Module System Research Articles

Block error rate performance analysis of RS coded M-QAM modulated coherent OFDM-FSO system

Block error rate performance analysis of RS coded M-QAM modulated coherent OFDM-FSO system

Organic Heterocyclic Strategy for Precisely Regulating Electronic State of Palladium Interface to Boost Alcohol Oxidation

AbstractExploring highly‐efficient palladium (Pd)‐based electrocatalysts for the alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR) is crucial yet challenging for chemists due to the vague Pd interface with an uncontrollable electronic environment. Herein, an organic heterocyclic strategy is used for the first time to modulate the electronic state of Pd electrocatalysts by anchoring Pd nanoparticles to conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with varied S‐, N‐, O‐, or S, N‐heterocycles. Among these CMPs, the S, N‐containing thiazole heterocyclic polymer SNC with Pd catalyst exhibits highly‐efficient current densities of 1575.0 mA mgPd−1 for methanol oxidation and 1071.0 mA mgPd−1 for ethanol oxidation, which are among the highest performance in the heterocyclic modulated Pd systems and surpass the commercial Pd black catalyst. Detailed theory calculations suggest that although the furan (O‐heterocycle) polymer OC has the strongest charge transfer (0.057 |e|) with the Pd cluster, the moderate electron transfer (0.041 |e|) of the Pd/SNC heterojunction with an S···N···Pd noncovalent interaction shows the best catalytic reaction kinetics. Moreover, the d‐band of the Pd/SNC system is closer to the volcano vertex than its counterparts. These results indicate that appropriate electron transfer intensity regulation of Pd electronic state by well‐defined heterocyclic structures may significantly improve AOR activity.

Sizing optimization of thermoelectric generator for low-grade thermal energy utilization: Module level and system level

With the significant improvement of thermoelectric material properties, the thermoelectric generator is attracting more attention in heat recovery. The geometric parameters and design parameters have a significant effect on performance of TE module and system. Counterintuitively, for a fixed heat source condition, integrating more thermoelectric modules would reduce the overall economic performance, output power, and energy efficiency. In fact, there exists an optimal size of thermoelectric module number and geometry. In this study, a novel sizing method is proposed to find the optimal size parameters, which can be applied on both module and system levels. As a case study, exhaust gas from a truck engine of 708 K is considered as the heat source. Both technical constraints and economic indicators, such as NPV, IRR and payback period are analyzed. To maximize the TEG net present value, the optimal module height is found to be 1.5 mm and the module number is 144, under the studied thermal boundary condition. The analytical results in this study could provide guidance for thermoelectric generator system designs and help the realization of large-scale industrial applications.

Continuous and Real-Time Measurement of Plant Water Potential Using an AAO-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensor for Irrigation Control

Water potential measurement is an essential factor in determining water consumption management and recycling in the agricultural field. We report the development of a continuous water potential measurement system using sensors for water stress analysis in tomato plants with better irrigation plan feedback. The water potential sensor uses the capacitive sensing principle which measures humidity inside an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layer. An analog to digital converter with a wireless communication module system records the capacitance data of the sensing system. Calibration data of sensors derived from superabsorbent polymer (SP) and deionized water (DIW) mixtures can represent their water potential value. The method showed good matching of capacitance and water potential values above −7 MPa, matching the result obtained in tomato stem. The measurements were conducted for a few days with the sap flow and water potential sensors connected in series on a tomato stem. When sunlight is sufficient, sap flow increases; meanwhile, water potential decreases. The opposite phenomenon could be observed during the nighttime. With irrigation restricting conditions, both sap flow and water potential signal decrease, triggering the emergency watering signals. This continuous water potential sensing system can quantitatively monitor the plant stem’s water stress and set irrigation schedules to achieve high-quality products in the agricultural field.

