Modification Of Screen-printed Electrodes Research Articles

ZnO Hollow Quasi-Spheres Modified Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode for Determination of Carmoisine.

Food colorants are important in food selection because they improve the gastronomic appeal of foods by improving their aesthetic appeal. However, after prolonged use, many colorants turn toxic and cause medical problems. A synthetic azo-class dye called carmoisine gives meals a red color. Therefore, the carmoisine determination in food samples is of great importance from the human health control. The current work was developed to synthesis ZnO hollow quasi-spheres (ZnO HQSs) to prepare a new electrochemical carmoisine sensor that is sensitive. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to analyze the properties of prepared ZnO HQSs. A screen-printed graphite electrode (SPGE) surface was modified with ZnO HQSs to prepare the ZnO HQSs-SPGE sensor. For carmoisine detection, the ZnO HQSs-SPGE demonstrated an appropriate response and notable electrocatalytic activities. The carmoisine electro-oxidation signal was significantly stronger on the ZnO HQSs-SPGE surface compared to the bare SPGE. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CHA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) have been utilized to investigate the suggested protocol. The DPV results revealed an extensive linear association between variable carmoisine concentrations and peak current that ranged from 0.08 to 190.0 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) as narrow as 0.02 µM. The ZnO HQSs-SPGE's ability to detect carmoisine in real samples proved the sensor's practical application.

Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing Applications

Electrochemical sensors consisting of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are recurrent devices in the recent literature for applications in different fields of interest and contribute to the expanding electroanalytical chemistry field. This is due to inherent characteristics that can be better (or only) achieved with the use of SPEs, including miniaturization, cost reduction, lower sample consumption, compatibility with portable equipment, and disposability. SPEs are also quite versatile; they can be manufactured using different formulations of conductive inks and substrates, and are of varied designs. Naturally, the analytical performance of SPEs is directly affected by the quality of the material used for printing and modifying the electrodes. In this sense, the most varied carbon nanomaterials have been explored for the preparation and modification of SPEs, providing devices with an enhanced electrochemical response and greater sensitivity, in addition to functionalized surfaces that can immobilize biological agents for the manufacture of biosensors. Considering the relevance and timeliness of the topic, this review aimed to provide an overview of the current scenario of the use of carbonaceous nanomaterials in the context of making electrochemical SPE sensors, from which different approaches will be presented, exploring materials traditionally investigated in electrochemistry, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and those more recently investigated for this (carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and biochar). Perspectives on the use and expansion of these devices are also considered.

Applications of electrochemical biosensors based on functional antibody-modified screen-printed electrodes: a review.

The detection of biomolecular analytes is of great importance in clinical, environmental, and argo-food areas, among which the electrochemical methodology is attracting much attention. In particular, screen-printed electrode (SPE)-based sensing applications have exhibited potential possibility for on-site detection, especially for fast clinical biomarker detection, since they provide a miniaturized but robust and portable electrode detection system. In this context, we focused on the modification of SPE with functional antibodies to improve the electrochemical detection performance in versatile sensing applications, particularly for COVID-19 detection. These antibodies were immobilized onto the electrode surface via various methodologies, through which the powerful potential from the modification of SPE was revealed. Finally, more novel and excellent works on the biomolecular modification of SPE and the prospects of this technology from its state-of-art status to commercialization are previewed and future perspectives in this field are mentioned.

Cell Viability and Drug Evaluation Biosensing System Based on Disposable AuNPs/MWCNT Nanocomposite Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for Exocytosis Dopamine Detection

Cell Viability and Drug Evaluation Biosensing System Based on Disposable AuNPs/MWCNT Nanocomposite Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for Exocytosis Dopamine Detection

Copper Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and Copper Film with Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Cd(II) Determination.

