Modified Nano Clay Research Articles

Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Nanoclay Modified Concrete for Energy Efficiency

Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Nanoclay Modified Concrete for Energy Efficiency

To Study the Mixing and Compaction Temperatures of Organophilic Nanoclay Modified Asphalt Binder

Abstract: The use of modified asphalt binders in hot-mix asphalt has steadily increased over the past several decades. Mixing and compaction temperatures of an asphalt binder plays a vital role in the production and placement of asphalt mixes but there are no standards for mixing and compaction temperatures for modified asphalt binder especially with Organophilic nanoclay. In this study the effect of nanoclay modified binder on mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixture was observed using conventional test for asphalt mixture-softening point test, penetration test and rotational viscometer test. Five different percentages i-e 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5% of Nanoclay (modifier) are selected for three different binders (ARL 60/70, ARL 80/100 & NRL 60/70). Six different samples for each binder are prepared and conventional testing is carried out using standard procedures. With an increase in the percentage of Nanoclay the softening point values and viscosity values increases, similarly the penetration values decrease. The mixing temperature range is 155-165°C and compaction temperature range is 135-145 °C to achieve maximum density in the field

The Elastic Modulus and Damage Stress-Strain Model of Polypropylene Fiber and Nano Clay Modified Lime Treated Soil under Axial Load.

Using polypropylene fiber (PPF) and nano clay modified lime treated soil (LS), the static and dynamic properties of fiber modified lime treated soil (FLS), nano clay modified lime treated soil (NLS), and fiber nano clay composite modified lime treated soil (NFLS) were studied. Through the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and dynamic triaxial test of FLS, NLS, and NFLS, the static and dynamic elastic modulus characteristics at 7 day curing age were explored, and the damage stress–strain model was established. The results show that: (1) Polypropylene fiber and nano clay can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of NFLS. Nano clay can promote the reaction between lime and soil to produce calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium aluminate hydrate (C-A-H), thus improving the strength of NFLS, and UCS can be increased by up to 103%. Polypropylene fiber can enhance the ductility of NFLS and increase the residual ductility strength, and the residual strength can be increased by 827%. (2) Nano clay can enhance the static and dynamic elastic modulus of modified lime treated soil. The static and dynamic elastic modulus of NLS, FLS, and NFLS are linear with the change of polypropylene fiber and nano clay content. The static and dynamic elastic modulus of NLS, FLS, and NFLS are linear, exponential, and logarithmic, respectively. (3) The mesoscopic random damage model can characterize the stress–strain relationship of NFLS. Polypropylene fiber and nano clay can improve the ductility and strength of modified LS, and the composite addition of polypropylene fiber and nano clay can improve the ability of modified LS to resist damage.

Characterization of Nano Clay Modified Asphalt Cement

Abstract: In order to enhance the service life of flexible pavements, asphalt binder must be modified. The aim of this research is to compare the physical and mechanical properties of virgin and Nano clay modified asphalt cement. These properties include viscosity values and rutting resistance. Nano clay were incorporated in asphalt binder in various percentages ranging from 3%, 3.5% to 5% of the asphalt weight. The viscosity (Cst) and rutting resistance of the modified asphalt binders were evaluated and compared to an unaltered binder. The addition of Nano clay as a modifier improved the asphalt's properties. The results of the study revealed an increase in viscosity and decrease in binder penetration. Consequently, the viscosity and rutting resistance of the modified asphalts increase with the increase in Nano clay content. While the viscosity and rutting resistance values decrease when the modifier content is increased to 5%. Hence the best improvements in the modified asphalt binders were obtained with 4.5% Nano clay content. Keywords: Organo philic clay, asphalt cement, Hamburg wheel tracker (HWTT), rutting, viscosity, rotational viscometer (RV).

