Modular Construction System Research Articles

Environmental Benefits of Reusable Modular Mass Timber Construction for Residential use in Japan: an LCA Approach

The demand for wooden buildings in Japan consistently reaches figures over 50 million square meters per year. However, the building industry in Japan is based on the constant renewal of the building stock, leading to a short average lifespan, and an unsustainable and wasteful system both from the environmental and economic point of view. As an alternative to this situation, this study assesses the environmental benefits of a modular mass timber system using CLT, designed for consecutive reuse. First, the study presents an award-winning proposal for a modular, reusable mass timber system for residential construction in Japan. After, the study calculates the Global Warming Potential of construction (GWP) of the reusable system in comparison to a conventional mass timber system (benchmark), using the Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) method. The study evaluates the proposed system in two different locations, within 60 years. Three different scenarios for forest resources are considered during the above time-frame, namely stable forest (standard), growing forest (optimistic) and decreasing forest resources (pessimist) to understand how changes in the carbon flow of forests could impact the environmental output of the construction. The results show a modular construction system can be used to provide high-quality dwellings in Japan leading to a significant potential for mitigating the impacts of construction on the environment. More specifically, a growing forest scenario provides the smallest GWP, more than 100% smaller than the benchmark.

Transformations of Arm-Z modular manipulator with Particle Swarm Optimization

A novel concept of hyper-redundant, snake-like manipulator is presented. It is based on the reconfigurable modular construction system–Arm-Z (AZ). AZ is comprised of linearly joined congruent modules with possibility of relative twist. AZ is an Extremely Modular System, i.e. it is composed of a single basic unit and allows for creating free-form shapes. Required level of usefulness and efficiency are among the most challenging design aspects of such reconfigurable systems. Here AZ is considered in the context of kinematics of robotic arms. In general, due to its highly non-linear nature, it is very difficult to find transitions between given states (configurations), especially under realistic environmental and structural constraints. As a way to control the manipulator, an implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for finding transitions between AZ states in realistic scenarios is proposed. Four practical examples are presented which are variations of two distinct problems: bending of a hexagonal AZ in a narrow slot (strong environmental constraints), and reaching a given point in 3D space by the tip of dodecagonal AZ (acting as a robotic arm). The problem of AZ transformation has been defined as a multi-objective optimization. The methodology is general with no restrictions to the objective function. Since the problem is strongly non-linear, in order to cover large space of potential solutions, the algorithm runs for a relatively large number of random initial swarms. This task was distributed on a computer cluster. Although the nature of AZ reconfiguration is discrete, the optimization algorithm is continuous.

Preliminary discussion on “Internet +” sponge city modular construction system

To promote the construction of ecological civilization and the process of urbanization in China, in 2013, the government propose to build an innovative rainwater system, which is characterized by nature accumulation, natural penetration and natural purification——low impact development of rainwater. This article Summarizes the research status of sponge city. It can be help the sponge city to become intelli-gent and modular creatively by adding the intelligent concept of “internet+” and the modular concept into the sponge city. This article first introduces the “internet+” concept of sponge city, and then discussed the application of the “internet+” and modular concept in sponge city from the three stage of construction, management and performance evaluation, in order to provide some reference and revelation for the development of modular of “internet+” sponge city.

Nanomaterials and Smart Nanodevices for Modular Dry Constructions: The Project “Easy House”

This paper reports the preliminary experimental results of a research project aiming at applying innovative materials and devices to a new modular construction system, named Easy House. The goal of the project is to use specific enabling nanotechnologies to achieve a significant enhancement of thermal performances of the building envelope as well as visual comfort indoor. With this aim, we perform a synthetic chemical route to obtain stable and monodispersed amorphous silica nanocapsules containing phase change materials (PCMs). The first results deriving from in vitro toxicological analyses, here reported, showed that such structures are not harmful and they can be adopted as suitable capsules to host a PCM, typically used in finishing materials, acting as thermal buffers. Moreover, the paper reports the possible advantages deriving from the integration of chromogenic devices, able to ensure energy saving and optimizing the use of daylighting.