A copper film modified glassy carbon electrode (CuF/GCE) and a novel copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (CuF/CN/SPE) for anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of ultratrace levels of Cd(II) are presented. During the development of the research procedure, several main parameters were investigated and optimized. The optimal electroanalytical performance of the working electrodes was achieved in electrolyte 0.1 M HCl and 2 × 10−4 M Cu(II). The copper film modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited operation in the presence of dissolved oxygen with a calculated limit of detection of 1.7 × 10−10 M and 210 s accumulation time, repeatability with RSD of 4.2% (n = 5). In the case of copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode limit of detection amounted 1.3 × 10−10 M for accumulation time of 210 s and with RSD of 4.5% (n = 5). The calibration curve has a linear range in the tested concentration of 5 × 10−10–5 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/GCE and 3 × 10−10–3 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/CN/SPE with 210 s accumulation time in both cases. The used electrodes enable trace determination of cadmium in different environmental water samples containing organic matrix. The validation of the proposed procedures was carried out through analysis certified reference materials: TM-25.5, SPS-SW1, and SPS-WW1.

A Portable and Sensitive Dopamine Sensor Based on Aunps Functionalized ZnO-rGO Nanocomposites Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter and one of the biomarkers of psychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is urgent to explore an effective method to realize rapid and sensitive detection of DA. In this paper, porous zinc oxide microspheres-functional reduced graphene oxide composites (ZnO-rGO) was successful prepared by a simple solution method, then gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were combined by electrodeposition. Zinc oxide porous microspheres-reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles nanocomposites was used to modified the screen-printed electrode (ZnO-rGO-AuNPs@SPE) to fabricate a fast and efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing platform for detecting DA in biological samples. The sensor obtained a good linear relationship from 0.5 μM to 100 μM and a low detection limit was 0.294 μM (S/N=3). Additionally, sensor was applied to determination of DA in human biological samples, and it showed a good stability and reproducibility, making it an excellent candidate material in the field of biosensors.

Simultaneous Detection of Morphine and Diclofenac Using Graphene Nanoribbon Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

Simultaneous Detection of Morphine and Diclofenac Using Graphene Nanoribbon Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

New Potentiometric Screen-printed Sensors for Determination of Trimebutine Drug in Tablets, Serum and Urine Samples.

A new sensit4e and select4e modified screen printed electrodes (MSPEs) and carbon paste electrodes (MCPEs) were studied in order to determine trimbutine maleate (TM) in pure, tablets, urine, and serum samples. These sensors were embodied with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) since it improved the quality of the sensors in presence of potassium tetrakis (p-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) ionophore. A good Nernstian response for the constructed sensors, at optimum paste composition, was exhibited for determination of TM in concentration range of 1.5 × 10-7 - 1.0 × 10-2 and 1.0 × 10-7- 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 at 25 °C with detection limit of 1.5 × 10-7 and 1.0 × 10-7 mol L-1 for MCPE and MSPE, respect4ely. It seemed that the potential of the electrodes was independent on pH in the range of 2.0-8.0, 2.0-8.5, 2.0-8.5, and 2.0-9.0 g4ing slope as 56.77 ± 1.11, 57.82 ± 0.54, 57.95 ± 0.37, and 58.99 ± 0.28 mV decade-1 for electrodes 1, 2, 3 and 4, respect4ely. MCPEs and MSPEs gave response time about 8 and 6 s with long lifetime (more than 3 and 5 months), respect4ely. A high select4ity of sensors was observed for TM regarding to a large number of interfering species. The constructed sensors were successfully applied for determination of TM in pure form, its pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids using standard addition, calibration, and potentiometric titration methods with high precision and accuracy. The results showed a good agreement between the proposed method and the HPLC official method.

