Mechanism Of Modulation Research Articles

Comprehensive immune modulation mechanisms of Angong Niuhuang Wan in ischemic stroke: Insights from mass cytometry analysis.

Angong Niuhuang Wan (AGNHW, ), is a classical medicinal formula in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been appreciated for its neuroprotective properties in ischemic cerebral injuries, yet its intricate mechanisms remain only partially elucidated. This study leverages advanced Mass cytometry (CyTOF) to analyze AGNHW's multifaceted immunomodulation effects in-depth, emphasizing previously underexplored areas. AGNHW mitigated monocyte-derived macrophages (MoDM) infiltration in the brain, distinguishing its effects on those from microglia. While the vehicle group exhibited elevated inflammatory markers like CD4, CD8a, and CD44 in ischemic brains, the AGNHW-treated group attenuated their expressions, indicating AGNHW's potential to temper the post-ischemic inflammatory response. Systemically, AGNHW modulated fundamental immune cell dynamics, notably augmenting CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood under post-stroke conditions. Intracellularly, AGNHW exhibited its targeted modulation of the signaling pathways, revealing a remarked inhibition of key markers like IκBα, indicating potential suppression of inflammatory responses in ischemic brain injuries. This study offers a comprehensive portrait of AGNHW's immunomodulation effects on ischemic stroke, illuminating its dual sites of action-both cerebral and systemic-and its nuanced modulation of cellular and molecular dynamics.

Microsecond-pulsed CO2 laser cleaning of high damage threshold fused silica

Ultraviolet (UV) laser-induced damage from defects and impurities in conventional ground and polished fused silica optics significantly hinders their application in high-power laser systems. Laser cleaning, as a non-contact and polishing fluid-free technology, is likely to be a key technology for improving the damage performance of fused silica optics. However, conventional laser cleaning primarily focuses on surface pollution without removing the material. It overlooks the detrimental effects of multiscale defects and impurities inside the fused silica. In this study, microsecond-pulsed CO2 laser cleaning was proposed to enhance the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) by ablating fused silica to nanometer depths. Through multiple-scale simulations, the thermal stress evolution and modulation mechanism of defects and impurities on the damage performance (ranging from the macro- to nanoscale) were revealed. Utilizing multimodal characterization, laser cleaning effectively eliminated and suppressed surface/subsurface defects, absorptive defects, chemical structural defects, and elemental impurities without introducing residual thermal stress and destroying surface roughness. In addition, the evolution of the molecular structures indicated a tendency for intrinsic defects to recombine into shorter-ring structures, which resulted in a densified fused silica surface. The laser-cleaned samples exhibited higher damage thresholds, achieving 47.6 % (0 % probability) and 27.0 % (100 % probability) improvements compared with uncleaned samples. This technology provides a new method for fabricating high damage threshold fused silica optics with superior surface quality for high-power laser applications.

Mechanism of the blood-brain barrier modulation by cadherin peptides.

This study was aimed at finding the binding site on the human E-cadherin for Ala-Asp-Thr Cyclic 5 (ADTC5), ADTC7, and ADTC9 peptides as blood-brain barrier modulator (BBBM) for determining their mechanism of action in modulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). ADTC7 and ADTC9 were derivatives of ADTC5 where the Val6 residue in ADTC5 was replaced by Glu6 and Tyr6 residues, respectively. The binding properties of ADTC5, ADTC7, and ADTC9 to the extracellular-1 (EC1) domain of E-cadherin were evaluated using chemical shift perturbation (CSP) method in the two dimensional (2D) 1H-15N-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Molecular docking experiments were used to determine the binding sites of these peptides to the EC1 domain of E-cadherin. This study indicates that ADTC5 has the highest binding affinity to the EC1 domain of E-cadherin compared to ADTC7 and ADTC9, suggesting the importance of the Val6 residue as shown in our previous in vitro study. All three peptides have a similar binding site at the hydrophobic binding pocket where the domain swapping occurs. ADTC5 has a higher overlapping binding site with ADTC7 than that of ADTC9. Binding of ADTC5 on the EC1 domain influences the conformation of the EC1 C-terminal tail. These peptides bind the domain swapping region of the EC1 domain to inhibit the trans-cadherin interaction that creates intercellular junction modulation to increase the BBB paracellular porosity.