Роботизированный монтаж быстровозводимых высотных зданий из модульных трансформируемых строительных систем повышенной заводской готовности

Роботизированный монтаж быстровозводимых высотных зданий из модульных трансформируемых строительных систем повышенной заводской готовности

Parametric Numerical Assessment of the Energy Efficiency and the Environmental Impact of an Innovative Masonry Construction Component

The present study is part of a wider research program, which aims at the development of an innovative modular masonry construction system that integrates environmental passive strategies, as well as high energy efficiency. The paper focuses on the parametric numerical study of the proposed construction component. Within this context, the energy performance achieved by alternative geometries of the masonry unit, as well as the use of different constituent materials and insulation fillings, are examined. Through the parametric analysis of alternative proposals, arising from the combination of the above features, reaching to the optimum solutions, in terms of energy efficiency, was achieved. For the above study, computational models were developed and analysed using Matlab R2014a. Furthermore, the environmental impact, associated with the material used for the fabrication of the masonry construction component, was assessed through the environmental analysis of the embodied energy and CO₂ emissions of the proposed component. It is concluded that the proposed system’s thermal performance relies primarily on the characteristics of the constituent material composing the modular masonry unit, the geometry of the unit and the use of insulation. In terms of environmental impact, both the constituent material used, and the type of insulation material installed, have a considerable effect on the end-product’s total embodied energy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.16.3.16174

Evaluation of the acoustic performance of a modular construction system: Case study

The aim of this technical note is to characterize the value of acoustic treatments applied to sustainable buildings. The technique is not common in Brazilian construction, but the market needs construction techniques like the ones that will be showed here. At the end of the article, a comparison between masonry with concrete blocks and the industrialized system (built in steel framing) is presented. The simplified method of measuring acoustics was chosen, to be as close as possible to the regular engineering method. The tested buildings have been classified accordingly. This project made use of the Brazilian law and some European laws.

Modular Buildings in Modern Construction

The article considers temporary methods of using modular units in construction. The advanced world experience in the construction of modular buildings is analyzed. It is emphasized that modular construction has the potential to shorten project design and engineering time, reduce costs and improve construction productivity. The installation of modular buildings is cost-efficient, safe and eco-friendly. Modern modular systems are based on using not only large elements such as «block rooms» but various small 3D building elements. The analysis result of Russian developments in the construction of modular buildings proves that Russia has great experience in the development of 3D reinforced concrete modules. As the research results the article shows promise for developing of modern modular construction systems in order to provide the population with affordable, comfortable and eco-friendly housing. The paper describes the prospects and relevance of introducing modular prefabricated units not only into low-rise but into multi-storey and high-rise construction as well.

Risk Mitigation through Tolerance Strategies for Design in Modularization

Current approaches for solving tolerance-related issues in modular construction consist of trial and error tactics, which are inefficient, time-consuming and not risk-averse. Although tolerance management is not new to the construction industry, tolerance issues are usually more problematic for module interfacing and transportation in modular construction. This paper introduces a framework for the development of tolerance strategies for mitigating risks in modular construction systems. Risks affecting specific types of modular projects were investigated and developed into a comprehensive tolerance strategy, which was then validated through a case study of an industrial pipe chassis. The proposed methodology may be more effective than the conventional approach for tolerance definition (i.e., trial and error methods), and has the potential to eliminate rework, decrease project costs and reduce delays experienced in modularization by providing a range of pareto-optimal design solutions for “strict” to “loose” tolerance control with respect to the hypothesized costs and risks.

A timber-framed construction system preserved: the historic centre of Madrid

Many timber-framed buildings of two to six storeys built between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries have been preserved in the historic centre of Madrid. In recent decades there has been a growing interest in conserving them, although structural decay has led to the demolition of many. The latest General Urban Plan for Madrid published a catalogue for special protection, including more than 9000 historic buildings and making their preservation compulsory. An underlying structural theory will be expounded from the following elements: a barely known timbered construction system within its context; building regulations to assure the stability of timbered walls; and any written or graphic evidence from original projects. The purpose is to highlight the origin of a modular construction system starting with the earliest records in 1606, regulated in 1719, developed in the 1800s and analysed in preserved buildings. The final decades of the 1800s point to the end of timbered walls and the beginning of a new construction system. Study of the most common damage, inspected together with current methods of repair and conservation policy, will reveal further details.

Development and Experimental Analysis of Ceramic Bricks Panels for Structural Masonry Construction Systems

The purpose of this work is to develop a modular construction system for housing using structural masonry. As part of the investigation, ceramic brick panels were fabricated and had their structural behavior under compression and bending experimentally evaluated. The connections between the panels were made longitudinally and in the corners, using grouted metallic clips. The panels connected by clips were submitted to impact tests to assess the effectiveness of these joints when subjected to conditions of use in houses. Additionally, the research took into consideration the constructive process of prefabricated buildings, regarding the transportation and assembly of ceramic panels, by means of qualitative analysis. Based upon the results, it could be concluded that the behavior of structural ceramic panels and their connections were suitable for use in houses. The possibility of their use in industrialized prefabricates was also observed. The study indicates some aspects that must be evaluated and improved to confirm the viability of using these ceramic panels in the manufacture of structural masonry housing units, thus becoming an important mechanism for reducing the housing deficit in Brazil.