On the Design and Operation of Heat Pipes as Part of the Thermal Control Systems of the Landing Module of Interplanetary Stations for the Study of the Solar System Bodies

On the Design and Operation of Heat Pipes as Part of the Thermal Control Systems of the Landing Module of Interplanetary Stations for the Study of the Solar System Bodies

Adaptive Control for Joint Module of Bionic Arms

Minimizing the influence of unknown external disturbances while satisfying complex control requirements in daily life is one of the difficulties of bionic arm control. However, the control of modular joints often ignores the dynamic characteristics and coupling relationship of the system, which can not meet the control requirements of a bionic arm prosthesis. In addition, the large vibration caused by unknown interference is not conducive to human-computer interaction. In order to solve this problem, we proposed an adaptive feedback control (AFC) method based on magnetic field-oriented control for the joint module to realize intelligent control of the bionic arm. The disturbance of the joint module is obtained by real-time parameter calculation. At the same time, the controller regulated the output voltage to eliminate the influence of uncertain disturbances. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the controller has a good effect on improving the dynamic performance of the joint module system, and maintaining the stability of the system in the interference, satisfying the requirements of bionic arm control.

Method Development and Validation of a Novel Anti-Depressant Bupropion by RP-HPLC

Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. The drug is a non-tricyclic antidepressant and differs from most commonly prescribed antidepressants such as SSRIs, as its primary pharmacological action is thought to benorepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibition. A new sensitive and rapid HPLC method was developed for the determination of buproprion in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms; it was validated according to ICH and FDA guidelines. The HPLC analysis was performed on the Alliance Waters e2695 Separations Module system equipped with a Waters X – Bridge C-18 5µm, 4.6 X 150 mm column 5, with a mixture of Acetonitrile: Ammonium bicarbonate (5mM) pH-9 adjusted with 1% Ammonium hydroxide (50:50, %v/v). Flow rate was 1 ml/min quantification was done by PDA detector at 254nm. The proposed method showed linearity in the concentration range of 50 to 250 ppm for Bupropion. The linear regression equation of Bupropion was found to be y = 6E+06x + 91344 and correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.997 indicating a high degree of linearity for the drug. The proposed method was stable except the basic condition during analysis. The stability of the analyte solution was determined at interval of 1st, 2nd, 3nd, 4th and 5th day.
 The low values of %recovery and %C.V. showed that the method is precise within the acceptance limit of 5% (according to ICH guidelines).The limit of detection (LOD) of Bupropion was 0.5 ppm and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.0 ppm respectively. The proposed method showed excellent linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, LOD, LOQ, and system suitability results within the acceptance criteria.

An DL-based approach for Packet Error Compensation using radio mobile network quality parameters in a rainfall scenario

This study proposes a new approach to guarantee the Quality of Service of mobile radio links via Packet Error Rate (PER) compensation at varying levels of rainfall. Compared to traditional radio channel degradation estimation methods, the proposed study uses a different set of parameters mainly related to the cell selection and handover mechanisms, more appropriate for rainfall scenarios. By means of a new model based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), the proposed technique estimates the PER on two different radio links in such a way as to dynamically adapt the weights of a VPN (Virtual Private Network) Bonding algorithm based on a dual Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) system belonging to two different telephone operators. This guarantees a halved adaptation frequency when compared to traditional cellular bonding methods and avoids saturating the channel band during the estimation of the weights. The experimental results carried out in video surveillance applications for smart road scenarios show that it is possible to dynamically improve the radio link with an enhancement in the quality perceived by the user of about 200%.

Simulating correlation waveforms of random modulated continuous wave LIDAR

Advanced light detecting and ranging (LIDAR) sensors are the primary sensing modality for autonomous vehicles and are seeing increasing adoption in consumer and commercial vehicles for robust advanced driver assist systems. LIDAR returns from the environment are typically predicted using elastic LIDAR models, which can help emulate the performance of LIDAR sensors in environments with multiple returns or heavy obscurants. We derive the first elastic LIDAR model for a random modulated continuous wave LIDAR system using a homodyne receiver and show good agreement with experimental measurements.

The Effects of Using Hearing Aids and Hearing Assistive Technologies on Programmable Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt.