Investigation of the uterine modulating activities and mechanisms of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (Leguminosae) methanol stem bark extract and fractions

Dysfunctional labour (DL) is a major cause of maternal and neonatal deaths worldwide. The only clinically available drug is oxytocin which is about 50% effective. Therefore, the development of new effective drugs for DL is a necessity. The medicinal plant Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (synonym B. spiceaformis) is used for labour management in ethnomedicine. In the search for new lead compounds for DL therapy, the stem bark of B. eurycoma was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation procedures to elucidate its uterine-modulating activities and active compounds. B. eurycoma stem bark extract (BE) was fractionated via vacuum liquid chromatographic techniques. The fractionation process was guided by ex vivo uterine contractility assays on the mouse uterus, performed using spontaneous, oxytocin, and high KCl-induced contractility assays. Furthermore, the characterization of the chemical constituents was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). BE produced dual effects on uterine contractility which was dependent on the reconstitution period. The freshly prepared crude extract (BEF) inhibited uterine contractility (IC50 amplitude = 0.8 ± 0.1 mg/ml; IC50 frequency = 1.4 ± 0.2 mg/ml). However, contractility was augmented when the reconstituted extract was stored for 24 h and beyond (BES) (EC50 amplitude = 0.2 ± 1.2 mg/ml; EC50 frequency = 0.91 ± 1.2 mg/ml). In addition, the compounds caffeine, genistein, and prunetin were identified from the potent BE fractions via the different spectroscopic and spectrometric tools. This study demonstrated a storage-dependent dual effect of BE where BEF induced inhibition and BES augmented uterine contractility. Findings from this study also suggest that caffeine and phytoestrogens contributed to the uterine-modulating activities of BE. Thus, further investigation of these compounds in combination and as separate lead compounds is required for DL therapeutic management.

SiRNA Treatments for Diabetic Neuropathy: Obstacles and Delivery Techniques.

Targeting genes using siRNA shows promise as an approach to alleviate symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. It focuses on neuropathies and distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) to explore the potential use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy. Timely identification and management of neuropathy play a critical role in mitigating potential complications. RNAi success depends on understanding factors affecting small interfering RNA (siRNA) functionality and specificity. These include sequence space restrictions, structural and sequence features, mechanisms for nonspecific gene modulation, and chemical modifications. Addressing these factors enhances siRNA performance for efficient gene silencing and confidence in RNAi-mediated genomic studies. Diabetic retinopathy, particularly in South Asian, African, Latin American, and indigenous populations, is a significant concern due to its association with diabetes. Ethnicity plays a crucial role in its development and progression. Despite declining rates in the US, global trends remain concerning, and further research is needed to understand regional differences and reinforce ethnicity-based screening and treatment protocols. In this regard, siRNA emerges as a valuable instrument for early intervention strategies. While presenting promising therapeutic applications, siRNA utilization encounters challenges within insect pest control contexts, thereby providing insights into enhancing its delivery mechanisms for neuropathy treatment purposes. Recent advancements in delivery modalities, such as nanoparticles, allow for the controlled release of siRNA. More investigation is necessary to grasp the safety and efficacy of siRNA technology fully. It holds promise in transforming the treatment of diabetic neuropathy by honing in on particular genes and tackling issues such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Continuous advancements in delivery techniques have the potential to enhance patient results significantly. SiRNA targets genes in diabetic neuropathy, curbing nerve damage and pain and potentially preventing or delaying the condition. Customized treatments based on genetic variations hold promise for symptom management and enhancing quality of life.