Electrochemical Characterization of Carbonized Typha Tassel Modified ScreenPrinted Electrode and Its Enzymatic Glucose Oxidation Application

Converting biomass into cheaper but valuable products is very important for a more sustainable world. Especially with
 emerging technology, the use of hazardous materials in the synthesis of substances such as carbonaceous materials pose
 a threat to our environment. In this study, electrochemical performance of a carbonaceous material synthesized from typha
 tassel using a simple and cheap method without any hazardous substances was investigated. It was then used as an enzyme
 immobilization material for electrochemical glucose oxidation to demonstrate its potential application in bioelectronics. Physical and chemical characterization of raw typha tassel (RTT) and carbonized typha tassel (CTT) were performed using SEM
 and FTIR techniques. CTT, was then grounded into fine powder, dispersed in DMF and coated onto screen-printed electrodes
 (SPEs). CTT modified SPEs were electrochemically tested using cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 1
 mM ferrocene carboxylic acid as a redox mediator at pH 7.4 Finally, glucose oxidase enzyme was adsorbed on CTT modified
 SPEs to demonstrate its performance in electrochemical enzymatic glucose oxidation reactions. SPE/CTT/GOx system showed
 promising electrochemical activity and stability at physiological conditions as well as good activity with adsorbed enzyme. This
 study suggests that CTT is very promising for an easy, effective and cheap ‘biomass to bioelectronics’ construction material

Electrochemical performance of screen printed sensors for potentiometric determination of anticholinergic oxybutynine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids.

New potentiometric sensitive and selective modified screen printed electrodes (MSPE) which based on phosphotungestic acid (PTA), sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB), phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) or ammonium reineckate (RN) ion pairing agents for determination of oxybutynine hydrochloride (OBCH) were developed. The proposed electrodes have Nernstian slope values of 59.20±0.52, 58.00±0.22 and 58.52±0.22 mV decade-1 for electrodes modified with 7.5, 17.5 and 7.5 mg of RN (electrode I), NaTPB (electrode II) and PTA (electrode III) ion pairing agents, respectively. It is found that the dynamic drug concentration range at 25 (C was 1.0x10-5 - 1.0x10-2 mole L-1 with detection limit (LOD) equal 1.0× 10-5 mol L-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) equal 3.33×10-5 mol L-1. The response of MSPEs was pH independent in the range 2.0-6.0. The investigated electrodes have fast response time of 10, 9 and 8 s for electrodes I, II and III, respectively. These electrodes have good Nernstian response in the temperature range 10–60 °C. The slope of the straight–line obtained represented the isothermal coefficient of MSPEs which were found to be 1.594 ×10-3, 2.151×10-3 and 2.377×10-3 V/ for electrodes I, II and III, respectively. The small values of the isothermal coefficient indicated the high thermal stability of the electrodes. The MSPEs showed a relatively long life time of 36 days. Pure, biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulation of OBCH were quantified using calibration and standard addition methods and the obtained results agreed with that of the official HPLC method. Validation parameters were optimized according to ICH recommendations.

Aluminum(III)-Selective Screen Printed Sensor Based on Methyl Red

Modified screen printed electrode (MSPE) with 2-[[4-(dimethyl amino) phenyl] diazenyl] benzoic acid (Methyl Red) was prepared for determination of aluminum ions in water and pharmaceutical (Maalox and Epicogel) samples. The MSPE reveals linear response over a wide concentration range of 5.0 × 10–6–1.0 × 10–2 mol L–1 of aluminum at 25°C with a trivalent cationic slope of 20.4 ± 0.5 mV decade–1 with detection limit 5.0 × 10–6 mol L–1 in pH range 3–5. Moreover, the mechanism of chemical reaction between Methyl Red and aluminum ions on the sensor surface was studied using IR spectra, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The prepared sensor also showed reproducible and stable response over a period of 14 week with fast response time about 5 s. The proposed potentiometric method was validated according to the IUPAC recommendations. The results obtained from the proposed sensor were comparable with those obtained with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS).

Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode Coated Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticle for Rapid Detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II)

Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode Coated Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticle for Rapid Detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II)

Glucose biosensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with silicone sol-gel conducting matrix containing carbon nanotubes.