To investigate interaction between behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids, hearing assistive technologies, and programmable shunt valve to understand how use of BTE hearing aids in patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery affects the settings of a programmable shunt valve. In this study, we investigated the magnetic field (MF) generation of 3 BTE hearing aids made by different companies, 1 frequency modulated system using telecoil technology, and 1 wireless microphone technology and their interactions with 2 programmable shunt valves. All measurements were made in a silent booth using 2 different models. The influence of MF strength in the distance modeling was investigated based on the distance from source auditory prostheses. The measurements were recorded using a Gauss meter. In the anatomical modeling, the change in the settings and interaction of the valve in a bust mannequin were investigated. No MF created by BTE hearing aids was detected in the distance modeling. The highest value measured was 32.67 μT (<90 dB noise) when BTE hearing aids and frequency modulated systems were used, and this value decreased as the distance increased. No MF generation was observed at measurements done for distances >10 mm. In the anatomical modeling, the settings of both programmable valves did not change under all acoustic conditions. This is the first study to our knowledge examining the MF created by hearing aids and hearing assistive technologies and its impact on programmable valves and variations in their settings. Our findings showed that it is safe to use BTE hearing aids, frequency modulated systems, and wireless microphone technologies in patients with a programmable VPS.

Optimal design of robust control based on compound form: steady-state performance and control cost

In this paper, we propose an optimal robust control for dealing with the uncertain fuzzy dynamical systems. First, a dynamical system is established with uncertainty. The uncertainty is nonlinear, time varying, and is regarded as bounded. The bound exists within a specified fuzzy set. Then, a robust control is proposed to ensure the system performance. The proposed control is deterministic, which is not on the basis of the IF-THEN rule. Besides, to achieve better performance, a performance index, including both the steady-state performance measurement and the control cost measurement of the system, is proposed. Furthermore, a fuzzy dynamical model of the robot joint module system is established with parameters uncertainty and external disturbance. By using the proposed optimal robust control, the performance of the dynamical system is not only definitely ensured but also optimized.

A Prospective Study of Mucosal Sparing Radiation Therapy in Resected Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients

Our objective was to report the prospective results of mucosal sparing radiation therapy in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. From March 2016 through May 2019, patients were enrolled in this institutional review board-approved prospective cohort study at a multisite institution. Inclusion criteria included p16+ American Joint Committee on Cancer seventh edition pathologic T1 or T2, N1 to N3, and M0 oropharyngeal cancers. Proton therapy (PT) was delivered to at-risk nodal regions, excluding the primary mucosal site. Secondary to insurance denial for PT, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was allowed. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Head and Neck Module and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System surveys (quality of life [QOL]) and modified barium swallowing impairment profiles (MBSImP) were obtained at baseline before radiation therapy, then 3 and 12 months after radiation therapy. Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated for time-to-event clinical outcomes, and repeated measures mixed models were used to explore changes in QOL over time. A comparison of QOL and swallowing outcomes with standard-of-care treatment was analyzed. There were 61 evaluable patients with a median follow-up of 38 months (range, 10-64); 44 (72%) were treated with PT and 17 (28%) were treated with IMRT. The 2-year local control, locoregional control, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival were 98%, 97%, 98%, and 100%, respectively. There were 6 grade ≥3 events related to treatment. Two IMRT patients required percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement during treatment secondary to significant nausea due to dysgeusia. Patients noted significant QOL improvement over time in the pain, swallowing, speech, social eating, social contact, mouth opening, and use of pain medication domains (all P < .02). The MBSImP overall severity score as well as oral and pharyngeal impairment scores showed stability with no significant change over time. For the 44 patients treated with PT, the mean D95 to the primary target was 10.7 Gy (standard deviation=12.5 Gy). Mucosal sparing radiation is well tolerated in select resected human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with a low risk of recurrence at the mucosal primary site, a low rate of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement, and few radiation-related grade ≥3 adverse events.

Monitoring and Control Design of Automatic Transfer Switch-Automatic Main Failure with Human Machine Interface (HMI)