Improving separation of sphalerite and galena by surface oxidation behavior regulation using calcium lentisulfonate as depressant

BackgroundSphalerite and galena often exist in mixed form and are difficult to separate effectively. The effect of surface oxidation behavior regulation on the depression of calcium lentisulfonate (CLS) was studied in galena and sphalerite. MethodsFlotation experiment, contact angle experiment, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and microcalorimetric experiment were used to study the effect and mechanism of modulation of surface oxidation behaviour on CLS on the depression of galena flotation. Significant findingsThe results show that CLS can depress both galena and sphalerite. The oxidizing agent H2O2 oxidizes galena significantly faster than sphalerite. The treatment with H2O2 induces the formation of more oxidation products, such as PbSO4, on the surface of galena, enhances the adsorption of CLS and makes the surface of galena hydrophilic, thus reducing the recovery of galena in the flotation process. On the other hand, the treatment of the activator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduces the amount of oxidation products ZnSO4 on the sphalerite surface, and CLS loses the active site that can be adsorbed on the galena surface, making the galena surface hydrophilic. In view of the huge hydrophobicity difference between sphalerite and galena, flotation separation is achieved.

Assessing the Influence of Nonischemic A-Fiber Conduction Blockade on Offset Analgesia: An Experimental Study

Offset analgesia (OA) is believed to reflect the efficiency of the endogenous pain modulatory system. However, the underlying mechanisms are still being debated. Previous research suggested both, central and peripheral mechanisms, with the latter involving the influence of specific A-delta-fibers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of a nonischemic A-fiber conduction blockade on the OA response in healthy participants. A total of 52 participants were recruited for an A-fiber conduction blockade via compression of the superficial radial nerve. To monitor fiber-specific peripheral nerve conduction capacity, quantitative sensory testing was performed continuously. Before, during, and after the A-fiber block, an individualized OA paradigm was applied to the dorsum of both hands (blocked and control sides were randomized). The pain intensity of each heat stimulus was evaluated by an electronic visual analog scale. A successful A-fiber conduction blockade was achieved in thirty participants. OA has been verified within time (before, during, and after blockade) and condition (blocked and control side) (P < .01, d > .5). Repeated measurements analysis of variance showed no significant interaction effects between OA within condition and time (P = .24, η²p = .05). Hence, no significant effect of A-fiber blockade was detected on OA during noxious heat stimulation. The results suggest that peripheral A-fiber afferents may play a minor role in OA compared with alternative central mechanisms or other fibers. However, further studies are needed to substantiate a central rather than peripheral influence on OA. PerspectiveThis article presents the observation of OA before, during, and after a successful A-fiber conduction blockade in healthy volunteers. A better understanding of the mechanisms of OA and endogenous pain modulation, in general, may help to explain the underlying aspects of pain disorders.

Cholinergic modulation in the vertebrate auditory pathway.

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a prevalent neurotransmitter throughout the nervous system. In the brain, ACh is widely regarded as a potent neuromodulator. In neurons, ACh signals are conferred through a variety of receptors that influence a broad range of neurophysiological phenomena such as transmitter release or membrane excitability. In sensory circuitry, ACh modifies neural responses to stimuli and coordinates the activity of neurons across multiple levels of processing. These factors enable individual neurons or entire circuits to rapidly adapt to the dynamics of complex sensory stimuli, underscoring an essential role for ACh in sensory processing. In the auditory system, histological evidence shows that acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are expressed at virtually every level of the ascending auditory pathway. Despite its apparent ubiquity in auditory circuitry, investigation of the roles of this cholinergic network has been mainly focused on the inner ear or forebrain structures, while less attention has been directed at regions between the cochlear nuclei and midbrain. In this review, we highlight what is known about cholinergic function throughout the auditory system from the ear to the cortex, but with a particular emphasis on brainstem and midbrain auditory centers. We will focus on receptor expression, mechanisms of modulation, and the functional implications of ACh for sound processing, with the broad goal of providing an overview of a newly emerging view of impactful cholinergic modulation throughout the auditory pathway.