Development and Evaluation of Fixation Equipment for Transporting Unit Modules

The unit modular construction system is a building technique in which unit modules are manufactured at a factory and then assembled at the construction site. It has many benefits, including reduction of the construction period and improvement in quality. For this reason, it is utilized for various purposes in Japan and England. While it has been introduced in Korea, there have been few Korean studies conducted on the unit modular system. In particular, little research has been done on the method of safely fixating the unit modules to a truck. Therefore, this study reviewed the fixation methods of unit modules for transport, analyzed the problems, and designed a fixation device for unit modules. In addition, a device for the fixation of unit modules to a truck was developed, and a structural simulation was implemented for a safety test by considering the maximum stress generated during the transport of the unit modules fixed on a truck. When the device for the fixation of unit modules is manufactured based on the results of the structural simulation done in this study, it is expected to aid the development of a more practical fixation device for unit modules.

주거시설로서 모듈러건축 활용화 방안

The purpose of this research is to provide basic data for the promotion strategy to activate modular construction system as residential facilities, through a study on the architectural planning, institutions and policies and research on connection details, for the use as residential facilities of the modular construction that is not actively supplied for the general residential facilities. As a result, I suggest sample model plan of domestic and foreign case analysis and characteristic of modular construction and practical application of modular construction for Residential Facilities. Owing to many advantages including short construction period structural stability and economic benefits, modular construction is expected to play a role as residential alternative of socially controversial affordable housing and weekend homes, and potential housing shortage after reunification; and to contribute to the development of design automation and industrialized constructions. Though Korea is still lacking development of the system that meets the domestic context, if supported by ongoing researches on the development of construction methods, materials and details, the settlement of appropriate modular residential facilities to suit the national situation will serve a possible alternative solution for many housing and environmental problems.

Low carbon construction systems using prefabricated engineered solid wood panels for urban infill to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract Low-carbon prefabricated modular construction systems, using prefabricated engineered solid wood panel construction systems, such as load-bearing cross-laminated timber panels, and ‘design for disassembly’ principles will offer significant opportunities for greenhouse gas emission reduction and waste avoidance, among other benefits. However, introducing such innovative and sustainable construction systems to the Australian construction industries and housing markets has its challenges. This paper explores the opportunities offered by an innovative low carbon construction system using cross-laminated timber (CLT, also known as cross-lam) panels to improve the design and delivery of urban infill housing of the Australian construction market. CLT construction has been developed around 1996 in Europe, mainly in Austria and Germany: thick layers of timber boards are glued crosswise in different directions to increase loadbearing capacity. This article describes a multi-disciplinary research project into engineered timber panels which aims to transform the Australian construction and development industry, involving a range of key partners. This project aims to introduce CLT panels as a way to build with a lightweight prefabricated low-carbon construction system that is advantageous for urban infill and residential buildings in the range of 4–10 stories height. The challenges, research questions and advantages of this new engineered timber system are explained, and a research methodology for further research is presented.

New methods for clinical pathways—Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) and Tangible Business Process Modeling (t.BPM)

Clinical pathways (CP) are nowadays used in numerous institutions, but their real impact is still a matter of debate. The optimal design of a clinical pathway remains unclear and is mainly determined by the expectations of the individual institution. The purpose of the here described pilot project was the development of two CP (colon and rectum carcinoma) according to Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) and Tangible Business Process Modeling (t.BPM). BPMN is an established standard for business process modelling in industry and economy. It is, in the broadest sense, a computer programme which enables the description and a relatively easy graphical imaging of complex processes. t.BPM is a modular construction system of the BPMN symbols which enables the creation of an outline or raw model, e.g. by placing the symbols on a spread-out paper sheet. The thus created outline can then be transferred to the computer and further modified as required. CP for the treatment of colon and rectal cancer have been developed with support of an external IT coach. The pathway was developed in an interdisciplinary and interprofessional manner (55 man-days over 15 working days). During this time, necessary interviews with medical, nursing and administrative staffs were conducted as well. Both pathways were developed parallel. Subsequent analysis was focussed on feasibility, expenditure, clarity and suitability for daily clinical practice. The familiarization with BPMN was relatively quick and intuitive. The use of t.BPM enabled the pragmatic, effective and results-directed creation of outlines for the CP. The development of both CP was finished from the diagnostic evaluation to the adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy and rehabilitation phase. The integration of checklists, guidelines and important medical or other documents is easily accomplished. A direct integration into the hospital computer system is currently not possible for technical reasons. BPMN and t.BPM are sufficiently suitable for the planned modelling and imaging of CP. The application in medicine is new, and transfer from the industrial process management is in principle possible. BPMN-CP may be used for teaching and training, patient information and quality management. The graphical image is clearly structured and appealing. Even though the efficiency in the creation of BPMN-CP increases markedly after the training phase, high amounts of manpower and time are required. The most sensible and consequent application of a BPMN-CP would be the direct integration into the hospital computer system. The integration of a modelling language, such as BPMN, into the hospital computer systems could be a very sensible approach for the development of new hospital information systems in the future.