Modification of nanoclay with different methods and its application in urea-formaldehyde bonded plywood panels

ABSTRACT The reinforcement of pristine nanoclay (PNC) and modified nanoclay (MNC) in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins at the alkaline stage of synthesis was investigated in this work. The modification of PNC using copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) as transition metal ions was carried by three different modification methods that were coded as Cu-MNC (25, 36), Cu-MNC (60, 6), and Cu-MNC (80, 3), respectively. The modification of PNC was characterized by X-ray diffraction, showing the increased d-spacing after the modification. The reinforcement of 5 wt% of PNC and Cu-MNC at the alkaline reaction of UF resins that were coded as UF/PNC, UF/MNC (25, 36), UF/MNC (60, 6), and UF/MNC (80, 3). The X-ray diffraction study showed that the addition of PNC and Cu-MNC into the UF resins decreased the crystallinity of resins from 48.1% to 45% for UF/PNC and 25% for all UF/MNC. The curing behavior exhibited that the activation energy of UF resins decreased with addition of PNC and Cu-MNC. The loading of PNC and Cu-MNC into UF resins improved the adhesion and reduced the formaldehyde emission of UF resins in plywood. Statistical analysis suggested that UF/MNC (80, 3) produced plywood with greater adhesion strength and lower formaldehyde emission over other modified resins.

Rutting resistance, fatigue properties and temperature susceptibility of nano clay modified asphalt rubber binder

In this study, rutting performance, fatigue response and, rheological properties of CRMN (Crumb Rubber Modified Nano-clay) binders were investigated using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR), Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and, Superpave tests. The physical and rheological tests indicate that adding nanoclay (NC) to asphalt rubber binder (ARB) can decrease temperature susceptibility and improve the aging resistance and rheological properties of ARB. MSCR test results show that the addition of NC reduces the permanent strain and increases the rutting resistance of ARB samples. In addition, the GTR15%+NC4% sample has the best rutting resistance, which improves performance grade from PG 58S-22 to PG 70H–28. LAS test indicated that the presence of a polymer network in ARB at low strain increases the fatigue life, however, increasing the strain causes the slipping and destruction of the polymer network. The addition of NC led to a delay in the oxidation process and improve the aging resistance, hence increasing fatigue life of ARB binders. Finally, the ANOVA and Tukey analysis showed that increasing GTR and NC have a considerable effect on rutting performance, PG teخهe range and temperature susceptibility of ARB.

Laboratory Investigation on Durability of Nano Clay Modified Concrete Pavement

Laboratory Investigation on Durability of Nano Clay Modified Concrete Pavement

Effects of nanoclay modification with transition metal ion on the performance of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives

As a way of reducing the formaldehyde emission and improving the adhesion of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins, this study investigated the addition effects of pristine nanoclay (PNC) or modified nanoclay (MNC) with transition metal ion (TMI) on the performance of UF resin adhesives. Instead of a conventional simple mixing (SM) of MNC with UF resin (coded as MNC-SM), this study explored adding PNC or MNC into either the alkaline (ALK) or acidic (ACD) reaction during the synthesis of UF resins, which were coded as PNC-ALK, PNC-ACD, MNC-ALK, and MNC-ACD, respectively. For the first time, we report that the MNC-ALK resins result in almost amorphous UF resins with 25% crystallinity, which consequently increases the cross-linking, and improve the adhesion strength and decrease formaldehyde emission of modified UF resins. It is believed that the intercalated or exfoliated MNCs facilitate the formation of more cross-linking in the modified UF resins, leading to a better cohesive strength.

Investigating Low-Temperature Properties of Nano Clay–Modified Asphalt through an Energy-Based Approach