Automatic transfer switch-Automatic main failure is a commonly used technology for shifting supply from PLN to a generator in the case of a PLN blackout. The ATS-AMF module system frequently employs a PLC, which comes at a high cost, and the system alarm information only is seen by the user close to the system. The purpose of this research is to design an automatic transfer switch-automatic main failure system that used SCADA to improve the reliability of electricity supply by providing notification alarm information and buzzers. This research contribution is a development of an automatic transfer switch-automatic main failure, which can be used as a simulator for studies on measuring voltage, current, power, and frequency of main power supply in real cases. Furthermore, this instrument is used fuel level and temperature measures for its backup power (Genset), the result of measures will be monitored SCADA system with the available failure data, alarm logs, and status logs recorded in historical data, which is designed at a low cost and is easy to use. This information result of the measured sensor will be transferred in real-time to the SCADA system, so can be directly obtained for analysis. The main components for this system are microcontroller STM32 Nucleo, PZEM 004T sensor, ultrasonic sensor, DS18B20 sensor, ethernet, and VTSCADA. The result of this system is the temperature detects 89 o C, and alarm information has been sounded with the statement “Genset Temperature Warning HIGH” thus instructing the generator to turn off the system. Meanwhile, based on the results of the fuel adjustment test, SCADA gives the information “Genset Fuel Level Warning LOW” when setting the fuel at 36%. The data historical viewer that stores up to 6 months and alarm information for the warning system on the SCADA has been successfully designed.

Investigation of the operating conditions influence on the optical telescope performance when capturing star images

We propose combining the functionality of star sensors and the optical system of a nanosatel-lite optical-electronic telescopic module (OETM) for Earth remote sensing (ERS) in order to re-duce the influence of thermoregulation inaccuracy on the accuracy of linking the star sky and the Earth's surface images. The main difference from the previous works is that for the thermoregula-tion inaccuracy to be reduced, we use controlled local film electric heaters with moderate energy consumption located on the periphery of optical elements of the OETM system. High quality of the star sky images is sought to be attained for a nanosatellite-borne telescope in a circular sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) and includes solving a number of tasks discussed below. Arguments are given in favor of using the proposed OETM, which is capable of fully complementing / replacing the onboard astronomical imaging system of spacecraft.

Optimization of the optical scheme of a photodetector module operating in the spectral range of 1.3-1.6 μm

Optical system consisting of single-mode optical fiber and p-i-n photodiode semiconductor chip with InGaAs active layer was investigated. Considered photodetector module has responsivity in 1.3–1.6 µm. The problem of optical power loss due to inaccurate matching between the optical fiber and the active medium of photodiode in photodetector modules is investigated; resolving the power loss problem will lead to an increase in the spectral photosensitivity and external quantum efficiency of the photodetector module. Optimization of optical fiber coupling with semiconductor chip was implemented in Zemax® software with built-in Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Also, numerical calculations of the influence of the transverse and longitudinal displacement on optical coupling efficiency in the photodetector module were carried out. The optical system of photodetector module based on standard metal can package was built in Zemax® software. Optimal distances between elements of the photodetector module were calculated, and maximum efficiency of 93.1 % optical coupling between single-mode fiber and photodiode aperture was achieved. The necessary sensitivity of linear micro translators used during the assembly of photodetector modules was determined to ensure the alignment of optical elements with coupling efficiency more than 90 %. The results of this work can be used in the design of photodetector modules. The proposed solutions can be relatively easily modified to create photodetector modules of other spectral ranges.

The madrasah principal’s strategies to maximize teaching and learning processes during the covid-19 pandemic

The Madrasah principal's strategy is the most decisive factor in the success of maximizing teaching and learning processes at Madrasah. This research was motivated by the difficulties of Madrasah Jauharussa'adah in carrying out learning processes during the Covid-19 pandemic to describe the Madrasah principal’s strategies to maximize teaching and learning process during such. This research adopted a qualitative approach. The consideration of taking this research object was because the researcher wanted to reveal that not a few educational units were confused in carrying out learning processes during the pandemic COVID-19. Meanwhile, the object under study was in the countryside. Data collection processes were carried out by interviews, observations, and documentations. The subjects of this study were the Madrasah principal and the teacher council. The data were analyzed by means of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings showed that the first Madrasah principal’s strategy to maximize teaching and learning processes at Madrasah Jauharussa'adah during the covid-19 pandemic was using a module system. The second strategy was the application of a small-group technique. The module system was implemented in a face-to-face mode. The duration of learning was set to only took 25 minutes.