U-Compare: A modular NLP workflow construction and evaluation system

During the development of natural language processing (NLP) applications, developers are often required to repeatedly perform certain tasks. Among these tasks, workflow comparison and evaluation are two of the most crucial because they help to discover the nature of NLP problems, which is important from both scientific and engineering perspectives. Although these tasks can potentially be automated, developers tend to perform them manually, repeatedly writing similar pieces of code. We developed tools to largely automate these subtasks. Promoting component reuse is another way to further increase NLP development efficiency. Building on the interoperability enhancing Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) framework, we have collected a large library of interoperable resources, developed several workflow creation utilities, added a customizable comparison and evaluation system, and built visualization utilities. These tools are modularly designed to accommodate various use cases and potential reuse scenarios. By integrating all these features into our U-Compare system, we hope to increase NLP developer efficiency. Simple to use and directly runnable from a web browser, U-Compare has already found uses in a range of applications.

Ultrawideband All-Metal Flared-Notch Array Radiator

Simulations and measurements are presented for an all-metal flared-notch array element in both single and dual-polarization configurations. The ultrawideband radiator exhibits an operational bandwidth of 12:1 for broadside scan and 8:1 bandwidth at a 45-degree scan in all planes, maintaining active VSWR<;2. The feed consists of a direct coax-to-slot-line transition that mounts directly into the base of the radiator. The all-metal flared-notches are machined from common metal stock and fed via SMA coaxial connectors. No soldering is required for any part of the design-including the feed-and assembly is simple and modular. The array parts are machined using a high-precision wire-EDM cutting technology, ensuring that measurements (in the 700 MHz-9 GHz range) are repeatable and give close agreement with theory, even through multiple assembly cycles of the modular construction system. This paper presents results for a 32-element linear array of horizontal elements and also an 8 × 8 planar array of dual-polarized elements, comparing measurements with full-wave simulations of the complete finite array structures.

Design and Execution of Aluminium Space Frame Advertising Panels and Towers

Space frame modular construction systems are widely employed as a support for advertising panels, mainly for their strength, modularity, and lightness. In recent times, solutions based on aluminium extruded profiles have demonstrated their capability to solve successfully the problem with high corrosion resistance, and low maintenance costs.The space frame systems made with aluminium components allow for a very large set of possible solutions, while unifying the possibility to fix neon filled boxed letters, fabric or solid panels, flags or other advertising devices.Moreover, the system is very light and can be lifted to the building roof and composed without the help of huge cranes and machinery.Very often, the solution of the advertising system atop a commercial centre is defined only few days before the opening of the centre; without designing the centre roof with support points able to resist the very large wind forces that act on the provided panels.In these situations, the capability of the modular systems to adapt their shape and support concept in order to connect the available roof strong points with the panel supporting frame is extremely useful. Therefore, the aluminium modular frame solutions are superior to every other possibility.In this paper, the design of an aluminium space frame is summarized, with reference to a large set of constructed advertising towers and panels. The problem of the evaluation of the wind forces is outlined and useful remarks about the fatigue resistance of aluminium components are drawn.Careful presentation of the design criteria of some outstanding installations gives information about the wide set of problems that these adaptive structures can easily solve.

A new family of substituted steroidal BINOL-type ligands

The short and high yielding synthesis of a new family of substituted bissteroidal BINOL-type ligands employing the bisketone derivatives R ax -, S ax -3 as the centre point of a ‘chemical modular construction system’ is reported.

Conceptual design of multi-purpose heat reactor “Nuclear Heat Generator”

Small heat reactors can apply to on site demand such as district heat and air conditioning, industrial process heat, greenhouse, and seawater desalination in urban and rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to design conceptually a multi-purpose reactor named “Nuclear Heat Generator (NHG)” which could be installed in energy consuming area. The reactor of 1MWt output is designed without any needs for fuel exchange and decommissioning on site. This cassette typed reactor vessel with sealing is transported to specified fuel fabrication shop every 3 to 4 years in order to exchange used fuels. Steam generators are involved in the self-pressurized integrated reactor with natural circulation. Generated steam pressure from heating reactor is 0.88 MPa (saturated) which is so less than that of current water reactors. Under low steam pressure it is considerably easy to make design of containment vessel and safety device. For economic competition overcoming scale demerit it will be necessary for the cassette type reactor to optimize its system design for the multi-production effect as well as modular construction and recycling system.