Structural insights into GABAA receptor potentiation by Quaalude

Methaqualone, a quinazolinone marketed commercially as Quaalude, is a central nervous system depressant that was used clinically as a sedative-hypnotic, then became a notorious recreational drug in the 1960s-80s. Due to its high abuse potential, medical use of methaqualone was eventually prohibited, yet it persists as a globally abused substance. Methaqualone principally targets GABAA receptors, which are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter-gated ion channels in the brain. The restricted status and limited accessibility of methaqualone have contributed to its pharmacology being understudied. Here, we use cryo-EM to localize the GABAA receptor binding sites of methaqualone and its more potent derivative, PPTQ, to the same intersubunit transmembrane sites targeted by the general anesthetics propofol and etomidate. Both methaqualone and PPTQ insert more deeply into subunit interfaces than the previously-characterized modulators. Binding of quinazolinones to this site results in widening of the extracellular half of the ion-conducting pore, following a trend among positive allosteric modulators in destabilizing the hydrophobic activation gate in the pore as a mechanism for receptor potentiation. These insights shed light on the underexplored pharmacology of quinazolinones and further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of allosteric GABAA receptor modulation through transmembrane binding sites.

African swine fever virus structural protein p17 inhibits IRF3 activation by recruiting host protein PR65A and inducing apoptotic degradation of STING.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is notoriously known for evolving strategies to modulate IFN signaling. Despite lots of efforts, the underlying mechanisms have remained incompletely understood. This study concerns the regulatory role of viral inner membrane protein p17. We found that the ASFV p17 shows a preferential interaction with cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway, but not the RIG-I-MAVS-NF-κB signaling, and can inhibit both poly(I:C)- and poly(A:T)-induced activation of IRF3, leading to attenuation of IFN-β induction. Mechanistically, p17 interacts with STING and IRF3 and recruits host scaffold protein PR65A, a subunit of cellular phosphatase PP2A, to down-regulate the level of p-IRF3. Also, p17 targets STING for partial degradation via induction of cellular apoptosis that consequently inhibits activation of both p-TBK1 and p-IRF3. Thus, our findings reveal novel regulatory mechanisms for p17 modulation of IFN signaling and shed light on the intricate interplay between ASFV proteins and host immunity.

Infrared all-dielectric bifocal metasurface beam splitter based on the transflective structure

Based on the design concept of a transflective double-ended response structured metasurface and the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase modulation mechanism, we have designed and numerically demonstrated a bifocal all-dielectric metasurface beam splitter. This device is constructed by arranging silicon nanocolumns on SiO2 substrates. The bifocal metasurface beam splitter developed in this study achieves double-ended deflected focusing beam splitting at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The focusing efficiency at both ends exceeds 50%, the equivalent numerical aperture at both ends is greater than 0.85, and the beam splitting ratio is approximately 1.4:1. Furthermore, compared to most current single-ended response bifocal metasurfaces, the transflective bifocal metasurface beam splitter, with equal phase modulation at both ends, is anticipated to be integrated into compact optical systems that require real-time signal feedback.

Norepinephrine regulates TNF expression via the A1AR-p38 MAPK-Relish pathway in granulocytes of oyster Crassostrea gigas

Norepinephrine (NE) is involved in regulating cytokine expression and phagocytosis of immune cells in the innate immunity of vertebrates. In the present study, the modulation mechanism of NE on the biosynthesis of TNFs in oyster granulocytes was explored. The transcripts of CgTNF-1, CgTNF-2 and CgTNF-3 were highly expressed in granulocytes, and they were significantly up-regulated after LPS stimulation, while down-regulated after NE treatment. The phagocytic rate and apoptosis index of oyster granulocytes were also triggered by LPS stimulation and suppressed by NE treatment. The mRNA expressions of CgMAPK14 and CgRelish were significantly induced after NE treatment, and the translocation of CgRelish from cytoplasm to nucleus was observed. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ in granulocytes was significantly up-regulated upon NE incubation, and this trend reverted after the treatment with DOX (specific antagonist for NE receptor, CgA1AR-1). No obvious significance was observed in intracellular cAMP concentrations in the PBS, NE and NE + DOX groups. Once CgA1AR-1 was blocked by DOX, the mRNA expressions of CgMAPK14 and CgRelish were significantly inhibited, and the translocation of CgRelish from cytoplasm to nucleus was also dramatically suppressed, while the mRNA expression of CgTNF-1 and the apoptosis index increased significantly to the same level with those in LPS group, respectively. These results collectively suggested that NE modulated TNF expression in oyster granulocyte through A1AR-p38 MAPK-Relish signaling pathway.