Abstract Significant effort has been given by researchers in recent years to explore the potential use of nanomaterials such as nano clay (NC) for asphaltic pavement applications. The effect of NC on fatigue and rutting performance of asphalt binder has been reported by many researchers; however, limited information is available regarding its effect on the low-temperature performance of asphalt binder. Besides that, reported work reflects inconsistent conclusive remarks about the influence of NC on low-temperature performance parameters of asphalt binder. Therefore, this study examines the effects of NC on low-temperature properties of asphalt binder not only through a conventionally adopted approach (on the basis of creep stiffness and creep rate) but also a dissipated energy-based approach. NC dose was selected as 0, 2, 4 and 6 % by the weight of the asphalt binder. Initially, creep stiffness and relaxation rate were evaluated as per the recommendation of ASTM D6648, Standard Test Method for Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). Although the creep stiffness value was found to increase, the creep rate was found to decrease only by a marginal amount with incremental dosages of NC. A master curve was subsequently drawn for creep stiffness, relaxation modulus, and creep rate, and the curve indicated their strong dependency on the level of creep period. Furthermore, various energy parameter components were evaluated with the help of viscoelastic modeling of creep compliance response using the Burgers model. Although both the energy components were found to decrease with NC addition, the rate of decrease in the dissipated energy component was higher compared with the corresponding decrease in stored energy with incremental dosages of NC. Such a response indicated a decrease in overall stress relaxation rate and hence degradation of low-temperature properties of control binder with the addition of NC to asphalt binder.

Effect of a modified nano clay and nano graphene on rheology, stability of water-in-oil emulsion, and filtration control ability of oil-based drilling fluids: a comparative experimental approach

During the past decade, researchers have used different Nano-Particles (NPs) due to their unique characteristics for improving formulation of Oil-Based Drilling Fluids (OBDFs). This study is the first research that investigates the effect of a Modified Nano Clay (MNC), namely CLOISITE 5 and non-functionalized Nano Graphene (NG) on rheology, electrical/emulsion stability, and filtration control ability, as the main properties of OBDFs. Initially, five concentrations of both NPs (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt%) were added separately into an NP-free OBDF (the base fluid). Then, rheological properties and electrical stability of all prepared fluids were measured at three 90, 140, and 180 °F temperatures. Moreover, filtration test was carried out under 500 psi (3447 kPa) differential pressure and exposed to 300 °F temperature for all fluids. Since experimentally measured shear stresses followed well both Herschel Bulkley (shear-thinning) and Bingham Plastic models, effects of temperature and the NPs concentration on both model parameters are investigated more deeply in the paper. Activation energies calculated from Arrhenius model showed that MNC is more effective than NG on reducing the dependency of apparent and plastic viscosities of the base fluid on temperature. MNC, due to its amphiphilic structure, significantly stabilizes water-in-oil emulsion at all temperatures and concentrations, but NG with high electrical conductivity reduces the emulsion stability. The nanofluids containing 0.5 wt% MNC and 0.25 wt% NG which have respectively 32.6% and 43.5% fewer filtrate volumes than the base fluid, were considered as the optimal nanofluids from controlling filtration into formation aspect. Finally, MNC is applicable to enhance the formulation of the OBDF through supporting its commercial viscosifier, emulsifiers, and fluid loss control agent, but the negative effect of NG on emulsion stability limits its application.

Properties of Nanoclay Modified High-Performance Concrete Undergoing Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Salt Lake Brine

Properties of Nanoclay Modified High-Performance Concrete Undergoing Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Salt Lake Brine

Mechanical Assisted Modification of Halloysite Nano Clay: Characterization and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties of Halloysite-Epoxy Nano Composites

Modificationof Halloysite nano clay has been done using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in the presence of distilled water as solvent media. Untreated and modified nano clay was characterized by Powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Functionalization of Halloysite nano clay is also strongly affected the morphological parameters and enabling the application in epoxy nano composite. However, the influence of modified clay concentration on the mechanical properties of epoxy/nanoclay composites, with different concentrations (2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) of nano clay in the epoxy resin was investigated. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of epoxy were improved upto 4 wt% of HNP’s, evidently because of the loading of modified clay. The tensile strength, tensile Modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulusand fracture toughness of the nanocomposites increased by 13%, 17%, 9%, 14%and 27% respectivelythis demonstrated that the composites were strengthened.