Modeling and Analysis of a Thermophotovoltaic Integrated Self-Powered Furnace

This work investigates the energy efficiency and carbon reduction potential of self-powered residential building heating equipment using a thermodynamic modeling approach. An integrated thermophotovoltaic power module and residential scale furnace system (40,000 Btu/h) were modeled and studied in detail to assess the influence of different design configurations on primary energy efficiency. Operational characteristics such as total power generation, electrical efficiency, and heat recovery were examined in a self-powered system configuration. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the electric grid’s carbon dioxide footprint (carbon intensity) and the cost of electricity on the environmental, as well as the economic, benefit associated with the self-powered configuration. Compared with a traditional furnace powered by an electric grid at a carbon intensity of 0.5 kg CO2eq/kWhEL, the self-powered furnace was shown to decrease the annual carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 550 kg (~75% reduction), while also saving more than USD 200 in utility expenses, annually. Additionally, the carbon emission reduction potential of blending different concentrations of hydrogen in natural gas fuel was also studied.

Investigate the impact of environmental and operating conditions of infrared (IR) imaging on infrared thermography of PV modules to identify defects

The world’s energy systems are transforming rapidly and switching from fossil fuels to renewables to address the current emission reduction targets. With the decrease in the cost of solar PV module globally by about 55% since 2013, the uptake of solar PV has increased dramatically. As these modules are exposed to ambient conditions in the field, they can develop defects or faults. These defects can affect the output power of the PV module and overall system output. To mitigate this, early and easy detection of defects is considered critical for operation and maintenance. Some defects can be easily identified through the infrared (IR) imaging and the presence of hot-spots on the PV module. This study highlights the best operational and environmental conditions for conducting IR imaging of PV module to detect defects. This study reveals that hot-spots with a minor temperature difference of 1.3–1.4 °C compared to the adjacent healthy cells likely indicate the presence of internal defects such as shunt. These hot-spots only appeared at lower irradiance conditions irrespective of the cloud condition. The IR imaging on partially and cloudy days showed that the presence of intermittent clouds, high ambient temperature and low wind speed helps the detection of these internal defects in the PV module.

An Advanced Approach to Improve Synchronization Phase Accuracy with Compressive Sensing for LT-1 Bistatic Spaceborne SAR

In the bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) system, the unavoidable frequency deviation between the oscillators (USOs) will result in additional phase modulation in the demodulated radar signal, which significantly degrades the quality of the SAR image and digital elevation model (DEM) product. The innovative L-band spaceborne BiSAR system LuTan-1 (LT-1) employs a non-interrupted synchronization scheme to acquire the synchronization phase error. This advanced phase synchronization scheme avoids interrupting the normal BiSAR data acquisition and further increases the synchronization frequency. However, some non-ideal factors in the transmission link like attenuation, multipath effect, interference, etc., may cause the synchronization phase to be polluted by noise. A phase denoising approach based on compressive sensing (CS) is proposed to improve the accuracy of synchronization phase. The imaging phase with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is input into the K-SVD algorithm to learn the prior information, and then the noise of the synchronization compensation phase is eliminated by maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. The data acquired from the ground validation system of the LT-1 synchronization module are adopted for the validation experiment. The proposed phase denoising method achieves higher phase synchronization accuracy compared with traditional ones. The processing results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrate its potential for future on-orbit applications of the LT-1 mission.

Simulation of CO2 heat pump air conditioning system for new energy vehicle

The CO2 heat pump air conditioning system of new energy vehicle is designed, and the vehicle model of CO2 heat pump module and heat management system is established based on KULI simulation. The effects of refrigerant charge, running time and compressor speed on the heat pump air conditioning system is studied, and the energy consumption is compared with the PTC heating system and the CO2 heat pump air conditioning system without waste heat recovery. The results show that the optimal charge for full-service operation is 750 g; increasing the compressor speed can increase the cooling capacity, so that the refrigerant temperature in the passenger compartment and battery inlet can quickly reach the appropriate temperature, but the COPh, COPc are reduced by 2.5% and 1.8% respectively. By comparing it with PTC heating and CO2 heat pump air conditioning systems without waste heat recovery, it is found that the energy consumption of this system is only for the PTC heating systems 42.5%, without waste heat recovery carbon dioxide heat pump air conditioning system of 86.6%. It greatly saves energy, but also increased the waste heat recovery function, so that the system supply air temperature increased by 26%, improve passenger cabin comfort. This provides a reference for the future experimental research of CO2 heat pump air conditioning and heat management system.