Regulatory role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MtrA on dormancy/resuscitation revealed by a novel target gene-mining strategy.

The unique dormancy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a significant role in the major clinical treatment challenge of tuberculosis, such as its long treatment cycle, antibiotic resistance, immune escape, and high latent infection rate. To determine the function of MtrA, the only essential response regulator, one strategy was developed to establish its regulatory network according to high-quality genome-wide binding sites. The complex modulation mechanisms were implied by the strong bias distribution of MtrA binding sites in the noncoding regions, and 32.7% of the binding sites were located inside the target genes. The functions of 288 potential MtrA target genes predicted according to 294 confirmed binding sites were highly diverse, and DNA replication and damage repair, lipid metabolism, cell wall component biosynthesis, cell wall assembly, and cell division were the predominant pathways. Among the 53 pathways shared between dormancy/resuscitation and persistence, which accounted for 81.5% and 93.0% of the total number of pathways, respectively, MtrA regulatory genes were identified not only in 73.6% of their mutual pathways, but also in 75.4% of the pathways related to dormancy/resuscitation and persistence respectively. These results suggested the pivotal roles of MtrA in regulating dormancy/resuscitation and the apparent relationship between dormancy/resuscitation and persistence. Furthermore, the finding that 32.6% of the MtrA regulons were essential in vivo and/or in vitro for M. tuberculosis provided new insight into its indispensability. The findings mentioned above indicated that MtrA is a novel promising therapeutic target for tuberculosis treatment since the crucial function of MtrA may be a point of weakness for M. tuberculosis.

Whole-genome DNA methylation profiling revealed epigenetic regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway involved in response to Vibrio alginolyticus infection in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

DNA methylation, an essential epigenetic alteration, is tightly linked to a variety of biological processes, such as immune response. To identify the epigenetic regulatory mechanism in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was conducted on C. gigas at 0 h, 6 h, and 48 h after infection with Vibrio alginolyticus. At 6 h and 48 h, a total of 11,502 and 14,196 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified (p<0.05, FDR<0.001) compared to 0 h, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were significantly enriched in various biological pathways including immunity, cytoskeleton, epigenetic modification, and metabolic processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that transcription machinery (ko03021) is one of the most important pathways. Integrated transcriptome and methylome analyses allowed the identification of 167 and 379 DMG-related DEGs at 6 h and 48 h, respectively. These genes were significantly enriched in immune-related pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway (ko04064) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway (ko04668). Interestingly, it's observed that the NF-κB pathway could be activated jointly by TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 (TRAF2) and Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3 (BIRC3, the homolog of human BIRC2) which were regulated by DNA methylation in response to the challenge posed by V. alginolyticus infection. Through this study, we provided insightful information about the epigenetic regulation of immunity-related genes in the C. gigas, which will be valuable for the understanding of the innate immune system modulation and defense mechanism against bacterial infection in invertebrates.