Mechanical and Barrier Properties Enhancement in Film Extruded Bio‐Polyamides With Modified Nanoclay

The plastics industry is increasingly oriented towards the use of bio‐based polymers replacing the fossil‐based ones. Bio‐based polyamides (PAs) in the film packaging application are not still used and need enhancement to overcome some drawbacks. In this scenario, fully (PA10.10) and partially (PA6.10) bio‐based PAs were extruded in a laboratory sheet‐casting machine. The materials used to obtain films were previously melt blended with modified clay in a twin‐screw extruder. The resulting films were morphologically investigated through the scanning electron microscope. The magnifications show agglomerated particles and the packed layers are preferentially aligned in the extrusion machine direction. X‐rays confirm that 5 wt% of clay content is difficult to exfoliate in such matrices. The crystallinity was studied by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry. The XRD results show coexisting α and γ phases in the PA6.10 while the presence of only γ in the PA10.10. The presence of clay platelets constrains the crystallites formation, especially in the more polar PA6.10, resulting in changes in the type and the amount of crystals. The mechanical analysis data showed that 5 wt% of clay induced significant improvement in Young's modulus (+68 and + 14%), a slight increase in the tensile yield stress (+21 and + 5%) and only a surprisingly small decrease in the deformation at break (−15 and −24%) for PA10.10 and PA6.10, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of clay gave the best oxygen barrier properties reaching a value of 1.8 ± 0.2 cm3 × mm/m2 × day × atm comparable to a commercial PA6 film used in the packaging field. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2617–2628, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Exploring the synergistic effect of short jute fiber and nanoclay on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of natural rubber composites

Natural rubber (NR) composites were reinforced by suitable hybrid fillers system containing short jute fiber and stearic acid modified nano clay. The synergistic effect of short jute fiber and stearic acid modified nanoclay in NR composites was systematically evaluated in the light of cure, mechanical, morphological, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties. Synergistic interaction between short jute fiber and modified nanoclay increased the value of cure rate index (CRI) and tensile strength of NR composites successfully. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated a continuous and smooth surface for the NR composites containing hybrid fillers system. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) confirmed excellent improvement in the rubber/filler interaction for NR/nanoclay/jute fiber hybrid composites as compared to NR composites with single filler system. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study was utilized to explain the transformation of hydrophilic jute fiber surface to more hydrophobic nature in presence of stearic acid modified nanoclay.

Elucidation of degradation kinetics of CIIR nanocomposites by varying the structure of the anchoring surfactant groups

Chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) forms an important class of synthetic rubber with fascinating properties enabling their utility in many engineering fields as well as biomedical applications. Normally the incorporation of organically modified nano clay enhances almost all the properties of the nanocomposites. The present study focuses on the difference in thermal behaviour exhibited by the organoclays like cloisite 10A, 15A and 20A.The difference in behaviour is attributed primarily due to the difference in the type of modifier, the modifier concentration and also the orientation of the entities of the filler in the polymer. Thermal degradation of the nanocomposites were done using Coats Redfern equation.

Fabricating an epoxy composite coating with enhanced corrosion resistance through impregnation of functionalized graphene oxide-co-montmorillonite Nanoplatelet

This study aims at developing an epoxy-based nanocomposite coating with enhanced corrosion protection properties employing different mixtures of graphene oxide (GO) and Cloisite 20A montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay (NC) particles functionalized with aminosilane and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) molecules. The effects of modified NC (MNC), modified GO (MGO) and various mixtures of MNC-MGO on the corrosion resistance of epoxy coating were studied. Results revealed the enhancement of surface modified GO and NC particles stability in the epoxy matrix. It was also revealed that the mixture of MNC-MGO (30:70%w/%w) resulted in the highest improvement of the epoxy coating corrosion resistance.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of nano-clay modified asphalt mixtures