This research shows that high-performance biosensors can be produced by modification of screen-printed electrodes with enzymes and conducting hydrogel based on sol-gel matrix and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Tetraethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane and polyvinyl alcohol were used as the sol-gel matrix basis. Modified SWCNT provide direct electron transfer during glucose oxidation, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The developed conducting sol-gel screen-printed electrodes can determine glucose within the concentration range 0.045-1.04mM. The developed biosensor is not only in pace with its world analogues but even exceeds them by some analytical and metrological properties. The developed conducting sol-gel biosensor was used to measure the concentration of glucose in blood. The test results differed only insignificantly from those received with the help of standard glucose meter.

Modified Screen-Printed and Carbon Paste as Ion-Selective Electrodes for the Determination of Ramipril Drug in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples

Ramipril was a prodrug and it was an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor which can be used to treat congestive heart failure and hypertension. In this study, the electro activity and the performance characteristics of modified screen-printed (MSPEs) and carbon paste (MCPEs) electrodes with different types of ion pairs had been studied in order to determine ramipril (RAM) drug in pure solution, pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples. The ion pair formation between RAM and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) or phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or sodium teteraphenyl borate (Na-TPB) was the basis of preparation of modified ion selective electrodes used in this study. The surface analysis of the electrodes was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrodes showed linear response with good Nernstian slope of 58.50±1.08, 59.00±0.96, 59.60±0.73 mV decade-1 for MSPEs modified with RAM-TPB, RAM-PMA and RAM-PTA ion pairs, respectively, and 59.20±0.96, 58.90±1.01 mV decade-1 for MCPEs modified with RAM-TPB and RAM-PTA ion pairs, respectively, over the concentration range from 5.0 x 10-7 to 1.0 x 10-2 mol L-1. Although, the two types of electrodes provided response time of about 4 s for MSPEs and 5 s for MCPEs and exhibited lifetimes of 99 to 92 days for MSPE electrodes and 67 days for both electrodes of MCPEs on pH range from 2 to 5 for MSPEs and 2 to 4 for MCPEs. They showed high thermal stability according to the isothermal coefficients values. Selectivity coefficients of RAM sensors relative to a number of potential interfering materials were investigated. The developed method was found to be simple, precise and accurate when compared with the reported method.

Ion selective electrodes based on methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl) picolinate ionophore for electrochemical determination of Fe(III) in petroleum water samples

A potentiometric method was described for the determination of iron(III) in petroleum water samples using modified carbon paste and screen-printed sensors. These sensors were embodied with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) since it improved the performance of the sensors in presence of (methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl) picolinate) ionophore. The fabricated sensors can be applied successfully for the potentiometric determination of iron(III) ions in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 for modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPEs) and 2.6 × 10−7–1 × 10−2 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 2.6 × 10−7 mol L−1 for the modified screen-printed electrode (MSPEs). The slopes of the calibration graphs were 19.9 ± 0.41 and 19.0 ± 0.16 for MCPEs with tricresylphosphate (TCP; electrode I) and dioctylsebacate (DOS; electrode II) as plasticizers, respectively. Also, the MSPEs showed good potentiometric slopes of 20.4 ± 0.30 and 19.6 ± 0.28 mV decade−1 with tricresylphosphate (TCP; electrode III) and dioctylsebacate (DOS; electrode IV) as plasticizers, respectively. The sensors were successfully applied for the determination of Fe(III) in petroleum water samples. The results obtained applying these potentiometric sensors were comparable with those obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).

Bismuth/hydroxyapatite-modified carbon screen-printed electrode for heavy-metal ion detection in aqueous media

Square-wave voltammetric stripping analysis is attractive for environmental monitoring and trace metal ion determination. The sensitivity is a result of analytes preconcentration steps on the electrode and advanced measurement procedures, where metal analytes are stripped away from the electrode at appropriate potential scan. Screen-printed electrode (SPE) has great advantages for in situ assays of heavy metal ions. Modification of SPE with bismuth (Bi) film improves the amalgamation of metal ions and the addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) increases the ion sorption, and enhances the current response due to the large porous structure and surface active sites for the metal ion binding. The ionization of the functional groups on the electrode surface upon contact with the aqueous system further assists the cation binding. The analytical performance of Bi and HA-modified SPE for simultaneous detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was evaluated. Under the optimized electrochemical working conditions, calibration graph is linear for 240 s deposition time, in 0.1 M acetate buffer at pH 7.6 with the detection limit of 16.8 ppb for Pb(II). Two peaks corresponding to Cd(II) at -0.8 V and Pb(II) at -0.6 V can be discerned suggesting that Bi-HA modification had increased the current responses.