Localization and saturation of degradation space for weakly-supervised real-world super-resolution

Degradation in the real world is highly complex and random, making real super-resolution datasets expensive. A series of unsupervised methods attempt to model real degradations to address the lack of paired training data in real-world super-resolution tasks. However, these unsupervised methods cannot accurately locate the degradation space and the modeled degradation lacks diversity, making it unable to efficiently saturate the degradation space and leading to suboptimal solutions. In this study, we propose a novel degradation space localization and saturation (DSLS) method for weakly-supervised real-world SR, that can accurately localize the real degradation space to generate diverse degradation samples for training. Specifically, the proposed method uses a few paired data to locate the location of the real degradation space and unaligned data to further precisely locate the boundary of the real degradation space, thereby allowing the generated training samples to possess reasonable real degradation. Furthermore, we propose a degradation modulation mechanism to modulate the degradation strength and direction of the generated training samples, so that the generated training samples can efficiently and accurately saturate the real degradation space, making the trained super-resolution model more robust. Experimental results on real datasets demonstrate that our method can be plug-and-play embedded into the training phase of existing methods, while considerably improving the real super-resolution performance with a slight increase in training cost. We also conduct detailed ablation experiments to analyze and validate our contributions.

The role of the Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body in the auditory prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex

Cholinergic signaling is essential to mediate the auditory prepulse inhibition (PPI), an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, that refers to the reduction of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) when a low-intensity, non-startling acoustic stimulus (the prepulse) is presented just before the onset of the acoustic startle stimulus. The cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are the first cells of the ASR circuit to receive cholinergic inputs from non-olivocochlear neurons of the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB) and subsequently decrease their neuronal activity in response to auditory prepulses. Yet, the contribution of the VNTB-CRNs pathway to the mediation of PPI has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we used the immunotoxin anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-saporin as well as electrolytic lesions of the medial olivocochlear bundle to selectively eliminate cholinergic VNTB neurons, and then assessed the ASR and PPI paradigms. Retrograde track-tracing experiments were conducted to precisely determine the site of lesioning VNTB neurons projecting to the CRNs. Additionally, the effects of VNTB lesions and the integrity of the auditory pathway were evaluated via auditory brain responses tests, ChAT- and FOS-immunohistochemistry. Consequently, we established three experimental groups: 1) intact control rats (non-lesioned), 2) rats with bilateral lesions of the olivocochlear bundle (OCB-lesioned), and 3) rats with bilateral immunolesions affecting both the olivocochlear bundle and the VNTB (OCB/VNTB-lesioned). All experimental groups underwent ASR and PPI tests at several interstimulus intervals before the lesion and 7, 14, and 21 days after it. Our results show that the ASR amplitude remained unaffected both before and after the lesion across all experimental groups, suggesting that the VNTB does not contribute to the ASR. The%PPI increased across the time points of evaluation in the control and OCB-lesioned groups but not in the OCB/VNTB-lesioned group. At the ISI of 50 ms, the OCB-lesioned group exhibited a significant increase in%PPI (p < 0.01), which did not occur in the OCB/VNTB-lesioned group. Therefore, the ablation of cholinergic non-olivocochlear neurons in the OCB/VNTB-lesioned group suggests that these neurons contribute to the mediation of auditory PPI at the 50 ms ISI through their cholinergic projections to CRNs. Our study strongly reinforces the notion that auditory PPI encompasses a complex mechanism of top-down cholinergic modulation, effectively attenuating the ASR across different interstimulus intervals within multiple pathways.

Multicolor Electrochromic Metamaterials Based on Mie Scatterer Nanospheres

AbstractElectrochromic materials (ECMs), the colors of which can be electrically modulated by small driving voltages with a unique open‐circuit memory effect, are in great demand in various application fields. However, traditional ECMs exhibit a narrow modulation range of color gamut under the electric stimulus, owing to the monotonous chemical coloration in an absorption manner. Multicolor ECMs with optical nanostructures can greatly extend the color gamut by incorporating complex optical interactions such as interference and diffraction. Mie scatterer nanospheres (MSNSs) are a kind of nanospheres with unique optical structures that can simply exhibit and change vivid structural colors by adjusting their diameters. Herein, this work reports multicolor ECMs based on MSNSs with polymer shells of poly‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and poly‐pyrrole (PPY). They possess a superior optical modulation capability with a wide color gamut, a fast response rate, a visible‐angle‐independence, etc. Additionally, a nano‐dispersion strategy is used to prepare mixed electrochromic pigments with a nanoscale uniformity, further broadening the color gamut tunability. Simulations in wave optics and Mie scattering theory are conducted to unveil the multicolor modulation mechanism, demonstrating the interactions of MSNSs with incident lights. This work provides a feasible approach for fabricating multicolor ECMs with more application potential.