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the performance of nano-clay modified asphalt mixtures. This study aimed to investigate the performance of nano-clay modified asphalt mixtures. Three different nano-clay materials were selected and each modifier was used with three different concentrations (2%-3.5%-5%) as substituted for filler. Modified Lottman including hot water conditioning (conditioning 1) and cold water conditioning (conditioning 2) systems were used. Models of water damage were used on half of the identical compacted samples. Cracking, stripping and rutting evaluations were realized with AASHTO T 283 Modified Lottman Test and repeated creep tests (RCT) with Nottingham asphalt tester (NAT). Indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were realized with control and two types of conditioning systems but RCT were applied with control and Lottman water damage procedure. Nano-clay materials increased rutting resistance of samples with Lottman water damage conditioning method. 2%, 3.5% and 5% nano-clay modified mixtures were found as more rutting resistance than the conventional mixtures according to the AASHTO T283 conditioning. Indirect tensile strength tests were realized with Lottman moisture damage conditioning model. Higher tensile strength values were obtained with 2% and 3% nano-clay modified asphalt mixtures denotes that higher internal friction. Stripping damage of the modified mixtures was interrogated with the ratios of tensile strength concept. In the ratios of tensile strength, 2% each of three nano-clay modified mixtures gives higher ratios. Stripping resistance of the 2% nano-clay mixtures was found as higher than the control conditioned samples based on Modified Lottman Test. It is thought that nano-clay modifiers can be successfully used in view of higher stripping, rutting and cracking resistance with low ratio as 2%. Stripping resistance increased with increasing nano-clay concentrations in view of conditioning 2. As a result of the mechanical test approaches 2% nano-clay content is thought as a suitable ratio in context with stripping, rutting and cracking optimization.

Characterization of Nanoclay Modified Polycarbonate Blend with Secondary Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Terpolymer

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) terpolymer is one of the major plastics in IT equipment waste stream. In the current research secondary ABS (s-ABS) is blended with polycarbonate (PC) by forming one of the most popular thermoplastics engineering system. The effect of organically modified montmorillonite clay (OMMT) on the tensile properties and thermal stability of PC+10wt.%s-ABS blend is investigated. Increase in stiffness, strength and thermal stability is observed along with rising OMMT content. Highest increments of the aforementioned properties are observed within the OMMT range of 1-1,5 wt.%.

Evaluating the Effect of Mixing Process on Nano-Clay Modified Binders Using the Pull-Off Test Method

Bonding strength of bitumen is one of the most important properties in need of independent evaluation. Conducting a pull-off test to determine the bonding strength of bitumen can be done using the Universal Test Machine (UTM). In this work, the UTM was used to investigate the effect of adding an additive to with a 60/70 penetration grade bitumen; the additive used was nano-clay at a percentage of 2% and 4%. A designed mold was fabricated and used with granite and stainless steel substrates. The investigation covered the influence of variation in the mixing process (mixing duration and power of rotation during mix) on the bonding strength of the samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to discover the nano-clay exfoliation within the binder structure. Also, empirical tests - penetration and softening point tests - were conducted. The results varied according to variation in percentage of additive, substrates used and the mixing process. The bonding strength and softening point results were able to identify the effect of the additive, and were able to detect changes caused by the adding condition; both were very well correlated, unlike the penetration test result which had a weaker correlation with bonding strength.

The influence of CO2 fixation reaction and nanoclay addition on the curing kinetic parameters of a bifunctioal epoxy resin

The reaction of a bifunctional epoxy resin with carbon dioxide (CO2) in the presence of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide was investigated by the FTIR analysis. Unmodified epoxy (UME) and CO2 fixation modified epoxy (CFME) resins were modified using a nanoclay additive to prepare, respectively, nanoclay modified (NME) and CO2 fixation/nanoclay modified epoxy (CFNME) resins. The cure kinetic parameters of the resins were calculated by Sbirrazzuoli approach using dynamic DSC data. In this approach the kinetic parameters of Kamal's model and a diffusion model are estimated using the dependency of activation energy on the extent of conversion obtained by an advanced integral isoconversional method. A great change observed in the cure kinetic parameters of CO2 fixation epoxy resin could be attributed to the formation of 1,3-dioxolane-2-one rings which also showed a considerable interaction with the quaternary ammonium cation of organic modifier in the nanoclay.