a promising and eco‐friendly alternative to state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C electrocatalysts for various electrochemical energy applications.

Electronic structure modulation of ultrathin PtRuMoCoNi high-entropy alloy nanowires for boosting peroxidase-like activity and sensitive colorimetric determinationof isoniazid and hydrazine.

Self-supported ultrathin PtRuMoCoNi high-entropy alloy nanowires (HEANWs) were synthesized by a one-pot co-reduction method, whose peroxidase (POD)-like activity and catalytic mechanism were elaborated in detail. As expected, the PtRuMoCoNi HEANWs showed excellent POD-like activity. It can quickly catalyze the oxidization of colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue OXTMB through decomposition of H2O2 to superoxide radicals. Notably, isoniazid and hydrazine effectively scavenge the as-produced superoxide radicals and reduce the blue OXTMB, showing high reduction ability and antioxidant property. Thus, the PtRuMoCoNi HEANW-derived colorimetric method was developed for determination of isoniazid and hydrazine, which exhibited the linear ranges of 1.5 to 50μM and 25 to 200μM coupled with the lower detection limits of 2.3 and 12.6μM for isoniazid and hydrazine, respectively. The excellent analytical performance mainly results from the synergistic catalytic effect of the multiple metals and distinctive ultra-thin nanowires. This work provides a simple and rapid colorimetric method for the determination of isoniazid and hydrazine in actual samples.

Electronic Structure Modulation Enables Sodium Compensation in Cathode Organic Additives for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Electronic Structure Modulation Enables Sodium Compensation in Cathode Organic Additives for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Chip warpage and stress analysis in power modules of different substrate configurations

Purpose This paper aims to use rigorous finite element simulations to investigate the impact of different substrate systems on the warpage behavior of silicon (Si) chips of power modules exposed to thermal loading. Design/methodology/approach Three common substrate systems: direct copper bonded (DCB), insulated metal substrate (IMS) and printed circuit board (PCB) configurations examined. In addition, three lead-free bonding materials: silver-tin transient liquid phase (TLP), sintered silver (Ag) and sintered copper (Cu). This results in nine assembly configurations. Finite element models of the electronic modules are developed using ANSYS to apply thermal loads from room temperature to 250°C to induce deformations, strains and stresses in the electronic structure. Accordingly, the silicon chip deformations and maximum principal stresses of each assembly configuration are thoroughly examined. Findings The results indicate that DCB-based power modules markedly reduce Si die warpage and maximum principal stresses, suggesting enhanced resistance to thermal loads. In contrast, IMS systems exhibit the highest levels of die warpage and out-of-plane deformation. PCB substrates, however, induce the highest maximum principal stress values in the silicon die, potentially leading to accelerated crack initiation and propagation. While the die attach system has a minimal effect on die warpage, the silver-tin TLP bonds generate significantly higher die stresses compared with sintered Ag and sintered Cu, which both result in reduced stresses. Originality/value Power electronics exceptionally rely on ceramic-based and polymer-based substrate systems due to their superior thermal conductivity, heat resistance and electrical insulation properties. The strategic selection of substrate structures can significantly enhance the robustness of power. Ultimately, the findings of this research provide valuable insights for the design of highly reliable and efficient power modules subjected to thermal stress.

In Situ Selenization Induced Electron-Rich Pd with Weakened O2 Adsorption for Boosted Photocatalytic H2O2 Production.

Pd cocatalysts show great potential for the photocatalytic production of H2O2. However, the catalytic efficiency of Pd cocatalyst is limited due to the strong adsorption of O2, which promotes O-O bond cleavage and thus reduces selectivity for the two-electron O2 reduction reaction. Considering that adjusting the electron density of Pd can predominately optimize Pd-Oads bond strength, in this work, electron-rich Pd sites are constructed by introducing Bi2Se3 middle layer between Pd cocatalysts and (010) facet of BiVO4 using an in-situ selenization strategy. The photocatalytic results indicate that the designed BiVO4/Bi2Se3-Pd(0.3 %) photocatalyst achieves a high H2O2 yield of 2166 μmol L-1 in 2 h, which is 36 times and 3.75 times higher than BiVO4/Bi2Se3 and BiVO4/Pd photocatalyst, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding AQE value of BiVO4/Bi2Se3-Pd is 6.71 %. The subsequent Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and XPS spectra confirm that the introduction of Bi2Se3 via in-situ selenization increases the electron density of Pd. This enhances the formation of electron-rich Pd sites, reduces O2 adsorption, and ultimately improves the photocatalytic H2O2 yield. This strategy provides insights into designing efficient photocatalysts for H2O2 production through electronic structure modulation.

Covalent Grafting of Graphene Quantum Dots onto Stepped TiO2-Mediated Electronic Modulation for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

The interaction between electrocatalytic active centers and their support is essential to the electrocatalytic performance, which could regulate the electronic structure of the metal centers but requires precise design. Herein, we report on covalent grafting of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) on stepped TiO2 as a support to anchoring cobalt phosphide nanoparticles (CoP/GQD/S-TiO2) for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The covalent ester bonds between GQDs and TiO2 endow enlarged anchoring sites to achieve highly dispersed electroactive CoP nanoparticles but, more importantly, provide an efficient electron-transfer pathway from TiO2 to GQDs which could regulate the electronic structure of CoP. Therefore, such CoP/GQD/S-TiO2 exhibits a superior electrocatalytic HER performance compared with CoP/S-TiO2, exhibiting a mass activity which is 6.3 times that of the CoP/S-TiO2 counterpart and long-term stability over 100 h electrolysis. Mechanistic studies reveal that sufficient electron transfer occurs from TiO2 to the π-conjunction in GQDs via the Ti-C-P pathway and further injects into grafted Co centers, inducing the formation of electron-rich Co centers to enrich and stabilize the hydrated alkaline cations (AC+) for facilitated alkaline HER kinetics. Our study provides a new idea for electronic structure engineering of catalysts via covalent bonding toward boosted electrocatalysis.

Enhancing efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells: innovations in self-assembled monolayers.

Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) show remarkable potential due to their high-power conversion efficiencies and scalability. However, challenges related to stability and long-term performance remain significant. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as a crucial solution, enhancing interfacial properties, facilitating hole extraction, and minimizing non-radiative recombination. This review examines recent advancements in SAMs for PVSCs, focusing on three key areas: anchoring groups and interface engineering, electronic structure modulation as well as band alignment, and stability optimization. We emphasize the role of anchoring groups in reducing defects and improving crystallinity, alongside the ability of SAMs to fine-tune energy levels for more effective hole extraction. Additionally, co-adsorbed SAM strategies was discussed which can enhance the durability of PVSCs against thermal and moisture degradation. Overall, SAMs present a promising avenue for addressing both efficiency and stability challenges in PVSCs, paving the way toward commercial viability. Future research should prioritize long-term environmental durability and the scaling up of SAM applications for industrial implementation.