Morphology and Microstructural Optimization of Zeolite Crystals Utilizing Polymer Growth Modifiers for Enhanced Catalytic Application

Rationally controlling the morphology and microstructure of the zeolite crystals could play a significant role in optimizing their physicochemical properties and catalytic performances for application in various zeolite-based heterogeneous catalysis processes. Among different controlling strategies, the utilization of zeolite growth modifiers (ZGMs), which are molecules capable of altering the anisotropic rates of crystal growth, is becoming a promising approach to modulate the morphology and microstructural characteristics of zeolite crystals. In this mini-review, we attempt to provide an organized overview of the recent progress in the usage of several easily available polymer-based growth modifiers in the synthesis of some commonly used microporous zeolites and to reveal their roles in controlling the morphology and various physicochemical properties of zeolite crystals during hydrothermal synthesis processes. This review is expected to provide some guidance for deeply understanding the modulation mechanisms of polymer-based zeolite growth modifiers and for appropriately utilizing such a modulation strategy to achieve precise control of the morphology and microstructure of zeolite crystals that display optimal performance in the target catalytic reactions.

Distinct Neural Mechanisms Between Anesthesia Induction and Emergence: A Narrative Review.

Anesthesia induction and emergence are critical periods for perioperative safety in the clinic. Traditionally, the emergence from general anesthesia has been recognized as a simple inverse process of induction resulting from the elimination of general anesthetics from the central nervous system. However, accumulated evidence has indicated that anesthesia induction and emergence are not mirror-image processes because of the occurrence of hysteresis/neural inertia in both animals and humans. An increasing number of studies have highlighted the critical role of orexinergic neurons and their involved circuits in the selective regulation of emergence but not the induction of general anesthesia. Moreover, additional brain regions have also been implicated in distinct neural mechanisms for anesthesia induction and emergence, which extends the concept that anesthetic induction and emergence are not antiparallel processes. Here, we reviewed the current literature and summarized the evidence regarding the differential mechanism of neural modulation in anesthesia induction and emergence, which will facilitate the understanding of the underlying neural mechanism for emergence from general anesthesia.

Cytotoxicity Screening of Endophytic Fungi from Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) Collected in Yogyakarta District

Cancer is a disease that is a global problem with a high prevalence and mortality rate. Indonesia has biodiversity with enormous potential as a source of medicinal ingredients. Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) It is known to contain active metabolites, potentially an anticancer. Some endophytes are reported to be able to produce secondary metabolites similar to their parent plants. This study aimed to obtain endophytic fungi from P. macrocarpa capable of producing compounds with anticancer potential. Endophytes producing anticancer compounds were explored by screening endophytic fungi producing secondary metabolites from parts of the plant P. macrocarpa collected in the Yogyakarta area. The anticancer bioassay (MTT assay) was performed in vitro using cancer cells T47D, MCF7, HeLa, and normal Vero cells. Potential extracts were traced for their mechanism of cell cycle modulation and apoptosis using Flowcytometry. First, fungal identification was carried out on fungi producing potential cytotoxic extracts. Then the compound content was analyzed using LC-HRMS. The results from the six extracts obtained from fruit, leaf, and stem parts showed that the endophytic extract from the leaves (code PC-L2) had the best cytotoxicity compared to other endophytes and showed the best result on MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 110.66 µg/mL. The producing PC-L2 extract fungi are closely associated with Clonostachys wenpingii strain DUCC5606. This extract induced apoptosis but not through the mechanism of cell cycle modulation.