Voltammetric study of multiwalled carbon nanotube modified screen printed carbon electrode for the determination of a phytoconstituent wedelolactone

Multiwalled carbon nanotube based screen printed sensor was fabricated and utilized for the cyclic voltammetric (CV) study of a phytoconstituent wedelolactone (WDL). The analyte system was studied with Britton Robinson buffer as the supporting electrolyte. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique was performed for the optimization of the pH, where the pH (2.5) of the system was optimized for further investigation of the analyte system. Multiwalled carbon nanotube modified screen printed electrode (M-SPE) offered high sensitivity towards WDL as compared to the bare screen printed electrode (SPE). Voltammetric studies with M-SPE revealed the oxidation of WDL with two oxidation peaks (a1and a2) with Ea1 = 0.08V and Ea2 =0.5 V with scan rate varying from 10-120 mV/s and exhibits diffusion-controlled process.

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors.

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use integrated paper microfluidic electrochemical pH sensor for resource-limited settings. Taking advantages from both pH meters and strips, the pH sensing platform is composed of hydrophobic barrier-patterned paper micropad (µPAD) using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with IrO2-graphene films and molded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic holder. Repetitive cathodic potential cycling was employed for graphene oxide (GO) reduction which can completely remove electrochemically unstable oxygenated groups and generate a 2D defect-free homogeneous graphene thin film with excellent stability and electronic properties. A uniform and smooth IrO2 film in nanoscale grain size is anodically electrodeposited onto the graphene film, without any observable cracks. The resulting IrO2-RGO electrode showed slightly super-Nernstian responses from pH 2-12 in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffers with good linearity, small hysteresis, low response time and reproducibility in different buffers, as well as low sensitivities to different interfering ionic species and dissolved oxygen. A simple portable digital pH meter is fabricated, whose signal is measured with a multimeter, using high input-impedance operational amplifier and consumer batteries. The pH values measured with the portable electrochemical paper-microfluidic pH sensors were consistent with those measured using a commercial laboratory pH meter with a glass electrode.

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use integrated paper microfluidic electrochemical pH sensor for resource-limited settings. Taking advantages from both pH meters and strips, the pH sensing platform is composed of hydrophobic barrier-patterned paper micropad (µPAD) using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with IrO2-graphene films and molded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic holder. Repetitive cathodic potential cycling was employed for graphene oxide (GO) reduction which can completely remove electrochemically unstable oxygenated groups and generate a 2D defect-free homogeneous graphene thin film with excellent stability and electronic properties. A uniform and smooth IrO2 film in nanoscale grain size is anodically electrodeposited onto the graphene film, without any observable cracks. The resulting IrO2-RGO electrode showed slightly super-Nernstian responses from pH 2-12 in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffers with good linearity, small hysteresis, low response time and reproducibility in different buffers, as well as low sensitivities to different interfering ionic species and dissolved oxygen. A simple portable digital pH meter is fabricated, whose signal is measured with a multimeter, using high input-impedance operational amplifier and consumer batteries. The pH values measured with the portable electrochemical paper-microfluidic pH sensors were consistent with those measured using a commercial laboratory pH meter with a glass electrode.

Highly Sensitive Hydrazine Chemical Sensor Based on Nickel Doped Antimony Oxide Nanoellipsoids Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

Highly Sensitive Hydrazine Chemical Sensor Based on Nickel Doped Antimony Oxide Nanoellipsoids Modified Screen-Printed Electrode